1
|
Kang H, Zsoldos RR, Sole-Guitart A, Narayan E, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Gaughan JB. Heat stress in horses: a literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:957-973. [PMID: 37060454 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthy adult horses can balance accumulation and dissipation of body heat to maintain their body temperature between 37.5 and 38.5 °C, when they are in their thermoneutral zone (5 to 25 °C). However, under some circumstances, such as following strenuous exercise under hot, or hot and humid conditions, the accumulation of body heat exceeds dissipation and horses can suffer from heat stress. Prolonged or severe heat stress can lead to anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage in the horse. To ameliorate the negative effects of high heat load in the body, early detection of heat stress and immediate human intervention is required to reduce the horse's elevated body temperature in a timely manner. Body temperature measurement and deviations from the normal range are used to detect heat stress. Rectal temperature is the most commonly used method to monitor body temperature in horses, but other body temperature monitoring technologies, percutaneous thermal sensing microchips or infrared thermometry, are currently being studied for routine monitoring of the body temperature of horses as a more practical alternative. When heat stress is detected, horses can be cooled down by cool water application, air movement over the horse (e.g., fans), or a combination of these. The early detection of heat stress and the use of the most effective cooling methods is important to improve the welfare of heat stressed horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Kang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Rebeka R Zsoldos
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Albert Sole-Guitart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Edward Narayan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - A Judith Cawdell-Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - John B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kozyreva T, Kozaruk V, Meyta E. Skin TRPA1 ion channel participates in thermoregulatory response to cold. Comparison with the effect of TRPM8. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:208-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
3
|
Svensson E, Apergis-Schoute J, Burnstock G, Nusbaum MP, Parker D, Schiöth HB. General Principles of Neuronal Co-transmission: Insights From Multiple Model Systems. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 12:117. [PMID: 30728768 PMCID: PMC6352749 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now accepted that neurons contain and release multiple transmitter substances. However, we still have only limited insight into the regulation and functional effects of this co-transmission. Given that there are 200 or more neurotransmitters, the chemical complexity of the nervous system is daunting. This is made more-so by the fact that their interacting effects can generate diverse non-linear and novel consequences. The relatively poor history of pharmacological approaches likely reflects the fact that manipulating a transmitter system will not necessarily mimic its roles within the normal chemical environment of the nervous system (e.g., when it acts in parallel with co-transmitters). In this article, co-transmission is discussed in a range of systems [from invertebrate and lower vertebrate models, up to the mammalian peripheral and central nervous system (CNS)] to highlight approaches used, degree of understanding, and open questions and future directions. Finally, we offer some outlines of what we consider to be the general principles of co-transmission, as well as what we think are the most pressing general aspects that need to be addressed to move forward in our understanding of co-transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Svensson
- BMC, Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Apergis-Schoute
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael P Nusbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David Parker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- BMC, Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Willemze RA, Welting O, van Hamersveld HP, Meijer SL, Folgering JHA, Darwinkel H, Witherington J, Sridhar A, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Seppen J, de Jonge WJ. Neuronal control of experimental colitis occurs via sympathetic intestinal innervation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28745812 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation is currently clinically evaluated as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. However, the mechanism by which this therapeutic intervention can have an immune-regulatory effect in colitis remains unclear. We determined the effect of intestine-specific vagotomy or intestine-specific sympathectomy of the superior mesenteric nerve (SMN) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Furthermore, we tested the efficacy of therapeutic SMN stimulation to treat DSS-induced colitis in rats. METHODS Vagal and SMN fibers were surgically dissected to achieve intestine-specific vagotomy and sympathectomy. Chronic SMN stimulation was achieved by implantation of a cuff electrode. Stimulation was done twice daily for 5 minutes using a biphasic pulse (10 Hz, 200 μA, 2 ms). Disease activity index (DAI) was used as a clinical parameter for colitis severity. Colonic cytokine expression was measured by quantitative PCR and ELISA. KEY RESULTS Intestine-specific vagotomy had no effect on DSS-induced colitis in mice. However, SMN sympathectomy caused a significantly higher DAI compared to sham-operated mice. Conversely, SMN stimulation led to a significantly improved DAI compared to sham stimulation, although no other parameters of colitis were affected significantly. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results indicate that sympathetic innervation regulates the intestinal immune system as SMN denervation augments, and SMN stimulation ameliorates DSS-induced colitis. Surprisingly, intestine-specific vagal nerve denervation had no effect in DSS-induced colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Willemze
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Welting
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H P van Hamersveld
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S L Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - H Darwinkel
- Brains On-Line B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - A Sridhar
- Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - J Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Laughlin BW, Bailey IR, Rice SA, Barati Z, Bogren LK, Drew KL. Precise Control of Target Temperature Using N 6-Cyclohexyladenosine and Real-Time Control of Surface Temperature. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2018; 8:108-116. [PMID: 29480748 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted temperature management is standard of care for cardiac arrest and is in clinical trials for stroke. N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), an A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonist, inhibits thermogenesis and induces onset of hibernation in hibernating species. Despite promising thermolytic efficacy of CHA, prior work has failed to achieve and maintain a prescribed target core body temperature (Tb) between 32°C and 34°C for 24 hours. We instrumented Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 19) with indwelling arterial and venous cannulae and a transmitter for monitoring Tb and ECG, then administered CHA via continuous IV infusion or intraperitoneal (IP) injection. In the first experiment (n = 11), we modulated ambient temperature and increased the dose of CHA in an attempt to manage Tb. In the second experiment (n = 8), we administered CHA (0.25 mg/[kg·h]) via continuous IV infusion and modulated cage surface temperature to control Tb. We rewarmed animals by increasing surface temperature at 1°C h-1 and discontinued CHA after Tb reached 36.5°C. Tb, brain temperature (Tbrain), heart rate, blood gas, and electrolytes were also monitored. Results show that titrating dose to adjust for individual variation in response to CHA led to tolerance and failed to manage a prescribed Tb. Starting with a dose (0.25 mg/[kg·h]) and modulating surface temperature to prevent overcooling proved to be an effective means to achieve and maintain Tb between 32°C and 34°C for 24 hours. Increasing surface temperature to 37°C during CHA administration brought Tb back to normothermic levels. All animals treated in this way rewarmed without incident. During the initiation of cooling, we observed bradycardia within 30 minutes of the start of IV infusion, transient hyperglycemia, and a mild hypercapnia; the latter normalized via metabolic compensation. In conclusion, we describe an intravenous delivery protocol for CHA at 0.25 mg/(kg·h) that, when coupled with conductive cooling, achieves and maintains a prescribed and consistent target Tb between 32°C and 34°C for 24 hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard W Laughlin
- 1 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska.,2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Isaac R Bailey
- 1 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska.,2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Sarah A Rice
- 1 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska.,2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Zeinab Barati
- 1 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Lori K Bogren
- 1 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - Kelly L Drew
- 1 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska.,2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks College of Natural Science and Mathematics , Fairbanks, Alaska
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kozyreva TV, Meyta ES, Kozaruk VP. Participation of Purinergic P 2X Receptors in the Thermoregulatory Response to Cooling. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:606-610. [PMID: 28361417 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of purinergic P2X receptors in the body response to cooling. In experiments on rats, P2X receptor antagonist PPADS was administered in different modes, which resulted in changes of different characteristics of the thermoregulatory response to cold. Iontophoresis of P2X antagonist into the skin decreased the thermal thresholds of all thermoregulatory responses to cooling, which can attest to a modulating effect of P2X receptors on peripheral thermosensitive afferents. Intraperitoneal administration of P2X antagonist suppressed thermoregulatory activity of skeletal muscles (shivering) developing during cooling without changing the thresholds of thermoregulatory responses. The findings suggest that ATP and P2X receptors play an important role in the formation of the response to cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T V Kozyreva
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - E S Meyta
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V P Kozaruk
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horowitz M, Kenny GP, McAllen RM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Thermal physiology in a changing thermal world. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:22-6. [PMID: 27226998 PMCID: PMC4843882 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1017088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial focuses on articles submitted to the Temperature call "Thermal Physiology in a Changing Thermal World." It highlights an array of topics related to thermoregulatory and metabolic functions in adverse environments, and the complexity and adaptability of the systems to changing climatic conditions, at various levels of body organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Horowitz
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human Environmental Physiological Research Unit; University of Ottawa; Canada
| | - Robin M McAllen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience; University Of Melbourne; Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center; The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|