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Malekizadeh H, Saed O, Rashtbari A, Sajjadi M, Ahmadi D, Ronold EH. Deficits in specific executive functions manifest by severity in major depressive disorder: a comparison of antidepressant naïve inpatient, outpatient, subclinical, and healthy control groups. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1225062. [PMID: 37854445 PMCID: PMC10580982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1225062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous research has highlighted the executive function (EF) deficits present in depressed patients; however, conflicting results exist regarding the impact of depression severity on the size of these deficits. This study aimed to compare deficits in EF between antidepressant naïve inpatient and outpatient depressed, a group with subclinical depression symptoms, and a healthy control group while controlling for education, sex, and age. Methods In cross-sectional research, 245 antidepressant naive participants (46 inpatient, 68 outpatient, 65 subclinical, and 67 healthy control individuals) were recruited by convenience sampling. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to assess depression. EF was measured using several neuropsychological tests, including the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the N-back Test, which assessed the components of Inhibition, Shifting, and Updating, respectively. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between the groups in EF components (p < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons further showed that inpatient and outpatient patients had more depressive symptoms and worse EF performance than subclinical and healthy control groups (p < 0.05). Results In the analysis of EF measures, a significant difference was found among the four groups, with post-hoc tests revealing variations in specific EF components. Overall, patients with more severe depressive symptoms show more deficits in EF. Additionally, correlations between clinical characteristics and EF measures varied across patient groups, but many correlations became non-significant after adjusting for the false discovery rate (FDR). Discussion This study emphasizes the impact of depression severity on deficits in the EF of depressed patients and at-risk populations. Consequently, it is important to consider executive dysfunctions as an underlying vulnerability in the development and persistence of depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Malekizadeh
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Omid Saed
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Rashtbari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Sajjadi
- Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davoud Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Eivind Haga Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Staniszewski K, Ronold EH, Hammar Å, Rosén A. Neurocognitive Functioning in Patients with Painful Temporomandibular Disorders. J Pain Res 2023; 16:2015-2025. [PMID: 37337610 PMCID: PMC10277003 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s414922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate psychosocial factors in painful TMD (pTMD) which could have consequences for mastering chronic pain. Methods Our study included 22 patients (20 women, 2 men) with pTMD, refractory to conservative treatment, and 19 healthy controls. The control group was matched for gender, age, and educational level, and IQ tested on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Neurocognitive function was tested with the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT). Pain intensity was reported according to the General Pain Intensity Questionnaire (GPI), using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Self-perceived cognitive difficulties were reported by the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression 5-item (PDQ-5). Two measures of rumination were included: the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ) and the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale Self-report (MADRS-S) was used to measure depressive symptoms, and the Oral Health Impact Profile-TMD (OHIP-TMD) to measure QoL related to oral health. Results There were no statistical differences in age (median pTMD: 55 years, median control: 53 years), educational level, and IQ between pTMD and controls. Median pain intensity in pTMD was NRS 8 at maximum and the median pain duration was 18 years. There were no significant differences in CWIT between pTMD and controls. Self-perceived cognitive function (PDQ) was significantly poorer in pTMD. Rumination scores from both measures, and the depression score from MADRS, were significantly higher in pTMD. The OHIP-TMD score revealed a significantly poorer QoL in pTMD. Conclusion The group of pTMD patients have self-perceived cognitive difficulties that may make it more difficult to master chronic pain and common everyday tasks. They reported significantly more self-perceived cognitive difficulties, higher rumination, more depressive symptoms, and lower QoL compared to healthy controls, suggesting that these psychosocial factors could be targeted in treatment and interventions. However, the tested neurocognitive performance was equivalent to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eivind Haga Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Rosén
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Ronold EH, Myklebost SB, Hammar Å. Improvement in self-reported cognitive functioning but not in rumination following online working memory training in a two-year follow-up study of remitted major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1163073. [PMCID: PMC10277740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1163073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-reported subjective cognitive difficulties (subjective deficits) and rumination are central residual cognitive symptoms following major depressive disorder (MDD). These are risk factors for more a severe course of illness, and despite the considerable relapse risk of MDD, few interventions target the remitted phase, a high-risk period for developing new episodes. Online distribution of interventions could help close this gap. Computerized working memory training (CWMT) shows promising results, but findings are inconclusive regarding which symptoms improve following this intervention, and its long-term effects. This study reports results from a longitudinal open-label two-year follow-up pilot-study of self-reported cognitive residual symptoms following 25 sessions (40 min), five times a week of a digitally delivered CWMT intervention. Ten of 29 patients remitted from MDD completed two-year follow-up assessment. Significant large improvements in self-reported cognitive functioning on the behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult version appeared after two-years (d = 0.98), but no significant improvements were found in rumination (d < 0.308) measured by the ruminative responses scale. The former showed moderate non-significant associations to improvement in CWMT both post-intervention (r = 0.575) and at two-year follow-up (r = 0.308). Strengths in the study included a comprehensive intervention and long follow-up time. Limitations were small sample and no control group. No significant differences between completers and drop-outs were found, however, attrition effects cannot be ruled out and demand characteristics could influence findings. Results suggested lasting improvements in self-reported cognitive functioning following online CWMT. Controlled studies with larger samples should replicate these promising preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Haga Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Office for Psychiatry and Habilitation, Psychiatry Research Skåne, Skåne, Sweden
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Monferrer M, García AS, Ricarte JJ, Montes MJ, Fernández-Caballero A, Fernández-Sotos P. Facial emotion recognition in patients with depression compared to healthy controls when using human avatars. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6007. [PMID: 37045889 PMCID: PMC10097677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The negative, mood-congruent cognitive bias described in depression, as well as excessive rumination, have been found to interfere with emotional processing. This study focuses on the assessment of facial recognition of emotions in patients with depression through a new set of dynamic virtual faces (DVFs). The sample consisted of 54 stable patients compared to 54 healthy controls. The experiment consisted in an emotion recognition task using non-immersive virtual reality (VR) with DVFs of six basic emotions and neutral expression. Patients with depression showed a worst performance in facial affect recognition compared to healthy controls. Age of onset was negatively correlated with emotion recognition and no correlation was observed for duration of illness or number of lifetime hospitalizations. There was no correlation for the depression group between emotion recognition and degree of psychopathology, excessive rumination, degree of functioning, or quality of life. Hence, it is important to improve and validate VR tools for emotion recognition to achieve greater methodological homogeneity of studies and to be able to establish more conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monferrer
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Servicio de Salud Mental, 02004, Albacete, Spain
| | - Arturo S García
- Departmento de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Neurocognition and Emotion Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Informática de Albacete, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge J Ricarte
- Departmento de Psicología, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - María J Montes
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Servicio de Salud Mental, 02004, Albacete, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Caballero
- Departmento de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Neurocognition and Emotion Unit, Instituto de Investigación en Informática de Albacete, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- CIBERSAM-ISCIII (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), 28016, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Sotos
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Servicio de Salud Mental, 02004, Albacete, Spain.
- CIBERSAM-ISCIII (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), 28016, Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang Y, Boemo T, Qiao Z, Tan Y, Li X. Distinct Effects of Anxiety and Depression on Updating Emotional Information in Working Memory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:544. [PMID: 36612866 PMCID: PMC9819093 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression have been shown to negatively influence the processing of emotional information in working memory. However, most studies have examined anxiety-related or depression-related working memory deficits independently, without considering their high co-morbidity. We tested the effects of emotional valence on working memory performance among healthy young adults with varying levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Ninety young adults aged between 18-24 (51 female) completed an emotional 2-back task in which positive, negative, and neutral images were presented. Multi-level modeling was used to examine anxiety and depressive symptoms as predictors of response accuracy and latency across the three emotional valence conditions. The results showed that participants responded to negative images with the highest accuracy and to positive images with the lowest accuracy. Both negative and positive images elicited slower responses than neutral images. Importantly, we found that more severe anxiety symptoms predicted a smaller difference in response accuracy between negative and neutral stimuli, whereas more severe depressive symptoms predicted a larger updating reaction time difference between positive and neutral stimuli. These findings demonstrated the uniquely anxiety-related deficits in processing negative contents and the uniquely depression-related deficits in updating positive contents in working memory, thus highlighting the necessity of novel cognitive bias modification interventions targeting the anxiety-specific and depression-specific deficits in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Teresa Boemo
- Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zhiling Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yafei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430079, China
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Draheim C, Pak R, Draheim AA, Engle RW. The role of attention control in complex real-world tasks. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1143-1197. [PMID: 35167106 PMCID: PMC8853083 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-02052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory capacity is an important psychological construct, and many real-world phenomena are strongly associated with individual differences in working memory functioning. Although working memory and attention are intertwined, several studies have recently shown that individual differences in the general ability to control attention is more strongly predictive of human behavior than working memory capacity. In this review, we argue that researchers would therefore generally be better suited to studying the role of attention control rather than memory-based abilities in explaining real-world behavior and performance in humans. The review begins with a discussion of relevant literature on the nature and measurement of both working memory capacity and attention control, including recent developments in the study of individual differences of attention control. We then selectively review existing literature on the role of both working memory and attention in various applied settings and explain, in each case, why a switch in emphasis to attention control is warranted. Topics covered include psychological testing, cognitive training, education, sports, police decision-making, human factors, and disorders within clinical psychology. The review concludes with general recommendations and best practices for researchers interested in conducting studies of individual differences in attention control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Draheim
- Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, USA.
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Richard Pak
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Amanda A Draheim
- Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, USA
| | - Randall W Engle
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Ronold EH, Joormann J, Hammar Å. Computerized Working Memory Training in Remission From Major Depressive Disorder: Effects on Emotional Working Memory, Processing Speed, Executive Functions, and Associations With Symptoms. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:887596. [PMID: 35832292 PMCID: PMC9272008 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.887596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Remission from major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with residual symptoms related to reduced functioning, quality of life, and relapse risk. Previous studies have raised questions about mechanisms involved-in and affected by cognitive training. This study investigated the associations and changes among depressive symptoms, rumination, processing speed (PS), executive functioning (EF), and emotional working memory (e-WM) pre- post computerized working memory training (CWMT). Method Twenty-nine remitted participants were included in a pre- post pilot study of within-subject effects of online CWMT. A total of 20 participants completed the intervention and pre- post tests of EF and PS, e-WM, in addition to symptom and rumination measures. Associations between changes in symptoms and cognition were investigated pre- post. Associations between improvements in CWMT, depression history, and changes in cognition were explored. Hypotheses and statistics were preregistered before data were analyzed. Results Manipulation of negatively valanced stimuli in e-WM showed an inverse association with rumination pre-intervention, but the association disappeared post-intervention. Cognitive functioning improved in most conditions with largest effects in EF. Symptoms did not change in the remitted sample. CWMT improvements were related to improvements in some aspects of EF and PS, but also to worse self-reported attention. Depression history was related to less improvement in EF. Limitations Sample size was small and there was dropout from the study. There was no control group, thus precluding practice and placebo effects and causal relationships. Conclusions Computerized WM training improves cognitive functions and could influence associations between e-WM and rumination. This could counteract functional impairment following MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Haga Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Joormann
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Li QS, Galbraith D, Morrison RL, Trivedi MH, Drevets WC. Circulating microRNA associated with future relapse status in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:937360. [PMID: 36061300 PMCID: PMC9428445 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.937360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an episodic condition with relapsing and remitting disease course. Elucidating biomarkers that can predict future relapse in individuals responding to an antidepressant treatment holds the potential to identify those patients who are prone to illness recurrence. The current study explored relationships between relapse risk in recurrent MDD and circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) that participate in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Serum samples were acquired from individuals with a history of recurrent MDD who were followed longitudinally in the observational study, OBSERVEMDD0001 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02489305). Circulating miRNA data were obtained in 63 participants who relapsed ("relapsers") and 154 participants who did not relapse ("non-relapsers") during follow-up. The miRNA was quantified using the ID3EAL™ miRNA Discovery Platform from MiRXES measuring 575 circulating miRNAs using a patented qPCR technology and normalized with a standard curve from spike-in controls in each plate. The association between miRNAs and subsequent relapse was tested using a linear model, adjusting for age, gender, and plate. Four miRNAs were nominally associated with relapse status during the observational follow-up phase with a false discover rate adjusted p-value < 0.1. Enrichment analysis of experimentally validated targets revealed 112 significantly enriched pathways, including neurogenesis, response to cytokine, neurotrophin signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, relaxin signaling, and cellular senescence pathways. These data suggest these miRNAs putatively associated with relapse status may have the potential to regulate genes involved in multiple signaling pathways that have previously been associated with MDD. If shown to be significant in a larger, independent sample, these data may hold potential for developing a miRNA signature to identify patients likely to relapse, allowing for earlier intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States.,JRD Data Science, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | | | - Randall L Morrison
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
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Hammar Å, Ronold EH, Rekkedal GÅ. Cognitive Impairment and Neurocognitive Profiles in Major Depression-A Clinical Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:764374. [PMID: 35345877 PMCID: PMC8957205 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.764374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, studies have investigated cognitive functioning from the perspective of acute state- to remitted phases of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Some cognitive deficits observed in the symptomatic phase persist in remission as traits or scars. The etiological origin and clinical consequences of the neurocognitive profiles reported in the literature are still unclear and may vary across populations. Deficits are suspected to influence the association between MDD and neurodegenerative disorders and could thus be of particular clinical consequence. The aim of this review is to describe the clinical neuropsychological profile in MDD and how it is related to research during the past decade on cognitive deficits in MDD from a state, trait, and scar perspective. This review, with a clinical perspective, investigates research from the past decade regarding cognitive functioning in MDD in a long-term perspective. We focus on the clinical manifestation of deficits, and the potential neurodegenerative consequences of the neurocognitive profile in MDD. Searches in Medline, PsycINFO and Embase were conducted targeting articles published between 2010 and 2020. Examination of the evidence for long-lasting neurocognitive deficits in major depression within the cognitive domains of Memory, Executive Functions, Attention, and Processing Speed was conducted and was interpreted in the context of the State, Scar and Trait hypotheses. Defining the neurocognitive profiles in MDD will have consequences for personalized evaluation and treatment of residual cognitive symptoms, and etiological understanding of mood disorders, and treatments could potentially reduce or delay the development of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eivind Haga Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guro Årdal Rekkedal
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Blomdahl C, Guregård S, Rusner M, Wijk H. Recovery From Depression—A 6-Month Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Study of Manual-Based Phenomenological Art Therapy for Persons With Depression. ART THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2021.1922328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vervaeke J, Hoorelbeke K, Baeken C, Koster EHW. Online Cognitive Control Training for Remitted Depressed Individuals: A Replication and Extension Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-021-10238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Negative and Positive Bias for Emotional Faces: Evidence from the Attention and Working Memory Paradigms. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8851066. [PMID: 34135956 PMCID: PMC8178010 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8851066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual attention and visual working memory (VWM) are two major cognitive functions in humans, and they have much in common. A growing body of research has investigated the effect of emotional information on visual attention and VWM. Interestingly, contradictory findings have supported both a negative bias and a positive bias toward emotional faces (e.g., angry faces or happy faces) in the attention and VWM fields. We found that the classical paradigms-that is, the visual search paradigm in attention and the change detection paradigm in VWM-are considerably similar. The settings of these paradigms could therefore be responsible for the contradictory results. In this paper, we compare previous controversial results from behavioral and neuroscience studies using these two paradigms. We suggest three possible contributing factors that have significant impacts on the contradictory conclusions regarding different emotional bias effects; these factors are stimulus choice, experimental setting, and cognitive process. We also propose new research directions and guidelines for future studies.
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Ronold EH, Schmid MT, Oedegaard KJ, Hammar Å. A Longitudinal 5-Year Follow-Up Study of Cognitive Function After First Episode Major Depressive Disorder: Exploring State, Scar and Trait Effects. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:575867. [PMID: 33364989 PMCID: PMC7750430 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.575867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depression (MDD) is associated with cognitive deficits in processing speed and executive function (EF) following first episode (FE). It is unclear whether deficits are state or trait related. Studies following FE MDD over longer periods are lacking, making it uncertain how cognition and symptoms develop after the initial episode. The present study assessed cognitive function and symptoms 5 years following FE MDD. In addition, the study explored relationships between MDD symptoms, rumination, and cognitive deficits with regards to the trait, state, and scar perspective. Twenty-three participants with previous FE MDD, and 20 matched control participants were compared on Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System measures of processing speed and EF, in a 5-year longitudinal follow-up study. Correlations between current symptoms- and history of MDD, rumination, cognition were investigated. Findings indicated that cognitive deficits persisted with no clear signs of exacerbation after initial episode. Inhibition appeared independent of current and previous symptoms of depression. Processing speed was related to depressive- symptoms and rumination. In conclusion, results indicated persisting, stable deficits in both EFs and processing speed. Findings further suggest that depressive symptoms could be related to deficits in processing speed, indicating state effects. There was limited support for worsening of cognition after initial episode. Some aspects of EF like Inhibition could show persistent deficits independent of depressive symptoms indicating trait effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Haga Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marit Therese Schmid
- Department of Welfare and Participation, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ketil Joachim Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Hammar Å, Semkovska M, Borgen IMH, Myklebost S, Ronold EH, Sveen T, Ueland T, Porter R, Johnson SL. A pilot study of cognitive remediation in remitted major depressive disorder patients. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:172-182. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1726919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Semkovska
- Health Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ida M. H. Borgen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sunniva Myklebost
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eivind H Ronold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thea Sveen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torill Ueland
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sheri L. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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van Kleef RS, Bockting CLH, van Valen E, Aleman A, Marsman JBC, van Tol MJ. Neurocognitive working mechanisms of the prevention of relapse in remitted recurrent depression (NEWPRIDE): protocol of a randomized controlled neuroimaging trial of preventive cognitive therapy. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:409. [PMID: 31856771 PMCID: PMC6921462 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder with a highly recurrent character, making prevention of relapse an important clinical goal. Preventive Cognitive Therapy (PCT) has been proven effective in preventing relapse, though not for every patient. A better understanding of relapse vulnerability and working mechanisms of preventive treatment may inform effective personalized intervention strategies. Neurocognitive models of MDD suggest that abnormalities in prefrontal control over limbic emotion-processing areas during emotional processing and regulation are important in understanding relapse vulnerability. Whether changes in these neurocognitive abnormalities are induced by PCT and thus play an important role in mediating the risk for recurrent depression, is currently unclear. In the Neurocognitive Working Mechanisms of the Prevention of Relapse In Depression (NEWPRIDE) study, we aim to 1) study neurocognitive factors underpinning the vulnerability for relapse, 2) understand the neurocognitive working mechanisms of PCT, 3) predict longitudinal treatment effects based on pre-treatment neurocognitive characteristics, and 4) validate the pupil dilation response as a marker for prefrontal activity, reflecting emotion regulation capacity and therapy success. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 75 remitted recurrent MDD (rrMDD) patients will be included. Detailed clinical and cognitive measurements, fMRI scanning and pupillometry will be performed at baseline and three-month follow-up. In the interval, 50 rrMDD patients will be randomized to eight sessions of PCT and 25 rrMDD patients to a waiting list. At baseline, 25 healthy control participants will be additionally included to objectify cross-sectional residual neurocognitive abnormalities in rrMDD. After 18 months, clinical assessments of relapse status are performed to investigate which therapy induced changes predict relapse in the 50 patients allocated to PCT. DISCUSSION The present trial is the first to study the neurocognitive vulnerability factors underlying relapse and mediating relapse prevention, their value for predicting PCT success and whether pupil dilation acts as a valuable marker in this regard. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of relapse prevention could contribute to the development of better targeted preventive interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register, August 18, 2015, trial number NL5219.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozemarijn S. van Kleef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L. H. Bockting
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Department of Psychiatry and Urban Mental Health Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien van Valen
- 0000000090126352grid.7692.aDepartment of Geriatrics, Heidelberglaan 100, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Aleman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Bernard C. Marsman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José van Tol
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 2, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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