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Li X, Li JW, Sun WX, Li W, Gao HY, Liu TX, Qu MJ. Candidate Chemosensory Genes Identified in the Adult Antennae of Sympiezomias velatus and Binding Property of Odorant-Binding Protein 15. Front Physiol 2022; 13:907667. [PMID: 35711318 PMCID: PMC9193972 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.907667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory genes play important roles in insect behaviors and have thus become potential molecular targets for pest control based on the manipulation of chemoreception-driven behaviors. The great gray weevil Sympiezomias velatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important agricultural pest that causes serious economic losses to many crops in China, but its chemosensory genes have not been reported. Here we assembled the antennal transcriptomes of female and male adult S. velatus and revealed the major chemosensory genes necessary for olfaction. A total of 138 candidate chemosensory genes in six families were identified, including 41 encoding odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 11 encoding chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 62 encoding odorant receptors (ORs), 15 encoding gustatory receptors (GRs), six encoding ionotropic receptors (IRs), and three encoding sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). We analyzed their phylogenetic relationship based on the amino acid sequences of these chemosensory-related protein families in S. velatus and other insects, and the expression profiles based on their antennal transcriptomes. Chemosensory genes that show antenna-abundant/specific or sex-biased expression were observed, suggesting that these genes might have functions in olfaction. Furthermore, we chose an antenna-abundant OBP belonging to ABPX subfamily, SvelOBP15, to investigate its binding property. The results showed that among 33 tested compounds, SvelOBP15 displayed high binding affinities (Ki = 7.36-12.94 μmol/L) with farnesol, nerolidol, limonene and diisobutyl phthalate, indicating that SvelOBP15 plays olfactory roles by binding and transporting specific plant volatiles. These findings will help us better understand the olfactory systems of S. velatus, and provide a basis for functional elucidation of these chemosensory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Wen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Weinan Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Weinan, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hua-Yuan Gao
- Peanut Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming-Jing Qu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
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Xing K, Chen K, Zhao XJ, Zhao F. The complete mitochondrial genome of Lixus subtilis Boheman, 1835 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) and its phylogenetic implications. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:35-36. [PMID: 34912964 PMCID: PMC8667946 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.2008278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The first complete mitochondrial genome of Lixus subtilis Boheman is reported in this study. The circular genome is 15,223 bp long, including a standard set of 21 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 13 protein-coding genes, and a non-coding control region. The trnI gene was not found in the L. subtilis mitogenome. All tRNAs had the typical cloverleaf structure, except for trnS1, which lacked the dihydrouridine arm. The phylogenetic tree of 13 Curculionidae species based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of complete mitochondrial genomes strongly supported that L. subtilis is closely related to Curculioninae and Molytinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-jun Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
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Raszick TJ, Dickens CM, Perkin LC, Tessnow AE, Suh CP, Ruiz‐Arce R, Boratynski TN, Falco MR, Johnston JS, Sword GA. Population genomics and phylogeography of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the United States, northern Mexico, and Argentina. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1778-1793. [PMID: 34295363 PMCID: PMC8288010 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of commercial cotton across the Americas. In the United States, eradication of this species is complicated by re-infestations of areas where eradication has been previously successful and by the existence of morphologically similar variants that can confound identification efforts. To date, no study has applied a high-throughput sequencing approach to better understand the population genetic structure of the boll weevil. Furthermore, only a single study has investigated genetic relationships between populations in North and South America. We used double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve the population genomic structure of the boll weevil in the southern United States, northern Mexico, and Argentina. Additionally, we assembled the first complete mitochondrial genome for this species and generated a preliminary whole genome assembly, both of which were used to improve the identification of informative loci. Downstream analyses revealed two main lineages-one consisting of populations found geographically west of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range and the second consisting of populations found to the east-were revealed, and both were sub-structured. Population geographic structure was consistent with the isolation by distance model, indicating that geogrpahic distance is likely a primary mechanism driving divergence in this species. Boll weevil populations from Argentina were found to be more closely related to the eastern lineage, suggesting a recent colonization of South America by the eastern lineage, but additional sampling across Mexico, Central America and South America is needed to further clarify their origin. Finally, we uncovered an instance of population turnover or replacement, highlighting the temporal instability of population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Raszick
- Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - C. Michael Dickens
- High Performance Research ComputingTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Lindsey C. Perkin
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research UnitUSDA‐ARSCollege StationTXUSA
| | | | - Charles P.‐C. Suh
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research UnitUSDA‐ARSCollege StationTXUSA
| | | | | | - Marcelo R. Falco
- Cooperating Association of the School of Agricultural Education #13 GardeningResitenciaArgentina
| | | | - Gregory A. Sword
- Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Zhang ZY, Guan JY, Cao YR, Dai XY, Storey KB, Yu DN, Zhang JY. Mitogenome Analysis of Four Lamiinae Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gene Expression Responses by Monochamus alternatus When Infected with the Parasitic Nematode, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus. INSECTS 2021; 12:453. [PMID: 34069253 PMCID: PMC8157225 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We determined the mitochondrial gene sequence of Monochamus alternatus and three other mitogenomes of Lamiinae (Insect: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) belonging to three genera (Aulaconotus, Apriona and Paraglenea) to enrich the mitochondrial genome database of Lamiinae and further explore the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily. Phylogenetic trees of the Lamiinae were built using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and the monophyly of Monochamus, Anoplophora, and Batocera genera was supported. Anoplophora chinensis, An. glabripennis and Aristobia reticulator were closely related, suggesting they may also be potential vectors for the transmission of the pine wood pathogenic nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in addition to M. alternatus, a well-known vector of pine wilt disease. There is a special symbiotic relationship between M. alternatus and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. As the native sympatric sibling species of B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus also has a specific relationship that is often overlooked. The analysis of mitochondrial gene expression aimed to explore the effect of B. mucronatus on the energy metabolism of the respiratory chain of M. alternatus adults. Using RT-qPCR, we determined and analyzed the expression of eight mitochondrial protein-coding genes (COI, COII, COIII, ND1, ND4, ND5, ATP6, and Cty b) between M. alternatus infected by B. mucronatus and M. alternatus without the nematode. Expression of all the eight mitochondrial genes were up-regulated, particularly the ND4 and ND5 gene, which were up-regulated by 4-5-fold (p < 0.01). Since longicorn beetles have immune responses to nematodes, we believe that their relationship should not be viewed as symbiotic, but classed as parasitic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-Y.G.); (Y.-R.C.); (X.-Y.D.)
| | - Jia-Yin Guan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-Y.G.); (Y.-R.C.); (X.-Y.D.)
| | - Yu-Rou Cao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-Y.G.); (Y.-R.C.); (X.-Y.D.)
| | - Xin-Yi Dai
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-Y.G.); (Y.-R.C.); (X.-Y.D.)
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Dan-Na Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-Y.G.); (Y.-R.C.); (X.-Y.D.)
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-Y.G.); (Y.-R.C.); (X.-Y.D.)
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Wang BX, Zhuo ZH, Fang R, Yang H, Zhang DJ, Zhang BL, Sui LY, Ma WJ, Yang MF, Yang W. Complete mitochondrial genome of the olive weevil, Dyscerus cribripennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:43-44. [PMID: 33490595 PMCID: PMC7801076 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1845580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive weevil Dyscerus cribripennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an uncontrollable noxious insect to Olea europaea. The 15,977 bp complete mitochondrial genome of D. cribripennis contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 21 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region (GenBank accession number MW023069). The trnI was not found in the D. cribripennis mitogenome. The phylogenetic analysis based on mitogenomes showed that D. cribripennis is closed related with Hylobitelus xiaoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
- Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hang Zhuo
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, PR China
| | - Rui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Da-Jiang Zhang
- Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Bo-Long Zhang
- Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li-Yun Sui
- Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wen-Jian Ma
- Guangyuan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Guangyuan, PR China
| | - Ming-Fu Yang
- Guangyuan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Guangyuan, PR China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
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Chen SC, Jiang HY, Shang J, Hu X, Wang XQ. The complete mitochondrial genome of the tea weevil, Myllocerinus aurolineatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:2559-2560. [PMID: 33457863 PMCID: PMC7782068 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1780987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The tea weevil, Myllocerinus aurolineatus (Voss), is a serious pest of tea plants. We have obtained and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of M. aurolineatus (GenBank accession No. MH197100). The entire mt genome is 17,762 bp long with an A + T content of 75.45%. The mt genome of M. aurolineatus encodes all 37 genes that are typically found in animal mt genomes, consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes. The gene order is consistent with other weevil mt genomes in Entiminae, within a typical gene order of “RANSEF”. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 13 protein-coding genes among 18 weevils showed that M. aurolineatus is closely related to another Entiminae species, Sympiezomias velatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chun Chen
- Tea Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Tea Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shang
- Tea Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Tea Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- Tea Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Xu K, Chen X, Xu L, Yang W, Wang Y, Li C. The complete mitochondrial genome of a walnut weevil, Alcidodes juglans Chao (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 4:27-28. [PMID: 33365406 PMCID: PMC7510617 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1535854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The walnut weevil, Alcidodes juglans Chao (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important agricultural pest and distributed widely in China. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. juglans is 15,638 bp long, and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, 21 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and a putative control region (GenBank accession No. MH819192). The trnI gene has not been observed in the A. juglans mitogenome. The nucleotide composition is significantly biased (A, G, C, and T was 38.35%, 10.02%, 14.96%, and 36.67%, respectively) with A + T contents of 75.02%. All of the 21 tRNAs have the typical cloverleaf structure, with an exception for trnS1 (AGN). All PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for cox1 with AAT instead. Ten PCGs use a common stop codon of TAA or TAG, whereas the remaining three were terminated with a single T. The phylogenetic relationships based on neighbour-joining method showed that A. juglans is closely related to Naupactus xanthographus, which is in accordance with the traditional morphological classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjia Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
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Yang WJ, Yang DX, Xu KK, Cao Y, Meng YL, Wu Y, Li GY, Zhang GZ, Wang YW, Li C. Complete mitochondrial genome of the bamboo snout beetle, Cyrotrachelus buqueti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2018; 3:88-89. [PMID: 33474076 PMCID: PMC7800430 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2017.1422411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bamboo snout beetle Cyrotrachelus buqueti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a destructive forest pest and distributed widely in Southeast Asia. The 15,035 bp complete mitochondrial genome of the species consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 21 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and a control region (GenBank accession no. MG674390). The trnl gene was not found in the C. buqueti mitogenome. The gene order and the orientation of C. buqueti were similar to those found in other Coleoptera species. The nucleotide composition was significantly biased (A, G, C, and T was 38.18%, 10.10%, 16.16%, and 35.56%, respectively) with A + T contents of 73.74%. ATG, ATA, ATT, AAT, and TTG were initiation codons and TAA, TAG, and T were termination codons. All the 21 tRNAs displayed a typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except for trnS1 which lacked the dihydrouridine arm. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 13 PCGs with 14 other beetles showed that C. buqueti is closely related to Eucryptorhynchus brandti, which agree with the traditional classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Da-Xing Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong-Lu Meng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo-Yong Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo-Zhou Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ya-Wei Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insects of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
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Zhang L, Wang XT, Wen CL, Wang MY, Yang XZ, Yuan ML. The complete mitochondrial genome of Enallagma cyathigerum (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) and phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2017; 2:640-641. [PMID: 33473930 PMCID: PMC7800175 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2017.1375879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the diversity and evolution of Odonata, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Enallagma cyathigerum. This mitogenome was 16,661 bp in size and encoded the typical 37 genes, i.e. 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and two ribosomal RNA genes. The nucleotide composition of the E. cyathigerum mitogenome was significantly biased toward A and T, with an A + T content of 74.2%. Eleven PCGs started with a typical ATN codon, whereas the remaining two PCGs (nad1 and nad3) used TTG as the initial codon. All the 22 tRNAs had a typical secondary cloverleaf structure. The Bayesian phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs strongly supported the sister relationship of E. cyathigerum and two Ischnura species from the same family Coenagrionidae. The phylogenetic tree strongly supported the monophyly of each of the two suborders (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) and recovered a phylogeny of Zygoptera + (Anisoptera + Anisozygoptera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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