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Patil SD, Chalikwar SS. A brief review on application of design of experiment for the analysis of pharmaceuticals using HPLC. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024; 82:203-228. [PMID: 38159721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The quality pioneer Dr. Joseph M. Juran first proposed the idea of quality by design. According to him, pharmaceutical quality by design is an organised approach to product development that starts with predetermined goals and places an emphasis on product, process understanding, control based on reliable science and quality risk management. The quality of a product or process can typically be affected by a number of input elements. Design of experiments has been employed widely recently to understand the impacts of multidimensional and interactions of input parameters on the output responses of analytical procedures and pharmaceutical goods. Depending on the design of experiments objectives, screening, characterization, or optimization of the process and formulation, a variety of designs, such as factorial or mixture, can be used. The most popular designs used in the stage of screening or factor selection are the 2-Level Factorial and Plackett-Burman designs, both of which have two levels for each factor (k), both economical and effective, and in optimization widely used designs in this step are full factorial at three levels, central composite, Box-Behnken design. The analysis of variance, regression significance, and lack of fit of the regression model were some of the key topics covered in the discussion of the main components of multiple regression model adjustment. Design of experiments is thus the primary element of the formulation and analytical quality by design. The details about design of experiments used for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation using HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmacy, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Shailesh S Chalikwar
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy and Quality Assurance, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra State, India.
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Rub RA, Panda SS, Panda SK, Almalki WH, Alrobaian M, Hafeez A, Rahman M, Beg S, Ali A, Ahmed FJ. A systematized and chemometrics‐assisted liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of aripiprazole in implantable microparticles in rat plasma from pharmacokinetic study. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rehan A. Rub
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Sagar Suman Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Berhampur India
| | - Sunil K Panda
- Research and Development Menovo Pharmaceuticals Research Lab Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Waleed H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy Umm Al‐Qura University Mecca Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alrobaian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Pharmaceutics Glocal School of Pharmacy Glocal University Saharanpur India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Allahabad India
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
| | - Farhan J Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi India
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Quality-by-design in pharmaceutical development: From current perspectives to practical applications. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:497-526. [PMID: 36651549 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current pharmaceutical research directions tend to follow a systematic approach in the field of applied research and development. The concept of quality-by-design (QbD) has been the focus of the current progress of pharmaceutical sciences. It is based on, but not limited, to risk assessment, design of experiments and other computational methods and process analytical technology. These tools offer a well-organized methodology, both to identify and analyse the hazards that should be handled as critical, and are therefore applicable in the control strategy. Once implemented, the QbD approach will augment the comprehension of experts concerning the developed analytical technique or manufacturing process. The main activities are oriented towards the identification of the quality target product profiles, along with the critical quality attributes, the risk management of these and their analysis through in silico aided methods. This review aims to offer an overview of the current standpoints and general applications of QbD methods in pharmaceutical development.
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Alrobaian M, Panda SS, Almalki WH, Afzal O, Kazmi I, Alossaimi MA, Al-Abbasi FA, Katouah HA, Rub RA, Kumar BVVR, Rahman M, Beg S. Development and Validation of Chemometrics-Assisted Green UPLC-MS/MS Bioanalytical Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Capecitabine and Lapatinib in Rat Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:559-570. [PMID: 34318311 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A chemometrics-oriented green ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the first-time simultaneous estimation of capecitabine (CAP) and lapatinib (LPB) along with imatinib (as internal standard (IS)) in rat plasma. Analytes were extracted using ethyl acetate as the liquid-liquid extraction media. In the pre-development phase, principles of analytical eco-scale were used to confirm method greenness. Subsequently, vital method variables, influencing method robustness and performance, were optimized using a chemometrics-based quality-by-design approach. Chromatography was achieved on a BEH C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using isocratic flow (0.5 mL.min-1) of mobile phase acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid):0.002 M ammonium acetate in water as the mobile phase. The mass spectrometric detections were carried out in multiple reaction monitoring modes with precursor-to-product ion transitions with m/z 360.037 → 244.076 for CAP, m/z 581.431 → 365.047 LPB and m/z 494.526 → 394.141 for IS. The bioanalytical method validation studies were performed, ensuring regulatory compliance. Linearity (r2> 0.99) over analyte concentrations ranging from 5 and 40 ng.mL-1 was observed, while acceptable values were obtained for all other validation parameters. In a nutshell, a robust and green bioanalytical method was developed and applied for the simultaneous estimation of two anticancer agents from rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Alrobaian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sagar Suman Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A Alossaimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi A Katouah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan A Rub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - B V V Ravi Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Ganjam, Odisha 760010, India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, India
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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Alrobaian M, Panda SS, Afzal O, Kazmi I, Alossaimi MA, Al-Abbasi FA, Almalki WH, Soni K, Alam O, Alam MN, Rub RA, Rahman M, Beg S. Development of a Validated Bioanalytical UPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Neratinib: A Recent Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rat Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:551-558. [PMID: 34230967 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neratinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was very recently approved by USFDA in 2017 as an anticancer drug to treat of HER2 positive breast cancers. The present work provides an account on the development of a validated bioanalytical UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of neratinib and internal standard (imatinib) in rat plasma and tissue homogenates. A UPLC having a 100 mm C18 column (1.7 μm sized particles) was used with acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid): 2 mMol of ammonium acetate in water (pH 3.5) as the mobile phase. An efficient chromatographic separation was performed and detection was achieved by monitoring precursor-to-product ion transitions with m/z 557.29 → 112.06 for neratinib and m/z 494.43 → 294.17 for IS. The method demonstrated excellent linearity in the spiked plasma drug concentrating ranging between 1 and 800 ng.mL-1 (r2 = 0999), with lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was observed at 1 ng.mL-1. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision relative standard deviations were found to be within 6.58. Mean extraction recovery for neratinib and IS were 99.44 and 99.33%, while matrix effect for neratinib and IS was ranging between -4.35 and - 3.66%, respectively. Overall, the method showed successful applicability in pharmacokinetic analysis of pure various formulations in Wistar rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Alrobaian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, 21974 Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sagar Suman Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, 760010 Odisha, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin, Abdulaziz University, 16278 AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal A Alossaimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin, Abdulaziz University, 16278 AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura, University, 21961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kriti Soni
- Formulation Development, Dabur Research Foundation, 22 Site IV Sahibabad, Industrial Area, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 110002, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Md Naushad Alam
- BBS Institute of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Rehan A Rub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 110062, India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 211007, India
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 110062, India
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Beg S, Malik AK, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Almalki WH, Barkat MA, Kawish SM, Pradhan DP, Rahman M. Systematic Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Abiraterone Acetate and its Degradation Products. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:79-87. [PMID: 33169159 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study described the development of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of abiraterone acetate by Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Using an isocratic solvent system for the mobile phase, the chromatographic estimation of analyte was performed on a Hypersil BDS C18 column using mobile phase mixture containing acetonitrile and water with pH adjusted with 0.1% v/v orthophosphoric acid (15:85%v/v ratio), flow rate 1.0 mL.min-1 and detection at 250 nm using photodiode array detector. Systematic development of the chromatographic method was carried out by factor screening using a half-factorial design which suggested organic modifier (%), flow rate (mL.min-1) and autosampler temperature (°C) as influential variables. Further, the method was optimized by Box-Behnken design and trials performed were evaluated for the area under peak, retention time, theoretical plate count and tailing factor as the responses. Validation of the developed method showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Evaluation of the stability-indicating profile of the method using forced degradation studies revealed the formation of a possible degradation product under acidic and alkaline conditions, while no such degradation product peaks were observed under the oxidative environment. Overall, the study construed the successful development of HPLC assay method for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ankit K Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Al Jamiah, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - S M Kawish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Debi Prasad Pradhan
- Analytical Research and Development, Sentiss Pharma Pvt. Ltd., 261, Phase IV, Udyog Vihar, Sector 18 Gurugram 122001, India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SIHAS, Faculty of Health Science, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, India
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Box-Behnken Assisted Validation and Optimization of an RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Domperidone and Lansoprazole. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly specific, accurate, and simple RP-HPLC technique was developed for the real-time quantification of domperidone (DOMP) and lansoprazole (LANS) in commercial formulations. Chromatographic studies were performed using a Luna C8(2), 5 μm, 100Å, column (250 × 4.6 mm, Phenomenex) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/2 mM ammonium acetate (51:49 v/v), pH 6.7. The flow rate was 1 mL·min−1 with UV detection at 289 nm. Linearity was observed within the range of 4–36 µg·mL−1 for domperidone and 2–18 µg·mL−1 for lansoprazole. Method optimization was achieved using Box-Behnken design software, in which three key variables were examined, namely, the flow rate (A), the composition of the mobile phase (B), and the pH (C). The retention time (Y1 and Y3) and the peak area (Y2 and Y4) were taken as the response parameters. We observed that slight alterations in the mobile phase and the flow rate influenced the outcome, whereas the pH exerted no effect. Method validation featured various ICH parameters including linearity, limit of detection (LOD), accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, stability, and system suitability. This method is potentially useful for the analysis of commercial formulations and laboratory preparations.
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Rub RA, Beg S, Kazmi I, Afzal O, Almalki WH, Alghamdi S, Akhter S, Ali A, Ahmed FJ. Systematic development of a bioanalytical UPLC-MS/MS method for estimation of risperidone and its active metabolite in long-acting microsphere formulation in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1160:122433. [PMID: 33212399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A systematic approach to develop a UPLC-MS/MS method was applied for quantifying of risperidone (RISP), its active metabolite, 9-hydroxy risperidone (9-OH-RISP) and internal standard (propranolol) in rat plasma. Liquid-liquid extraction was performed using methyl tert-butyl ether for quantification of drug and its active metabolite by MS detection in the positive ion mode. Acquity UPLC system with BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, particle size 1.7 μm) column was used along with acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid)-2 mM (milli mole) ammonium acetate in isocratic condition was used as the mobile phase. Detection was performed by multiple reactions monitoring with precursor-to-product ion transitions with m/z 411.2 → 191.0 for RISP, m/z 427.2 → 207.0 for 9-OH-RISP and m/z 260.1 → 116.0 for IS. The method was validated as per the FDA guidance on bioanalytical method validation. Linearity (r2 = 0.999) was observed in the drug concentration ranging between 0.1 and 50 ng mL-1, while all other parameters were found to be within the acceptable ranges. Method robustness was optimized by Box-Behnken design to monitor the influential variables to achieve maximal recovery of the analytes in the rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the analytes from long-acting microparticles in rat plasma showed two peaks indicating an initial burst effect within 24 h of administration followed by controlled drug release pattern upto 45 days, while marketed formulation (Risperdal Consta®) showed no plasma concentration during the lag-time of 21 days followed by maximal drug absorption between 28 and 40 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Abdur Rub
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura, University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura, University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Akhter
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Farhan J Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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Bandopadhyay S, Beg S, Katare OP, Sharma T, Singh B. Integrated Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) Approach for the Development and Validation of Bioanalytical Liquid Chromatography Method for Estimation of Valsartan. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:606-621. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present studies describe the systematic development and validation of a simple, rapid, sensitive and cost-effective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic bioanalytical method for the estimation of valsartan in rat plasma employing analytical quality by design (AQbD) principles quality risk management was applied for identifying the critical method parameters (CMPs) and subsequently method optimization was performed employing Box–Behnken design by selecting mobile phase pH, flow rate and % organic modifier as the CMPs and evaluated for critical analytical attributes (CAAs) such as peak area, retention time, peak tailing and number of theoretical plates. The developed method was then transferred to bioanalysis, where liquid–liquid extraction process was used for separating the drug from rat plasma. The optimization of extraction process was performed with the help of face-centered cubic design by selecting centrifugation speed and centrifugation time as the CMPs for maximizing % recovery, signal-to-noise ratio and purity threshold of the drug peak after extraction as the CAAs. Optimum chromatographic solution was chosen by mathematical and graphical search techniques, and design space was demarcated. Validation studies performed for the developed method indicated linearity ranging between 5 and 100 ng.mL−1, whereas accuracy and precision study showed good percent recovery (99–102%) along with % relative standard deviation within ±2%. Sensitivity evaluation revealed limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.76 ng.mL−1 and 2.29 ng.mL−1, respectively. In a nutshell, the present work demonstrates significant merits of AQbD approach for holistic process understanding and analytical method development and validation with enhanced robustness and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Bandopadhyay
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - O P Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Teenu Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
- UGC Centre of Excellence in Nano Applications (Biomedical Sciences), Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
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