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Taverna G, Grizzi F, Tidu L, Bax C, Zanoni M, Vota P, Lotesoriere BJ, Prudenza S, Magagnin L, Langfelder G, Buffi N, Casale P, Capelli L. Accuracy of a new electronic nose for prostate cancer diagnosis in urine samples. Int J Urol 2022; 29:890-896. [PMID: 35534435 PMCID: PMC9543199 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the accuracy of a new electronic nose to recognize prostate cancer in urine samples. Methods A blind, prospective study on consecutive patients was designed. Overall, 174 subjects were included in the study: 88 (50.6%) in prostate cancer group, and 86 (49.4%) in control group. Electronic nose performance for prostate cancer was assessed using sensitivity and specificity. The diagnostic accuracy of electronic nose was reported as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results The electronic nose in the study population reached a sensitivity 85.2% (95% confidence interval 76.1–91.9; 13 false negatives out of 88), a specificity 79.1% (95% confidence interval 69.0–87.1; 18 false positives out of 86). The accuracy of the electronic nose represented as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.821 (95% confidence interval 0.764–0.879). Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy of electronic nose for recognizing prostate cancer in urine samples is high, promising and susceptible to supplemental improvement. Additionally, further studies will be necessary to design a clinical trial to validate electronic nose application in diagnostic prostate cancer nomograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tidu
- Italian Ministry of Defenses, "Vittorio Veneto" Division, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmen Bax
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanoni
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Vota
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Beatrice Julia Lotesoriere
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Prudenza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Langfelder
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Buffi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Casale
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Capelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Bax C, Prudenza S, Gaspari G, Capelli L, Grizzi F, Taverna G. Drift compensation on electronic nose data for non-invasive diagnosis of prostate cancer by urine analysis. iScience 2022; 25:103622. [PMID: 35024578 PMCID: PMC8725018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic protocol for prostate cancer (KP) is affected by poor accuracy and high false-positive rate. The most promising innovative approach is based on urine analysis by electronic noses (ENs), highlighting a specific correlation between urine alteration and KP presence. Although EN could be exploited to develop non-invasive KP diagnostic tools, no study has already introduced EN into clinical practice, most probably because of drift issues that hinder EN scaling up from research objects to large-scale diagnostic devices. This study, proposing an EN for non-invasive KP detection, describes the data processing protocol applied to a urine headspace dataset acquired over 9 months, comprising 81 patients with KP and 41 controls, for compensating the drift. It proved effective in mitigating drift on 1-year-old sensors by restoring accuracy from 55% up to 80%, achieved by new sensors not subjected to drift. The model achieved, on double-blind validation, a balanced accuracy of 76.2% (CI95% 51.9–92.3). Urine odor alteration due to prostate cancer can be detected by electronic noses Sensors drift hinders electronic nose scaling up to large-scale diagnostic devices OSC mitigates drift on 1-year-old sensors, restoring accuracy from 55% up to 80%
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bax
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Prudenza
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Gaspari
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Capelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.,Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini Hospital, Via Gerenzano, 2, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy.,Department of Urology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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