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van de Kerkhof TM, Bongers CCWG, Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH. Performance Benefits of Pre- and Per-cooling on Self-paced Versus Constant Workload Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:447-471. [PMID: 37803106 PMCID: PMC10933154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Exercise in hot environments impairs endurance performance. Cooling interventions can attenuate the impact of heat stress on performance, but the influence of an exercise protocol on the magnitude of performance benefit remains unknown. This meta-analytical review compared the effects of pre- and per-cooling interventions on performance during self-paced and constant workload exercise in the heat. METHODS The study protocol was preregistered at the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/wqjb3 ). A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE from inception to 9 June, 2023. We included studies that examined the effects of pre- or per-cooling on exercise performance in male individuals under heat stress (> 30 °C) during self-paced or constant workload exercise in cross-over design studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized trials. RESULTS Fifty-nine studies (n = 563 athletes) were identified from 3300 records, of which 40 (n = 370 athletes) used a self-paced protocol and 19 (n = 193 athletes) used a constant workload protocol. Eighteen studies compared multiple cooling interventions and were included more than once (total n = 86 experiments and n = 832 paired measurements). Sixty-seven experiments used a pre-cooling intervention and 19 used a per-cooling intervention. Average ambient conditions were 34.0 °C [32.3-35.0 °C] and 50.0% [40.0-55.3%] relative humidity. Cooling interventions attenuated the performance decline in hot conditions and were more effective during a constant workload (effect size [ES] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.81) compared with self-paced exercise (ES = 0.30, 95% CI 0.18-0.42, p = 0.004). A difference in performance outcomes between protocols was only observed with pre-cooling (ES = 0.74, 95% CI 0.50-0.98 vs ES = 0.29, 95% CI 0.17-0.42, p = 0.001), but not per-cooling (ES = 0.45, 95% CI 0.16-0.74 vs ES = 0.35, 95% CI 0.01-0.70, p = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS Cooling interventions attenuated the decline in performance during exercise in the heat, but the magnitude of the effect is dependent on exercise protocol (self-paced vs constant workload) and cooling type (pre- vs per-cooling). Pre-cooling appears to be more effective in attenuating the decline in exercise performance during a constant workload compared with self-paced exercise protocols, whereas no differences were found in the effectiveness of per-cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M van de Kerkhof
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C W G Bongers
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien D Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Wang X, Lai B, Yan R, Li Y, Ning B, Wang Q. Enhancing physiological recovery and subsequent exercise performance in the heat using a phase-change material cooling blanket. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103810. [PMID: 38350267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of a phase-change material (PCM) cooling blanket for cooling between exercise bouts on recovery of physiological parameters and subsequent exercise performance in the heat. Eighteen male volunteers were recruited to participate in human trials involving two exhaustive treadmill running bouts (Bout1 for 3 km and Bout2 for 1.5 km) in a climate chamber (temperature = 33 °C; relative humidity = 40%). Participants were randomly subjected to one of two cooling conditions for a 10-min period between exercise bouts: CON: natural cooling; 10-min PCM: with a PCM cooling blanket for 10 min. Several physiological parameters including mean skin temperature (Tskin), oral temperature (Toral), core temperature (Tcore), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), average running speed and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale score were analyzed. The results showed that compared to the CON group, participants in the 10-min PCM group had a significant lower Tskin, Tcore, HR and RR at post-cooling, as well as greater reductions in mean skin temperature (ΔTskin) and core temperature (ΔTcore) from post-Bout1 to post-cooling. Additionally, the 10-min PCM group exhibited significantly lower peak Tcore, peak HR and RPE scale score during Bout2, while the average running speed during Bout2 was significantly higher. The present study suggests that cooling with a PCM cooling blanket can enhance physiological recovery and subsequent exercise performance in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.8 of East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.69 of Yongding Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.69 of Yongding Road, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.8 of East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Air Force Medical Center of China, No.30 of Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.69 of Yongding Road, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Fernández-Lázaro D, García JF, Corchete LA, Del Valle Soto M, Santamaría G, Seco-Calvo J. Is the Cooling Vest an Ergogenic Tool for Physically Active Individuals? Assessment of Perceptual Response, Thermo-Physiological Behavior, and Sports Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020132. [PMID: 36829626 PMCID: PMC9952803 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise capacity is limited by environmental heat stress because thermoregulatory systems are altered and cannot prevent the elevation of body temperature due to a complex interplay of physiological, physical, and perceptual alterations. Cooling is an effective strategy to attenuate the temperature rise. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the PEDro scale for assessing methodological quality, we systematically reviewed studies indexed in Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, Science Direct, Sportdiscus, and Scopus, to evaluate the effects of the cooling vest (CVs) on perceptual response, physiological behavior, and sports performance in adult physical activity practitioners under heat stress conditions. Among the 711 studies identified in the search, 10 studies for the systematic review and eight for the meta-analysis met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, the use of CVs showed improvements in certain sports performance indicators, being significant (p < 0.05) in test time and substantial in peak power that could be influenced directly by the significant reduction (p < 0.05) in skin temperature and indirectly by the significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thermal and exertional perceptual responses, without the involvement of core temperature. In conclusion, the use of CVs is a cooling technique that influences perceptual response, thermo-physiological behavior, and sports performance. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the relevance of its application to CVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan F. García
- Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospatiale Engineering, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Del Valle Soto
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gema Santamaría
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Campus de Vegazana, University of Leon, 24071 León, Spain
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, 48900 Leioa, Spain
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Jiang D, Yu Q, Liu M, Dai J. Effects of different external cooling placements prior to and during exercise on athletic performance in the heat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1091228. [PMID: 36703929 PMCID: PMC9871495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, many high-profile international sport events are often held in warm or hot environments, hence, it is inevitable for these elite athletes to be prepared for the challenges from the heat. Owing to internal cooling may cause gastrointestinal discomfort to athletes, external cooling technique seems to be a more applicable method to deal with thermal stress. Central cooling mainly refers to head, face, neck and torso cooling, can help to reduce skin temperature and relieve thermal perception. Peripheral cooling mainly refers to four limbs cooling, can help to mitigate metabolic heat from muscular contrac to effectively prevent the accumulation of body heat. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of different external cooling placements on athletic performance in the heat Methods: A literatures search was conducted using Web of Science, MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus until September 2022. The quality and risk of bias in the studies were independently assessed by two researchers. Results: 1,430 articles were initially identified (Web of Science = 775; MEDLINE = 358; SPORTDiscus = 271; Additional records identified through other sources = 26), 60 articles (82 experiments) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, with overall article quality being deemed moderate. Central cooling (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.58, p < 0.001) was most effective in improving athletic performance in the heat, followed by central and peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54, p < 0.001), AND peripheral cooling (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.57, p = 0.013). For the cooling-promotion effects on different sports types, the ranking order in central cooling was ETE (exercise to exhaustion), TT (time-trial), EWT (exercise within the fixed time or sets), IS (intermittent sprint); the ranking order in peripheral cooling was EWT, TT, ETE and IS; the ranking order in central and peripheral cooling was ETE, IS, EWT and TT. Conclusion: Central cooling appears to be an more effective intervention to enhance performance in hot conditions through improvements of skin temperature and thermal sensation, compared to other external cooling strategies. The enhancement effects of peripheral cooling require sufficient re-warming, otherwise it will be trivial. Although, central and peripheral cooling seems to retain advantages from central cooling, as many factors may influence the effects of peripheral cooling to offset the positive effects from central cooling, the question about whether central and peripheral cooling method is better than an isolated cooling technique is still uncertain and needs more researchs to explore it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyu Yu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Big Ball Sports Center, Hebei Provincial Sports Bureau, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjin Dai
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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Donnan KJ, Williams EL, Bargh MJ. The effectiveness of heat preparation and alleviation strategies for cognitive performance: A systematic review. Temperature (Austin) 2023; 10:404-433. [PMID: 38130656 PMCID: PMC10732620 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2157645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of occupational and performance contexts (e.g. military personnel operations, emergency services, sport) require the critical maintenance of cognitive performance in environmentally challenging environments. Several reviews exist which evaluate the effectiveness of heat preparation strategies to facilitate physical performance. To date, no review has explored the usefulness of heat preparation strategies for cognitive performance. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate a range of interventions for the maintenance of cognitive performance, during or following active or passive heat exposure. Studies to be included were assessed by two authors reviewing title, abstract, and full-text. Forty articles were identified which met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorised into chronic (i.e. acclimation/acclimatisation) and acute strategies (i.e. hydration, cooling, supplementation, psychological). The results indicate that medium-term consecutive heat acclimation may mitigate some cognitive deficits under heat stress, although heat acclimation effectiveness could be influenced by age. Further, pre-cooling appears the most effective cooling method for maintaining cognitive performance under heat stress, although results were somewhat ambiguous. The hydration literature showed that the most effective hydration strategies were those which individualised electrolyte fortified fluid volumes to match for sweat loss. Limited research exploring psychological interventions indicates that motivational self-talk could be facilitative for maintaining cognitive skills following exercise in hot conditions. These findings can be used to help inform strategies for maintaining critical cognitive and decision-making skills in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J. Donnan
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Emily L. Williams
- Centre for Human Performance, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Melissa J. Bargh
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Science of University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
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Mazalan NS, Landers GJ, Wallman KE, Ecker U. Ice Ingestion Maintains Cognitive Performance during a Repeated Sprint Performance in The Heat. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:164-170. [PMID: 35719222 PMCID: PMC9157520 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of precooling via crushed ice ingestion on cognitive performance during repeated-sprint cycling in the heat. Nine males, non-heat acclimatised to heat (mean age: 28.2 ± 2.7 y; height: 175.7 ± 9.7 cm; body-mass: 76.9 ± 10.6 kg) completed a 30 min bout of repeated-sprint (36 × 4 s sprints, interspersed with 56 s rest-breaks) on a cycle ergometer in a climate chamber (35°C, 70% relative humidity). Crushed ice ingestion (7g·kg-1, -0.4°C, ICE) or no cooling (CON) interventions were completed at rest, in the climate chamber, 30 min prior to exercise. Working memory was assessed via the serial seven test (S7) and the automated operation span task (OSPAN) at various time points before, during, and post-exercise. Core body temperature (Tc), forehead temperature (Th), and thermal sensation (TS) were assessed throughout the protocol. Working memory significantly declined during exercise in CON as measured by S7 (p = 0.01) and OSPAN (p = 0.03); however, it was preserved in ICE with no change at the end of exercise in either S7 or OSPAN scores compared to baseline (p = 0.50, p = 0.09, respectively). Following precooling, Th (-0.59°C, p < 0.001) and Tc (-0.67°C, p = 0.005) were significantly decreased in ICE compared to CON. At the end of the exercise, ICE significantly reduced Tc compared to CON (p = 0.03), but no significant differences were recorded for Th. Further, TS was lower following precooling in ICE (p = 0.008) but not during exercise. In conclusion, ice ingestion significantly reduced Th and Tc and facilitated maintenance of cognitive performance during repeated-sprint exercise in the heat, which may lead to better decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Shakila Mazalan
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Grant Justin Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Karen Elizabeth Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ullrich Ecker
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Hosokawa Y, Vanos J. Extreme heat and health at Tokyo-2020ne: The need for scientific coalition across sectors. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:111-113. [PMID: 33015239 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1796241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hosokawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Rodríguez MÁ, Piedra JV, Sánchez-Fernández M, del Valle M, Crespo I, Olmedillas H. A Matter of Degrees: A Systematic Review of the Ergogenic Effect of Pre-Cooling in Highly Trained Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2952. [PMID: 32344616 PMCID: PMC7215649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic review evaluated the effects of different pre-cooling techniques on sports performance in highly-trained athletes under high temperature conditions. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to December 2019. Studies performing pre-cooling interventions in non-acclimatized highly-trained athletes (>55 mL/kg/min of maximal oxygen consumption) under heat conditions (≥30 °C) were included. The searched reported 26 articles. Pre-cooling techniques can be external (exposure to ice water, cold packs, or cooling clothes), internal (intake of cold water or ice), or mixed. Cooling prior to exercise concluded increases in distance covered (1.5-13.1%), mean power output (0.9-6.9%), time to exhaustion (19-31.9%), work (0.1-8.5%), and mean peak torque (10.4-22.6%), as well as reductions in completion time (0.6-6.5%). Mixed strategies followed by cold water immersion seem to be the most effective techniques, being directly related with the duration of cooling and showing the major effects in prolonged exercise protocols. The present review showed that pre-cooling methods are an effective strategy to increase sports performance in hot environments. This improvement is associated with the body surface exposed and its sensibility, as well as the time of application, obtaining the best results in prolonged physical exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Rodríguez
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - José Víctor Piedra
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Mario Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
| | - Miguel del Valle
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Irene Crespo
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.Á.R.); (J.V.P.); (M.S.-F.); (I.C.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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