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Ganguly BB, Kadam NN. Therapeutics for mitochondrial dysfunction-linked diseases in Down syndrome. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:25-43. [PMID: 36371073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide deregulation contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) mechanism resulting in oxidative stress, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The cells, which require more energy, such as muscles, brain and heart are greatly affected. Impairment in mitochondrial network has a direct link with patho-mechanism at cellular and systemic levels at the backdrop of generalized metabolic perturbations in individuals with DS. Myriads of clinico-phenotypic features, including intellectual disability, early aging and neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer disease (AD)-related dementia are inevitable in DS-population where mitochondrial dysfunctions play the central role. Collectively, the mitochondrial abnormalities and altered energy metabolism perturbs several signaling pathways, particularly related to neurogenesis, which are directly associated with cognitive development and early onset of AD in individuals with DS. Therefore, therapeutic challenges for amelioration of the mitochondrial defects were perceived to improve the quality of life of the DS population. A number of pharmacologically active natural compounds such as polyphenols, antioxidants and flavonoids have shown convincing outcome for reversal of the dysfunctional mitochondrial network and oxidative metabolism, and improvement in intellectual skill in mouse models of DS and humans with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Bandana Ganguly
- MGM New Bombay Hospital and MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Nitin N Kadam
- MGM New Bombay Hospital and MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
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2
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Llambrich S, González R, Albaigès J, Wouters J, Marain F, Himmelreich U, Sharpe J, Dierssen M, Gsell W, Martínez-Abadías N, Vande Velde G. Multimodal in vivo Imaging of the Integrated Postnatal Development of Brain and Skull and Its Co-modulation With Neurodevelopment in a Down Syndrome Mouse Model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:815739. [PMID: 35223915 PMCID: PMC8874331 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.815739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain and skeletal systems are intimately integrated during development through common molecular pathways. This is evidenced by genetic disorders where brain and skull dysmorphologies are associated. However, the mechanisms underlying neural and skeletal interactions are poorly understood. Using the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome (DS) as a case example, we performed the first longitudinal assessment of brain, skull and neurobehavioral development to determine alterations in the coordinated morphogenesis of brain and skull. We optimized a multimodal protocol combining in vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) with morphometric analyses and neurodevelopmental tests to longitudinally monitor the different systems' development trajectories during the first postnatal weeks. We also explored the impact of a perinatal treatment with green tea extracts enriched in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (GTE-EGCG), which can modulate cognition, brain and craniofacial development in DS. Our analyses quantified alterations associated with DS, with skull dysmorphologies appearing before brain anomalies, reduced integration and delayed acquisition of neurodevelopmental traits. Perinatal GTE-EGCG induced disparate effects and disrupted the magnitude of integration and covariation patterns between brain and skull. Our results exemplify how a longitudinal research approach evaluating the development of multiple systems can reveal the effect of morphological integration modulating the response of pathological phenotypes to treatment, furthering our understanding of complex genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Llambrich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Rubèn González
- Grup de Recerca en Antropologia Biológica (GREAB), Department of Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Albaigès
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Wouters
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Fopke Marain
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - James Sharpe
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- Grup de Recerca en Antropologia Biológica (GREAB), Department of Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Neus Martínez-Abadías
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
- Greetje Vande Velde
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Valenti D, Stagni F, Emili M, Guidi S, Bartesaghi R, Vacca RA. Impaired Brain Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome Is Restored by Neonatal Treatment with the Polyphenol 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010062. [PMID: 35052567 PMCID: PMC8773005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a major genetic cause of intellectual disability, is characterized by numerous neurodevelopmental defects. Previous in vitro studies highlighted a relationship between bioenergetic dysfunction and reduced neurogenesis in progenitor cells from the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS, suggesting a critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodevelopmental alterations in DS. Recent in vivo studies in Ts65Dn mice showed that neonatal supplementation (Days P3–P15) with the polyphenol 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) fully restored hippocampal neurogenesis. The current study was aimed to establish whether brain mitochondrial bioenergetic defects are already present in Ts65Dn pups and whether early treatment with 7,8-DHF positively impacts on mitochondrial function. In the brain and cerebellum of P3 and P15 Ts65Dn pups we found a strong impairment in the oxidative phosphorylation apparatus, resulting in a deficit in mitochondrial ATP production and ATP content. Administration of 7,8-DHF (dose: 5 mg/kg/day) during Days P3–P15 fully restored bioenergetic dysfunction in Ts65Dn mice, reduced the levels of oxygen radicals and reinstated the hippocampal levels of PGC-1α. No pharmacotherapy is available for DS. From current findings, 7,8-DHF emerges as a treatment with a good translational potential for improving mitochondrial bioenergetics and, thus, mitochondria-linked neurodevelopmental alterations in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Fiorenza Stagni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Marco Emili
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Sandra Guidi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.E.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Rondal JA. From the lab to the people: major challenges in the biological treatment of Down syndrome. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:284-294. [PMID: 33709029 PMCID: PMC7940110 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) refers to a genetic condition due to the triplication of human chromosome 21. It is the most frequent autosomal trisomy. In recent years, experimental work has been conducted with the aim of removing or silencing the extra chromosome 21 (C21) in cells and normalizing genetic expression. This paper examines the feasibility of the move from laboratory studies to biologically treating “bone and flesh” people with DS. A chromosome or a gene therapy for humans is fraught with practical and ethical difficulties. To prevent DS completely, genome editing would have to be performed early on embryos in the womb. New in vitro findings point toward the possibility of epigenetic silencing the extra C21 in later embryonic or fetal life, or even postnatally for some aspects of neurogenesis. These possibilities are far beyond what is possible or allowed today. Another approach is through epigenetic regulation of the overexpression of particular genes in C21. Research with mouse modeling of DS is yielding promising results. Human applications have barely begun and are questioned on ethical grounds.
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Arima-Yoshida F, Raveau M, Shimohata A, Amano K, Fukushima A, Watanave M, Kobayashi S, Hattori S, Usui M, Sago H, Mataga N, Miyakawa T, Yamakawa K, Manabe T. Impairment of spatial memory accuracy improved by Cbr1 copy number resumption and GABA B receptor-dependent enhancement of synaptic inhibition in Down syndrome model mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14187. [PMID: 32843708 PMCID: PMC7447763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is a complex genetic disorder caused by the presence of three copies of the chromosome 21 in humans. The most common models, carrying extra-copies of overlapping fragments of mouse chromosome 16 that is syntenic to human chromosome 21, are Ts2Cje, Ts1Cje and Ts1Rhr mice. In electrophysiological analyses using hippocampal slices, we found that the later phase of the depolarization during tetanic stimulation, which was regulated by GABAB receptors, was significantly smaller in Ts1Cje and Ts2Cje mice than that in WT controls but not in Ts1Rhr mice. Furthermore, isolated GABAB receptor-mediated inhibitory synaptic responses were larger in Ts1Cje mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report that directly shows the enhancement of GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic currents in Ts1Cje mice. These results suggest that GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition was enhanced in Ts1Cje and Ts2Cje mice but not in Ts1Rhr mice. The Cbr1 gene, which is present in three copies in Ts1Cje and Ts2Cje but not in Ts1Rhr, encodes carbonyl reductase that may facilitate GABAB-receptor activity through a reduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Interestingly, we found that a reduction of PGE2 and an memory impairment in Ts1Cje mice were alleviated when only Cbr1 was set back to two copies (Ts1Cje;Cbr1+/+/-). However, the GABAB receptor-dependent enhancement of synaptic inhibition in Ts1Cje was unaltered in Ts1Cje;Cbr1+/+/- mice. These results indicate that Cbr1 is one of the genes responsible for DS cognitive impairments and the gene(s) other than Cbr1, which is included in Ts1Cje but not in Ts1Rhr, is responsible for the GABAB receptor-dependent over-inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Arima-Yoshida
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Matthieu Raveau
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimohata
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenji Amano
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fukushima
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masashi Watanave
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shizuka Kobayashi
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Usui
- Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Nobuko Mataga
- Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Manabe
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Gensous N, Bacalini MG, Conte M, Salvioli S. Accelerated bio-cognitive aging in Down syndrome: State of the art and possible deceleration strategies. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12903. [PMID: 30768754 PMCID: PMC6516152 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) has been proposed by George Martin as a segmental progeroid syndrome since 1978. In fact, DS persons suffer from several age‐associated disorders much earlier than euploid persons. Furthermore, a series of recent studies have found that DS persons display elevated levels of age biomarkers, thus supporting the notion that DS is a progeroid trait. Nowadays, due to the progressive advancements in social inclusion processes and medical assistance, DS persons live much longer than in the past; therefore, the early‐onset health problems of these persons are becoming an urgent and largely unmet social and medical burden. In particular, the most important ailment of DS persons is the accelerated cognitive decline that starts when they reach about 40 years of age. This decline can be at least in part counteracted by multi‐systemic approaches including early‐onset cognitive training, physical activity, and psychosocial assistance. However, no pharmacological treatment is approved to counteract this decline. According to the most advanced conceptualization of Geroscience, tackling the molecular mechanisms underpinning the aging process should be a smart/feasible strategy to combat and/or delay the great majority of age‐related diseases, including cognitive decline. We think that a debate is needed urgently on if (and how) this strategy could be integrated in protocols to face DS‐associated dementia and overall unhealthy aging. In particular we propose that, on the basis of data obtained in different clinical settings, metformin is a promising candidate that could be exploited to counteract cognitive decline in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna Bologna Italy
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Applied Biomedical Research Center (CRBA) S. Orsola‐Malpighi Polyclinic Bologna Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics Unit of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Noémie Gensous
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | | | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” (CIG) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
- Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” (CIG) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Ruiz-Mejias M. Outer Brain Oscillations in Down Syndrome. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:17. [PMID: 31139056 PMCID: PMC6519307 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article reviews the relationship between sleep and oscillatory activity in Down Syndrome (DS), as well as the featuring emergent rhythmic activity across different brain states. A comprehensive discussion of the data from electroencephalographic studies in DS humans and transgenic/trisomic mouse models is provided, as well as data from signals collected from local field potentials (LFP) and intracellular recordings in DS mouse models. The first sections focus specially on the alpha phenotype consistently observed in DS subjects, as well as its description in DS childhood and aging. Subsequently, a review of the data reported in DS mouse models is presented with the aim to deepen on the mechanisms underlying altered rhythmic patterns. Further sections situate the state-of-the-art of the field, with a discussion on the possible circuit alterations that may underlie impaired alpha and gamma oscillatory activity. A further aim is to highlight the importance of studying network oscillatory activity in mouse models to infer alterations in the underlying circuits related to cognition, such as in intellectual disability. In this direction, a view of alpha and gamma rhythms generated by the cerebral cortex as a tool for evaluating an unbalance between excitation and inhibition in DS is claimed, which points out toward an over-inhibited network. A final aim is to situate oscillatory activity as a key phenomenon that may be used as a biomarker for monitoring as well the effect of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ruiz-Mejias
- Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Granno S, Nixon-Abell J, Berwick DC, Tosh J, Heaton G, Almudimeegh S, Nagda Z, Rain JC, Zanda M, Plagnol V, Tybulewicz VLJ, Cleverley K, Wiseman FK, Fisher EMC, Harvey K. Downregulated Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the Down syndrome hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7322. [PMID: 31086297 PMCID: PMC6513850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological mechanisms underlying Down syndrome (DS)/Trisomy 21, including dysregulation of essential signalling processes remain poorly understood. Combining bioinformatics with RNA and protein analysis, we identified downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the hippocampus of adult DS individuals with Alzheimer's disease and the 'Tc1' DS mouse model. Providing a potential underlying molecular pathway, we demonstrate that the chromosome 21 kinase DYRK1A regulates Wnt signalling via a novel bimodal mechanism. Under basal conditions, DYRK1A is a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin. Following pathway activation, however, DYRK1A exerts the opposite effect, increasing signalling activity. In summary, we identified downregulation of hippocampal Wnt/β-catenin signalling in DS, possibly mediated by a dose dependent effect of the chromosome 21-encoded kinase DYRK1A. Overall, we propose that dosage imbalance of the Hsa21 gene DYRK1A affects downstream Wnt target genes. Therefore, modulation of Wnt signalling may open unexplored avenues for DS and Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Granno
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathon Nixon-Abell
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Berwick
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK6 7AA, UK
| | - Justin Tosh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - George Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sultan Almudimeegh
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Zenisha Nagda
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jean-Christophe Rain
- Hybrigenics Services - Fondation Jérôme Lejeune, 3-5 Impasse Reille, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Zanda
- UCL Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- UCL Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, Kings Cross, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Karen Cleverley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Can EGCG Alleviate Symptoms of Down Syndrome by Altering Proteolytic Activity? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010248. [PMID: 29342922 PMCID: PMC5796196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as "trisomy 21", is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. Silencing these extra genes is beyond existing technology and seems to be impractical. A number of pharmacologic options have been proposed to change the quality of life and lifespan of individuals with DS. It was reported that treatment with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) improves cognitive performance in animal models and in humans, suggesting that EGCG may alleviate symptoms of DS. Traditionally, EGCG has been associated with the ability to reduce dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A activity, which is overexpressed in trisomy 21. Based on the data available in the literature, we propose an additional way in which EGCG might affect trisomy 21-namely by modifying the proteolytic activity of the enzymes involved. It is known that, in Down syndrome, the nerve growth factor (NGF) metabolic pathway is altered: first by downregulating tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) that activates plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme converting proNGF to mature NGF; secondly, overexpression of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) further degrades NGF, lowering the amount of mature NGF. EGCG inhibits MMP-9, thus protecting NGF. Urokinase (uPA) and tPA are activators of plasminogen, and uPA is inhibited by EGCG, but regardless of their structural similarity tPA is not inhibited. In this review, we describe mechanisms of proteolytic enzymes (MMP-9 and plasminogen activation system), their role in Down syndrome, their inhibition by EGCG, possible degradation of this polyphenol and the ability of EGCG and its degradation products to cross the blood-brain barrier. We conclude that known data accumulated so far provide promising evidence of MMP-9 inhibition by EGCG in the brain, which could slow down the abnormal degradation of NGF.
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Caraci F, Iulita MF, Pentz R, Flores Aguilar L, Orciani C, Barone C, Romano C, Drago F, Cuello AC. Searching for new pharmacological targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 817:7-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stringer M, Goodlett CR, Roper RJ. Targeting trisomic treatments: optimizing Dyrk1a inhibition to improve Down syndrome deficits. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2017; 5:451-465. [PMID: 28944229 PMCID: PMC5606891 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylated regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), located on human chromosome 21, may alter molecular processes linked to developmental deficits in Down syndrome (DS). Trisomic DYRK1A is a rational therapeutic target, and although reductions in Dyrk1a genetic dosage have shown improvements in trisomic mouse models, attempts to reduce Dyrk1a activity by pharmacological mechanisms and correct these DS-associated phenotypes have been largely unsuccessful. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits DYRK1A activity in vitro and this action has been postulated to account for improvement of some DS-associated phenotypes that have been reported in preclinical studies and clinical trials. However, the beneficial effects of EGCG are inconsistent and there is no direct evidence that any observed improvement actually occurs through Dyrk1a inhibition. Inconclusive outcomes likely reflect a lack of knowledge about the tissue-specific patterns of spatial and temporal overexpression and elevated activity of Dyrk1a that may contribute to emerging DS traits during development. Emerging evidence indicates that Dyrk1a expression varies over the life span in DS mouse models, yet preclinical therapeutic treatments targeting Dyrk1a have largely not considered these developmental changes. Therapies intended to improve DS phenotypes through normalizing trisomic Dyrk1a need to optimize the timing and dose of treatment to match the spatiotemporal patterning of excessive Dyrk1a activity in relevant tissues. This will require more precise identification of developmental periods of vulnerability to enduring adverse effects of elevated Dyrk1a, representing the concurrence of increased Dyrk1a expression together with hypothesized tissue-specific-sensitive periods when Dyrk1a regulates cellular processes that shape the long-term functional properties of the tissue. Future efforts targeting inhibition of trisomic Dyrk1a should identify these putative spatiotemporally specific developmental sensitive periods and determine whether normalizing Dyrk1a activity then can lead to improved outcomes in DS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Stringer
- Department of PsychologyIUPUI402 North Blackford Street, LD 124IndianapolisIndiana46202-3275
| | - Charles R Goodlett
- Department of PsychologyIUPUI402 North Blackford Street, LD 124IndianapolisIndiana46202-3275
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of BiologyIUPUI723 West Michigan Street SL 306IndianapolisIndiana46202-3275
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