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Zhang M, Wei T, Guo D. The role of abnormal ubiquitination in hepatocellular carcinoma pathology. Cell Signal 2024; 114:110994. [PMID: 38036196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is known for its high incidence and fatality rate. Over the years, therapeutic strategies for primary liver cancer have advanced significantly. Nonetheless, a substantial number of patients have not benefited from these methods, underscoring the pressing need for new and effective treatments for primary liver cancer. Ubiquitination is a critical post-translational modification that enables proteins to fulfill their normal biological functions and maintain their expression stability within cells. Importantly, increasing evidence suggests that the progression of liver cancer cells is often accompanied by disruptions in protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination processes. In this comprehensive review, we have compiled pertinent research about dysregulated ubiquitination in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to broaden our understanding in this field. We elucidate the connections between the ubiquitination proteasome system, deubiquitination, and HCC. Furthermore, we shed light on the role of ubiquitination in cells situated within the tumor microenvironment of HCC including its involvement in mediating the activation of oncogenic pathways, reprogramming metabolic processes, and perturbing normal cellular functions. In conclusion, targeting the dysregulation of ubiquitination in HCC holds promise as a prospective and complementary therapeutic approach to existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Tingju Wei
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Danfeng Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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2
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Second Generation Small Molecule Inhibitors of Gankyrin for the Treatment of Pediatric Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133068. [PMID: 35804840 PMCID: PMC9265042 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gankyrin, a member of the 26S proteasome, is an overexpressed oncoprotein in hepatoblastoma (HBL) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cjoc42 was the first small molecule inhibitor of Gankyrin developed; however, the IC50 values of >50 μM made them unattractive for clinical use. Second-generation inhibitors demonstrate a stronger affinity toward Gankyrin and increased cytotoxicity. The aim of this study was to characterize the in vitro effects of three cjoc42 derivatives. Methods: Experiments were performed on the HepG2 (HBL) and Hep3B (pediatric HCC) cell lines. We evaluated the expression of TSPs, cell cycle markers, and stem cell markers by Western blotting and/or real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We also performed apoptotic, synergy, and methylation assays. Results: The treatment with cjoc42 derivatives led to an increase in TSPs and a dose-dependent decrease in the stem cell phenotype in both cell lines. An increase in apoptosis was only seen with AFM-1 and -2 in Hep3B cells. Drug synergy was seen with doxorubicin, and antagonism was seen with cisplatin. In the presence of cjoc42 derivatives, the 20S subunit of the 26S proteasome was more available to transport doxorubicin to the nucleus, leading to synergy. Conclusion: Small-molecule inhibitors for Gankyrin are a promising therapeutic strategy, especially in combination with doxorubicin.
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3
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Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection Stimulates Aggressiveness in Gastric Cancer through the Regulation of Gankyrin. mSphere 2021; 6:e0075121. [PMID: 34585958 PMCID: PMC8550222 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00751-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent coinfection with Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) promotes aggressive gastric carcinoma (GC). The molecular mechanisms underlying the aggressiveness in H. pylori and EBV-mediated GC are not well characterized. We investigated the molecular mechanism involved in H. pylori- and EBV-driven proliferation of gastric epithelial cells. Results showed that the coinfection is significantly more advantageous to the pathogens as coinfection creates a microenvironment favorable to higher pathogen-associated gene expression. The EBV latent genes ebna1 and ebna3c are highly expressed in the coinfection compared to lone EBV infection at 12 and 24 h. The H. pylori-associated genes 16S rRNA, cagA, and babA were also highly expressed during coinfection compared to H. pylori alone. In addition, upregulation of gankyrin, which is a small oncoprotein, modulates various cell signaling pathways, leading to oncogenesis. Notably, the knockdown of gankyrin decreased the cancer properties of gastric epithelial cells. Gankyrin showed a similar expression pattern as that of ebna3c at both transcript and protein levels, suggesting a possible correlation. Further, EBV and H. pylori created a microenvironment that induced cell transformation and oncogenesis through dysregulation of the cell cycle regulatory (ccnd1, dapk3, pcna, and akt), GC marker (abl1, tff-2, and cdx2), cell migration (mmp3 and mmp7), DNA response (pRB, pten, and p53), and antiapoptotic (bcl2) genes in infected gastric epithelial cells through gankyrin. Our study provides a new insight into the interplay of two oncogenic agents (H. pylori and EBV) that leads to an enhanced carcinogenic activity in gastric epithelial cells through overexpression of gankyrin. IMPORTANCE In the present study, we evaluated the synergistic effects of EBV and H. pylori infection on gastric epithelial cells in various coinfection models. These coinfection models were among the first to depict the exposures of gastric epithelial cells to EBV followed by H. pylori; however, coinfection models exist that narrated the scenario upon exposure to H. pylori followed by that to EBV. We determined that a coinfection by EBV and H. pylori enhanced the expression of oncogenic protein gankyrin. The interplay between EBV and H. pylori promoted the oncogenic properties of AGS cells like elevated focus formation, cell migration, and cell proliferation through gankyrin. EBV and H. pylori mediated an enhanced expression of gankyrin, which further dysregulated cancer-associated genes such as cell migratory, tumor suppressor, DNA damage response, and proapoptotic genes.
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4
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Prikazchikova TA, Abakumova TO, Sergeeva OV, Zatsepin TS. Design and Validation of siRNA Targeting Gankyrin in the Murine Liver. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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D'Souza AM, Cast A, Kumbaji M, Rivas M, Gulati R, Johnston M, Smithrud D, Geller J, Timchenko N. Small Molecule Cjoc42 Improves Chemo-Sensitivity and Increases Levels of Tumor Suppressor Proteins in Hepatoblastoma Cells and in Mice by Inhibiting Oncogene Gankyrin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:580722. [PMID: 33746747 PMCID: PMC7969996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.580722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Relapsed hepatoblastoma (HBL) and upfront hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are notoriously chemoresistant tumors associated with poor outcomes. Gankyrin (Gank) is a known oncogene that is overexpressed in pediatric liver cancer and implicated in chemo-resistance. The goal of this study was to evaluate if the Gank-tumor suppressor axis is activated in chemoresistant hepatoblastoma patients and examine if an inhibitor of Gank, Cjoc42, might improve the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. Methods: Expression of Gank and its downstream targets were examined in fresh human HBL samples using immunostaining, QRT-PCR, and Western Blot. Cancer cells, Huh6 (human HBL) and Hepa1c1c7 (mouse HCC) were treated with Cjoc42 and with Cjoc42 in combination with cisplatin or doxorubicin. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and chemoresistance were examined. To examine activities of Cjoc42 in vivo, mice were treated with different doses of Cjoc42, and biological activities of Gank and cytotoxicity of Cjoc42 were tested. Results: Elevation of Gank and Gank-mediated elimination of TSPs are observed in patients with minimal necrosis after chemotherapy and relapsed disease. The treatment of Huh6 and Hepa1c1c7 with Cjoc42 was not cytotoxic; however, in combination with cisplatin or doxorubicin, Cjoc42 caused a significant increase in cytotoxicity compared to chemotherapy alone with increased apoptosis. Examination of Cjoc42 in WT mice showed that Cjoc42 is well tolerated without systemic toxicity, and levels of tumor suppressors CUGBP1, Rb, p53, C/EBPα, and HNF4α are increased by blocking their Gank-dependent degradation. Conclusions: Our work shows that Cjoc42 might be a promising adjunct to chemotherapy for the treatment of severe pediatric liver cancer and presents mechanisms by which Cjoc42 increases chemo-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M D'Souza
- Departments of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Ashley Cast
- Departments of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Meenasri Kumbaji
- Departments of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maria Rivas
- Departments of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ruhi Gulati
- Departments of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael Johnston
- Departments of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David Smithrud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - James Geller
- Departments of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nikolai Timchenko
- Departments of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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6
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Structural Insights into Ankyrin Repeat-Containing Proteins and Their Influence in Ubiquitylation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020609. [PMID: 33435370 PMCID: PMC7826745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin repeat (AR) domains are considered the most abundant repeat motif found in eukaryotic proteins. AR domains are predominantly known to mediate specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) without necessarily recognizing specific primary sequences, nor requiring strict conformity within its own primary sequence. This promiscuity allows for one AR domain to recognize and bind to a variety of intracellular substrates, suggesting that AR-containing proteins may be involved in a wide array of functions. Many AR-containing proteins serve a critical role in biological processes including the ubiquitylation signaling pathway (USP). There is also strong evidence that AR-containing protein malfunction are associated with several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, the structure and mechanism of key AR-containing proteins are discussed to suggest and/or identify how each protein utilizes their AR domains to support ubiquitylation and the cascading pathways that follow upon substrate modification.
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7
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Kanabar D, Farrales P, Kabir A, Juang D, Gnanmony M, Almasri J, Torrents N, Shukla S, Gupta V, Dukhande VV, D'Souza A, Muth A. Optimizing the aryl-triazole of cjoc42 for enhanced gankyrin binding and anti-cancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127372. [PMID: 32738965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin is an oncoprotein overexpressed in numerous cancer types and appears to play a key role in regulating cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell migration. These roles are largely due to gankyrin's protein-protein interaction with the 26S proteasome. We previously published a study exploring the aryl sulfonate ester of cjoc42 in an effort to enhance gankyrin binding and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In order to further improve the gankyrin binding ability of the cjoc42 scaffold, an extensive SAR for the aryl-triazole moiety of cjoc42 was developed. Our cjoc42 derivatives exhibited enhanced gankyrin binding, as well as enhanced antiproliferative activity against Hep3B, HepG2, A549, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Kanabar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Pamela Farrales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Abbas Kabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Daniel Juang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Manu Gnanmony
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joseph Almasri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Nicolas Torrents
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Snehal Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vikas V Dukhande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Amber D'Souza
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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8
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Mossenta M, Busato D, Dal Bo M, Toffoli G. Glucose Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role and Possible Implications in Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1668. [PMID: 32585931 PMCID: PMC7352479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metabolism is redirected to glycolysis to enhance the production of metabolic compounds employed by cancer cells to produce proteins, lipids, and nucleotides in order to maintain a high proliferative rate. This mechanism drives towards uncontrolled growth and causes a further increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could lead to cell death. HCC overcomes the problem generated by ROS increase by increasing the antioxidant machinery, in which key mechanisms involve glutathione, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF-1α). These mechanisms could represent optimal targets for innovative therapies. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts a key role in HCC pathogenesis and progression. Various metabolic machineries modulate the activity of immune cells in the TME. The deregulated metabolic activity of tumor cells could impair antitumor response. Lactic acid-lactate, derived from the anaerobic glycolytic rate of tumor cells, as well as adenosine, derived from the catabolism of ATP, have an immunosuppressive activity. Metabolic reprogramming of the TME via targeted therapies could enhance the treatment efficacy of anti-cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the metabolic pathways mainly involved in the HCC pathogenesis and progression. The potential targets for HCC treatment involved in these pathways are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mossenta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Davide Busato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (M.M.); (D.B.); (G.T.)
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9
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Li B, Zhu F, He F, Huang Q, Liu X, Wu T, Zhao T, Qiu Y, Wu Z, Xue Y, Fang M. Synthesis and biological evaluations of N′-substituted methylene-4-(quinoline-4-amino) benzoylhydrazides as potential anti-hepatoma agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Jahangiri R, Mosaffa F, EmamiRazavi A, Gharib M, Jamialahmadi K. Increased Expression of Gankyrin and Stemness Factor Oct-4 are Associated with Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes and Poor Benefit of Tamoxifen in Breast Carcinoma Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1921-1934. [PMID: 31853860 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the most important treatment component in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast carcinoma patients. Tamoxifen resistance incidence presents an important obstacle in clinical treatment. Mechanisms underlying tamoxifen refractory are not completely understood. Although elevated expression of Gankyrin (P28GANK) and stem cell markers Nanog, Oct-4 and Sox-2 have been reported in breast carcinoma, their role in tamoxifen resistance progression has not been explored. In the present study, P28GANK and stem cell markers Nanog, Oct-4 and Sox-2 expression were evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical technology in 72 breast carcinoma patients who received tamoxifen as adjuvant anti-hormone treatment. Expression data were correlated with the clinical outcome and survival of patients. Data analysis showed that P28GANK, Oct-4 and Sox-2 transcripts were significantly overexpressed in tamoxifen resistance patients. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that protein expression of P28GANK and Oct-4 were also significantly higher in tamoxifen resistance patients. We have shown a positive correlation between mRNA and protein expression of P28GANK, Oct-4 and Sox-2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that P28GANK (P = 0.002) and Oct-4 (P = 0.013) overexpression could be negative independent factors of disease outcome. Additionally, in the whole study group, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high expression of P28GANK and Oct-4 remained significant and unfavorable predictive factors for patients' survival. These findings suggest that Gankyrin and Oct-4 overexpression could promote tamoxifen refractory in breast cancer patients. More studies are warranted to clarify the predictive role of these potential biomarkers for patients who don't benefit from tamoxifen treatment and their possible application as prognostic markers in ER+ tamoxifen-treated breast carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Jahangiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashahd University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirnader EmamiRazavi
- Iran National Tumor Bank, Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Gharib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Xu X, Lou Y, Tang J, Teng Y, Zhang Z, Yin Y, Zhuo H, Tan Z. The long non-coding RNA Linc-GALH promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via epigenetically regulating Gankyrin. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:86. [PMID: 30692513 PMCID: PMC6349924 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent subtype of liver cancer, and it is characterized by high rate of metastasis and recurrence. Recent studies have boosted our understanding that Gankyrin contributes to both of these pathological properties, but the mechanisms underlying its aberrant regulation are poorly understood. Recently, many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in regulating the expression of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes through various mechanisms. Here, using transcriptome microarray analysis, we identified a long intergenic noncoding RNA termed Linc-GALH that was highly expressed and concordance with Gankyrin expression in HCC. In addition, we revealed that Linc-GALH was an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator for HCC, followed functional experiments showed that Linc-GALH promoted HCC cells migration and invasion in vitro, and enhanced lung metastasis ability of HCC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that Linc-GALH could regulate the expression of Gankyrin through controlling the methylation status of Gankyrin by adjusting the ubiquitination status of DNMT1 in HCC. Collectively, our results demonstrated the role and functional mechanism of Linc-GALH in HCC, and indicated that Linc-GALH may act as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Xu
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yun Lou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yue Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zechuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yin Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Han Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhongming Tan
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Department of Liver Surgery, National Health and Family Planning Commission, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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12
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Fujita J, Sakurai T. The Oncoprotein Gankyrin/PSMD10 as a Target of Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:63-71. [PMID: 31576540 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gankyrin (also called PSMD10, p28, or p28GANK) is a crucial oncoprotein that is upregulated in various cancers and assumed to play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of tumors. Although the in vitro function of gankyrin is relatively well characterized, its role in vivo remains to be elucidated. We have investigated the function of gankyrin in vivo by producing mice with liver parenchymal cell-specific gankyrin ablation (Alb-Cre;gankyrinf/f) and gankyrin deletion both in liver parenchymal and in non-parenchymal cells (Mx1-Cre;gankyrinf/f). Gankyrin deficiency both in non-parenchymal cells and parenchymal cells, but not in parenchymal cells alone, reduced STAT3 activity, interleukin-6 production, and cancer stem cell marker expression, leading to attenuated tumorigenic potential in the diethylnitrosamine hepatocarcinogenesis model. Essentially similar results were obtained by analyzing mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific gankyrin ablation (Villin-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) and gankyrin deletion both in myeloid and epithelial cells (Mx1-Cre;Gankyrinf/f) in the colitis-associated cancer model. Clinically, gankyrin expression in the tumor microenvironment was negatively correlated with progression-free survival in patients undergoing treatment with Sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinomas. These findings indicate important roles played by gankyrin in non-parenchymal cells as well as parenchymal cells in the pathogenesis of liver cancers and colorectal cancers, and suggest that by acting both on cancer cells and on the tumor microenvironment, anti-gankyrin agents would be promising as therapeutic and preventive strategies against various cancers, and that an in vitro cell culture models that incorporate the effects of non-parenchymal cells and gankyrin would be useful for the study of human cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fujita
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Gankyrin Drives Malignant Transformation of Gastric Cancer and Alleviates Oxidative Stress via mTORC1 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9480316. [PMID: 30420909 PMCID: PMC6215549 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9480316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer, as a malignant epithelial tumor, is a major health threat leading to poor overall survival and death. It is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage due to asymptomatic or only nonspecific early symptoms. The present study demonstrated that gankyrin contributes to the early malignant transformation of gastric cancer and can be selected to predict the risk of gastric cancer in those patients harboring the precancerous lesions (dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia). In addition, a new insight into gastric cancer was provided, which stated that gankyrin alleviates oxidative stress via mTORC1 pathway activation. It can potentiate the mTORC1 by PGK1-AKT signaling that promotes the tumor process, and this phenomenon is not completely consistent with the previous report describing colorectal cancer.
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Sun Y, Tan YJ, Lu ZZ, Li BB, Sun CH, Li T, Zhao LL, Liu Z, Zhang GM, Yao JC, Li J. Arctigenin Inhibits Liver Cancer Tumorigenesis by Inhibiting Gankyrin Expression via C/EBPα and PPARα. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:268. [PMID: 29636686 PMCID: PMC5880935 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Burdock (Arctium lappa) is a popular vegetable in China and Japan that is consumed for its general health benefits. The principal active component of burdock is arctigenin, which shows a range of bioactivities in vivo and in vitro. Here, we investigated the potential anti-tumor effects of arctigenin using two human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B, and sought to elucidate its potential mechanisms of action. Our results showed that arctigenin treatment inhibited cell growth in both HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines (IC50 of 4.74 nM for HepG2 cells, and of 59.27 nM for Hep3B cells). In addition, migration, invasion, and colony formation by HepG2 cells were significantly inhibited by arctigenin. By contrast, treatment of Hep3B cells with arctigenin did not alter these parameters. Arctigenin also significantly reduced the levels of gankyrin mRNA and protein in HepG2 cells, but not in Hep3B cells. A luciferase assay indicated that arctigenin targeted the -450 to -400 region of the gankyrin promoter. This region is also the potential binding site for both C/EBPα and PPARα, as predicted and confirmed by an online software analysis and ChIP assay. Additionally, a co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay showed that binding between C/EBPα and PPARα was increased in the presence of arctigenin. However, arctigenin did not increase the expression of C/EBPα or PPARα protein. A binding screening assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were performed to identify the mechanisms by which arctigenin regulates gankyrin expression. The results suggested that arctigenin could directly increase C/EBPα binding to the gankyrin promoter (-432 to -422 region), but did not affect PPARα binding. Expression of gankyrin, C/EBPα, and PPARα were analyzed in tumor tissues of patients using real-time PCR. Both C/EBPα and PPARα showed negative correlations with gankyrin. In tumor-bearing mice, arctigenin had a significant inhibitory effect on HCC growth. In conclusion, our results suggested that arctigenin could inhibit liver cancer growth by directly recruiting C/EBPα to the gankyrin promoter. PPARα subsequently bound to C/EBPα, and both had a negative regulatory effect on gankyrin expression. This study has identified a new mechanism of action of arctigenin against liver cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Yu-Jun Tan
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Zhan-Zhao Lu
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Bing-Bing Li
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Sun
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Gui-Min Zhang
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Jing-Chun Yao
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China.,Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation of Lunan Pharmaceutical, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
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Taheri T, Jamialahmadi K, Khadijeh F. Unexpected Lower Expression of Oncoprotein Gankyrin in Drug Resistant ABCG2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3413-3418. [PMID: 29286612 PMCID: PMC5980903 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Development of a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype to chemotherapy remains a major barrier in
the treatment of cancer. Gankyrin (p28, p28GANK or PSMD10) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in different carcinoma
cell lines. The aim of this study was to compare Gankyrin expression level in MDR cells (MCF-7/ADR and MCF-7/
MX) and non-MDR counterparts (MCF-7). Methods: Gankyrin, MDR1 (also known as ABCB1; the ATP-binding
cassette sub-family B member 1) and ABCG2 (also known as BCRP; the human breast cancer resistance protein)
mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression
levels of Gankyrin. Results: The PCR results showed that the expression of Gankyrin was significantly lower in the
ABCG2 overexpressing cell line MCF-7/MX than in non-resistanct MCF-7 cells. In contrast, there were no significant
differences in mRNA expression of Gankyrin in the MDR1 overexpressing cell line MCF-7/ADR in comparison with
MCF-7 cells. Similarly, Western blot analysis confirmed lower expression of Gankyrin protein in the MCF-7/MX cell
line (26% compared to controls) but not in MCF-7/ADR cells. Conclusion: These findings showed that there may be
a relation between down-regulation of Gankyrin and overexpression of ABCG2 but without any clear relationship with
MDR1 expression in breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taheri Taheri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Payam Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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