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Boza Espinoza TE, Kessler M. A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PHYTOKEYS 2022; 203:1-274. [PMID: 36761034 PMCID: PMC9849045 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a monograph of the high Andean tree genus Polylepis (Rosaceae), based on a species concept considering morphological, climatic and biogeographic distinctness as indicators of evolutionary independence. In total, we recognize 45 species of Polylepis, grouped in five sections. Polylepissect.Sericeae is represented by 15 species in four subsections, P.sect.Reticulatae by seven species, P.sect.Subsericantes by three species, P.sect.Australes by two species and P.sect.Incanaee by three subsections with 18 species. We describe seven new species, one from Colombia (P.frontinensis), one from Ecuador (P.simpsoniae) and five from Peru (P.acomayensis, P.fjeldsaoi, P.occidentalis, P.pilosissima and P.sacra). Three species from Peru (P.albicans, P.pallidistigma and P.serrata) are re-instated as valid species. Two taxa from Bolivia (P.incanoides and P.nana) are elevated from subspecies to species rank. The morphology, habitat, distribution, ecology and conservation status of each species are documented. We also provide an identification key to the species of the genus and general introductions on taxonomic history, morphology, evolution, ecology and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza
- Institute for Nature, Earth and Energy (INTE), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, PeruPontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP)LimaPeru
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, SwitzerlandUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
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Sliwinska E, Loureiro J, Leitch IJ, Šmarda P, Bainard J, Bureš P, Chumová Z, Horová L, Koutecký P, Lučanová M, Trávníček P, Galbraith DW. Application-based guidelines for best practices in plant flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2021; 101:749-781. [PMID: 34585818 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is currently the most widely-used method to establish nuclear DNA content in plants. Since simple, 1-3-parameter, flow cytometers, which are sufficient for most plant applications, are commercially available at a reasonable price, the number of laboratories equipped with these instruments, and consequently new FCM users, has greatly increased over the last decade. This paper meets an urgent need for comprehensive recommendations for best practices in FCM for different plant science applications. We discuss advantages and limitations of establishing plant ploidy, genome size, DNA base composition, cell cycle activity, and level of endoreduplication. Applications of such measurements in plant systematics, ecology, molecular biology research, reproduction biology, tissue cultures, plant breeding, and seed sciences are described. Advice is included on how to obtain accurate and reliable results, as well as how to manage troubleshooting that may occur during sample preparation, cytometric measurements, and data handling. Each section is followed by best practice recommendations; tips as to what specific information should be provided in FCM papers are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Kew Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Petr Šmarda
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jillian Bainard
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Chumová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Horová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Koutecký
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Lučanová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - David W Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences, BIO5 Institute, Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Henan University, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Kaifeng, China
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Pelayo RC, Llambí LD, Gámez LE, Barrios YC, Ramirez LA, Torres JE, Cuesta F. Plant Phenology Dynamics and Pollination Networks in Summits of the High Tropical Andes: A Baseline for Monitoring Climate Change Impacts. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.679045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing plant phenology and plant–animal interaction networks can provide sensitive mechanistic indicators to understand the response of alpine plant communities to climate change. However, monitoring data to analyze these processes is scarce in alpine ecosystems, particularly in the highland tropics. The Andean páramos constitute the coldest biodiversity hotspot on Earth, and their species and ecosystems are among the most exposed and vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Here, we analyze for the first time baseline data for monitoring plant phenological dynamics and plant–pollinator networks along an elevation gradient between 4,200 and 4,600 m asl in three mountain summits of the Venezuelan Andes, which are part of the GLORIA monitoring network. We estimated the presence and density of plants with flowers in all the summits and in permanent plots, every month for 1 year. Additionally, we identified pollinators. We calculated a phenological overlap index between species. We summarized the plant–pollinator interactions as a bipartite matrix and represented a quantitative plant–pollinator network, calculating structural properties (grade, connectance, nestedness, and specialization). We also evaluated whether the overall network structure was influenced by differences in sampling effort, changes in species composition between summits, and phenology of the plant species. Finally, we characterized the pollination syndrome of all species. Flowering showed a marked seasonality, with a peak toward the end of the wet season. The overall phenological overlap index was low (0.32), suggesting little synchrony in flowering among species. Species richness of both plants and pollinators decreased along the elevation gradient. Flies, bumblebees, and hummingbirds were the most frequent pollinators in the network, while entomophily and anemophily were the prevailing pollination syndromes. The interaction network in all summits showed high connectance values, significant specialization (H2), and low nestedness. We did not find a significant effect of sampling effort, summit plant species composition, or plant phenology on network structure. Our results indicate that these high tropical alpine plant communities and their plant-pollination networks could be particularly vulnerable to the loss of species in climate change scenarios, given their low species richness and functional redundancy coupled with a high degree of specialization and endemism.
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Fei X, Shi Q, Qi Y, Wang S, Lei Y, Hu H, Liu Y, Yang T, Wei A. ZbAGL11, a class D MADS-box transcription factor of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, is involved in sporophytic apomixis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:23. [PMID: 33518706 PMCID: PMC7848008 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis is a reproductive model that bypasses sexual reproduction, so it does not require the combination of paternal and maternal gametes but instead results in the production of offspring directly from maternal tissues. This reproductive mode results in the same genetic material in the mother and the offspring and has significant applications in agricultural breeding. Molecular and cytological methods were used to identify the reproductive type of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (ZB). Fluorescence detection of the amplified products of 12 pairs of polymorphic SSR primers showed consistent fluorescence signals for mother and offspring, indicating that no trait separation occurred during reproduction. In addition, the cytological observation results showed differentiation of ZB embryos (2n) from nucellar cells (2n) to form indefinite embryonic primordia and then form adventitious embryos (2n), indicating that the apomictic type of ZB is sporophytic apomixis. The MADS-box transcription factor ZbAGL11 was highly expressed during the critical period of nucellar embryo development in ZB. Unpollinated ZbAGL11-OE Arabidopsis produced fertile offspring and exhibited an apomictic phenotype. The overexpression of ZbAGL11 increased the callus induction rate of ZB tissue. In addition, the results of the yeast two-hybrid experiment showed that ZbAGL11 could interact with the ZbCYP450 and ZbCAD11 proteins. Our results demonstrate that ZbAGL11 can cause developmental disorders of Arabidopsis flower organs and result in apomixis-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yichen Qi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Yu Lei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Haichao Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Tuxi Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China.
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Boza Espinoza TE, Popp V, Kessler M. Guard cell sizes and ploidy levels in Polylepis (Rosaceae). NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2020.1844992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Herbario Vargas CUZ, Cusco, Perú
| | | | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Morales-Briones DF, Tank DC. Extensive allopolyploidy in the neotropical genus Lachemilla (Rosaceae) revealed by PCR-based target enrichment of the nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron and plastid phylogenomics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:415-437. [PMID: 30882906 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Polyploidy has been long recognized as an important force in plant evolution. Previous studies had suggested widespread occurrence of polyploidy and the allopolyploid origin of several species in the diverse neotropical genus Lachemilla (Rosaceae). Nonetheless, this evidence has relied mostly on patterns of cytonuclear discordance, and direct evidence from nuclear allelic markers is still needed. METHODS Here we used PCR target enrichment in combination with high throughput sequencing to obtain multiple copies of the nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA cistron and 45 regions of the plastid genome (cpDNA) from 219 accessions representing 48 species of Lachemilla and to explore the allopolyploid origin of species in this group. KEY RESULTS We were able to identify multiple nrDNA ribotypes and establish clear evidence of allopolyploidy in 33 species of Lachemilla, showing that this condition is common and widespread in the genus. Additionally, we found evidence for three autopolyploid species. We also established multiple, independent origins of several allopolyploid species. Finally, based solely on the cpDNA phylogeny, we identified that the monotypic genus Farinopsis is the sister group of Lachemilla and allied genera within subtribe Fragariinae. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the utility of the nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron to detect allopolyploidy when concerted evolution of this region is not complete. Additionally, with a robust chloroplast phylogeny in place, the direction of hybridization events can be established, and multiple, independent origins of allopolyploid species can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Morales-Briones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
- Stillinger Herbarium, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1133, Moscow, ID, 83844-1133, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
| | - David C Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
- Stillinger Herbarium, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 1133, Moscow, ID, 83844-1133, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3051, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA
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