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Emerging of H5N6 Subtype Influenza Virus with 129-Glycosylation Site on Hemagglutinin in Poultry in China Acquires Immune Pressure Adaption. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0253721. [PMID: 35446114 PMCID: PMC9241720 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02537-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For an investigation into the effects of glycosylation site modification on hemagglutinin (HA) on the biological characteristics of the H5N6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV), the HA sequences of H5N6 AIVs from Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) and the isolates in China were analyzed for genetic evolution and glycosylation site patterns. Eight recombinant H5N6 AIVs with different glycosylation site patterns were constructed, and their biological characteristics were determined. The results showed that H5N6 AIVs containing a 129-glycosylation site on HA are becoming prevalent strains in China. Acquisition of the 129-glycosylation site on the HA of H5N6 AIVs increased thermostability, decreased pH stability, and attenuated pathogenicity and contact transmission in chickens. Most importantly, H5N6 AIVs escaped the neutralization activity of the Re-8-like serum antibody. Our findings reveal that H5N6 AIVs containing the 129-glycosylation site affect antigenicity and have become prevalent strains in China. IMPORTANCE H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were first reported in 2013 and have spread throughout many countries. In China, compulsory vaccine inoculation has been adopted to control H5 subtype avian influenza. However, the effect of vaccination on the antigenic drift of H5N6 AIVs remains unknown. Here, we found that H5N6 AIVs with the 129-glycosylation site on hemagglutinin were the dominant strains in poultry in China. The neutralization assay of the serum antibody against the H5 subtype vaccine Re-8 showed a significantly lower neutralization activity against H5N6 AIVs with the 129-glycosylation site compared to that against H5N6 AIVs without the 129-glycosylation site, indicating that the 129-glycosylation site may be a crucial molecular marker for immune evasion.
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Mon HH, Hadrill D, Brioudes A, Mon CCS, Sims L, Win HH, Thein WZ, Mok WS, Kyin MM, Maw MT, Win YT. Longitudinal Analysis of Influenza A(H5) Sero-Surveillance in Myanmar Ducks, 2006-2019. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2114. [PMID: 34683435 PMCID: PMC8540498 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2006 and 2019, serological surveys in unvaccinated domestic ducks reared outdoors in Myanmar were performed, using a haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, to confirm H5 avian influenza virus circulation and assess temporal and spatial distribution. Positive test results occurred every year that samples were collected. The annual proportion of positive farms ranged from 7.1% to 77.2%. The results revealed silent/sub-clinical influenza A (H5) virus circulation, even in years and States/Regions with no highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks reported. Further analysis of the 2018/19 results revealed considerable differences in seroconversion rates between four targeted States/Regions and between years, and showed seroconversion before and during the sampling period. By the end of the trial, a high proportion of farms were seronegative, leaving birds vulnerable to infection when sold. Positive results likely indicate infection with Gs/GD/96-lineage H5Nx HPAI viruses rather than other H5 subtype low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. The findings suggested persistent, but intermittent, circulation of Gs/GD/96-lineage H5Nx HPAI viruses in domestic ducks, despite the veterinary services' outbreak detection and control efforts. The role of wild birds in transmission remains unclear but there is potential for spill-over in both directions. The findings of this study assist the national authorities in the design of appropriate, holistic avian influenza control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hla Hla Mon
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (H.H.M.); (H.H.W.); (W.Z.T.); (M.T.M.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - David Hadrill
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar; (A.B.); (C.C.S.M.); (L.S.); (W.S.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar; (A.B.); (C.C.S.M.); (L.S.); (W.S.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Cho Cho Su Mon
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar; (A.B.); (C.C.S.M.); (L.S.); (W.S.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Leslie Sims
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar; (A.B.); (C.C.S.M.); (L.S.); (W.S.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Htay Htay Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (H.H.M.); (H.H.W.); (W.Z.T.); (M.T.M.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Way Zin Thein
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (H.H.M.); (H.H.W.); (W.Z.T.); (M.T.M.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Wing Sum Mok
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar; (A.B.); (C.C.S.M.); (L.S.); (W.S.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Maung Maung Kyin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar; (A.B.); (C.C.S.M.); (L.S.); (W.S.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Min Thein Maw
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (H.H.M.); (H.H.W.); (W.Z.T.); (M.T.M.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Ye Tun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (H.H.M.); (H.H.W.); (W.Z.T.); (M.T.M.); (Y.T.W.)
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Wang B, Su Q, Luo J, Li M, Wu Q, Chang H, Du J, Huang C, Ma J, Han S, Yuan G, He Y, Guo M, Zhang Q, He H. Differences in Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Viral Pathogenicity and Inflammatory Response in Chickens and Ducks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:593202. [PMID: 33584608 PMCID: PMC7878534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.593202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused high mortality in chickens, while ducks often appear to be asymptomatic. But, some recent H5Nx subtype viruses could cause high mortality in ducks. The variation between different species and the mechanisms by which some H5Nx viruses cause death in ducks requires investigation to identify the key processes in influenza susceptibility and pathogenesis. Here, we characterized two representative H5N6 viruses, A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016 (JA1) and A/Anas crecca/shanghai/SH1/2016 (SH1), and compared their pathogenicity and expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens and ducks to identify the elements of the host immune-related response that were involved in disease lethality. Results suggested that H5N6 HPAIVs had higher pathogenic and inflammatory effect in chickens than in ducks. Importantly, the TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and iNOS levels were significantly higher in the lung of SH1 infected chickens compared to those of ducks. And we found higher systemic levels of IL-6 induced by JA1 in chickens than in ducks. In addition, our experiments demonstrated that JA1 was associated with greater pathogenicity in ducks were accompanied by the excessive expression of iNOS in the brain. These results are helpful to understand the relationship between the pathogenicity of H5N6 AIVs and inflammatory responses to them in chickens and ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Su
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoxing Wu
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Chang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengmei Huang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Yuan
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yapeng He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minglei Guo
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxun Zhang
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have become endemic in global poultry populations over the past 25 years and pose an ongoing public health threat. Although the incidence of human cases has declined, viruses from the H5N1 lineage can now be found in poultry throughout Asia, the Middle East and Africa, in addition to causing outbreaks in Europe and the Americas. The recent emergence and spread of reassortant H5Nx viruses, resulting in regional poultry outbreaks, has increased the risk for further evolution of these viruses and possible avian-to-human transmission. Ongoing surveillance and pandemic preparedness for H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses of public health concern are warranted.
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