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Işın A, Yi Q. Does video assistant referee technology change the magnitude and direction of home advantages and referee bias? A proof-of-concept study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:21. [PMID: 38238850 PMCID: PMC10797986 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study analyzed how Video Assistant Referee (VAR), introduced to improve the accuracy of referee decisions in football, changes the magnitude and direction of home advantage and referee bias in the Turkish Super League. METHODS We analyzed points, goals, yellow cards and red cards, fouls, penalties, and offside data from 1,838 matches played in the Turkish Super League with and without VAR. Two-sample t-tests and two one-sided tests analysis were applied to determine the differences between the home and away team data between the seasons played with and without VAR. RESULTS The findings revealed that the only variable that changed significantly after VAR was implemented was fouls, which decreased for both home (p <.001; d = 0.56, medium effect) and away teams (p <.001; d = 0.69, medium effect). The results also indicated that, with or without VAR, home teams had an advantage over away teams in points and goals, and away teams faced more referee bias regarding yellow cards and penalties (against). CONCLUSIONS Although this study shows that VAR does not significantly impact the HA and referee bias of football matches, nevertheless, teams should be more aware that bias is reduced when playing away. In addition, this study offers some practical applications that can help football players, coaches, and match officials better understand VAR technology's effects on HA and referee bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Işın
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Qing Yi
- College of Physical Education, Dalian University, 116622, Dalian, China.
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Abstract
Home advantage (HA) and referee bias are two important phenomena in football (soccer) and are frequently investigated by researchers. This study focused on analyzing HA and referee bias at different league levels. The study included 632 matches played in Turkey's top two leagues during the 2022-2023 season. Both leagues showed statistically significant game outcome differences between home and away teams regarding points, goals, shots, shots on target, passes, accurate passes, and ball possessions, indicating a HA. However, regarding referee bias, this study found that only Level 1 teams significantly differed in penalties and that this difference was not evident after analyzing for Bayes factors. Among Level 2 teams, as there was no statistical difference between home and away teams on any parameter indicating referee bias, and all Bayes factors indices were between 3.92-11.15, the null hypothesis was supported. Therefore, the results revealed a HA at both league levels, but a referee bias was not present in either league. This study emphasized that the HA phenomenon is clear and still evident in elite football and sub-elite leagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Işın
- Department of Coaching Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Işın A, Gómez Ruano MÁ. How the 12th Man Influences Football Matches: The Role of Fans and Referees in the Home Advantage Phenomenon. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:2177-2188. [PMID: 37485909 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231191683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Home advantage and referee bias are two sport factors that have been widely studied in the football (i.e., soccer) context. However, the mediating effect of spectators on these factors is not well understood, especially in the Turkish Super League. We examined (a) how variables of home advantage, referee bias, and spectator presence interacted to affect the outcome of past football matches; (b) how these variables have changed over time in the Turkish Super League; (c) and whether home advantage and referee bias differ in matches with spectators and ghost matches (without spectators). We analyzed regular season matches played in the Turkish Super League between the 2014-2015 and 2021-2022 seasons. We found that home teams had a significant advantage over away teams in matches with spectators (p < .001) and in ghost matches (p < .05 and p < .001), with small to medium effect sizes (d = .09 and .34, respectively). Regarding referee bias, away teams received more yellow cards and fewer penalties than home teams in matches with spectators (p < .001; d = -.10), and away teams received fewer yellow cards than home teams in ghost matches (p > .05; d = .05). There was no statistically significant difference between home and away teams on number of red cards in either type of match (p > .05). Thus, our data reveal that home teams have an edge over away teams with and without spectators, but this advantage is reduced during ghost matches (without spectators). We also revealed weak evidence of referee bias in favor of home teams, but only for some variables and only when spectators were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Işın
- Department of Coaching Education, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Miguel Ángel Gómez Ruano
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Harkness-Armstrong A, Till K, Datson N, Emmonds S. Influence of match status and possession status on the physical and technical characteristics of elite youth female soccer match-play. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1437-1449. [PMID: 37902235 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2273653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the influence of match status (drawing, losing, or winning) and possession status (in-possession, out-of-possession, or ball-out-of-play) on the physical and technical characteristics of U14 and U16 elite youth female soccer match-play. Data were collected from 189 female academy players during 45 competitive matches, resulting in 387 match observations. Linear mixed models estimated relative; total distance, high-speed running (≥3.00 m·s-1), very high-speed running (≥4.83 m·s-1), and sprinting (≥5.76 m·s-1) distance according to match status and possession status, and 21 technical variables according to match status. Differences in physical and technical characteristics were observed between and within age-groups, dependent upon match status and possession status. Regardless of match status, both age-groups covered greater distances when the ball was in-play compared to ball-out-of-play (107-130 vs 58-68 m·min-1). U16s covered greater distances when out-of-possession than in-possession, regardless of match status. Whilst U14s covered greater distances out-of-possession when drawing or losing only. Differences in physical and technical characteristics when drawing, losing, or winning, suggest a change in playing style according to match status, likely in an attempt to influence or maintain the score-line. These findings have practical implications for coaching, talent identification and development practices within youth female soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Iván-Baragaño I, Ardá A, Anguera MT, Losada JL, Maneiro R. Future horizons in the analysis of technical-tactical performance in women's football: a mixed methods approach to the analysis of in-depth interviews with professional coaches and players. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1128549. [PMID: 37275689 PMCID: PMC10234329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Scientific knowledge about the criteria that determine success in women's football is beginning to develop. Methods This study was carried out with the aim of detecting regularities in the offensive success in elite women's football, as well as carrying out an interrelational analysis of linked behaviors, based on in-depth interviews with professional coaches and players. Eight in-depth interviews were conducted with professional Spanish coaches and players. The interviews were analyzed by indirect observation from a process of "quantitizing," through the construction of an indirect observation ad hoc instrument. The segmentation of the transcription of the interviews was carried out in textual units, and the creation of a matrix of codes. Two types of analysis were performed: first, a lag sequential analysis (LSA) was performed and, then, a polar coordinates analysis (PCA), which allowed to find, respectively, a wide number of established communicative patterns with offensive performance in women's football, as well as an interrelational map between the established codes. Results The results obtained allowed us to suggest a statistically significant association between success in women's football and criteria such as the physical characteristics of a particular player, the individual action space, the duration of the attack, the type of dynamic start, individual and collective technical and tactical aspects, decision making and the type of attack used. Discussion Based on these results, the influence of these criteria on performance in women's soccer can be studied in future studies. In addition, with the aim of increasing the validity of these conclusions, new studies on this subject may be carried out following strategies such as the Delphi Method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Ardá
- Department of Physical and Sport Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Anguera
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Losada
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Maneiro
- Department of Science of Physical Activity and Sport, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Maneiro R, Iván-Baragaño I, Losada JL, Ardá A. Deciphering the offensive process in women's elite football: a multivariate study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1650-1659. [PMID: 35801395 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years there has been considerable increase in scientific knowledge about women's football. However, the tactical and tactical-strategic aspects have not yet been sufficiently covered in scientific literature. Therefore, this work proposed the following aims: to describe how the offensive phase is produced in women's football, to identify the significant statistical criteria that may be modulating success in attack, and finally to propose different predictive success models, with the ultimate aim of passing this knowledge on to the applied field. The observational methodology was used, one of the most appropriate methodologies for the analysis of motor behaviors in sport. The units of analysis collected and analysed were 6,063 attacks carried out during the FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 and France 2019. The available results demonstrate that, on the one hand, offensive team actions are ineffective (almost 70% finish unsuccessfully), but criteria such as the start form of the attack, zone of ball possession, partial match result or ball possession time are statistically significant criteria that modulate attack success (goal, shot or pass into the area). Lastly, the multivariate results allow us to propose a theoretical model, passing the probability of success from 31% in the absence of a model, to a theoretical auction probability of 52.6%, based on fast attacks with the intervention of few players, and with possession zone in the opposite field. These results could be directly transferred to the practical field where trainers and technical bodies can put this information into practice in training sessions or matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Maneiro
- Department of Science of Physical Activity and Sport, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - I Iván-Baragaño
- Department of Physical and Sport Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - José L Losada
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Ardá
- Department of Physical and Sport Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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The Creation of Goal-Scoring Opportunities at the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:165-172. [PMID: 36196349 PMCID: PMC9465735 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse how goal-scoring opportunities (GSOs) were created at the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup. The sample consisted of 868 GSOs that led to a shot at the goal throughout all 52 games during the tournament. All games were downloaded from the InStat platform. Descriptive statistics, chi-square of association and binary logistic regression analysis were used to analyse the data. Of the 868 GSOs, 81 (9.1%) resulted in goals. A significant association was observed between GSOs and the type of attack (χ2=6.38, p=0.01, V=0.09), with more goals being scored from a counter-attack (12.7%) than an organised attack (7.5%). Counter-attacks recorded a higher odds ratio in univariate analysis (OR=0.56; 95%CI:0.35–0.88; p=0.01) than in multivariate analysis (OR=0.46; 95%CI:0.28–0.76; p=0.002). The multivariate analysis further indicated a significant probability of scoring when ball possession started in the middle third of the field (OR=0.19; 95%CI:0.44–0.88; p= 0.01). The current study has practical implications for soccer coaches to develop and implement training sessions to improve goal-scoring chances of women’s teams at international competitions.
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Kubayi A, Larkin P. Match-Related Statistics Differentiating Winning and Losing Teams at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations Soccer Championship. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:807198. [PMID: 35280227 PMCID: PMC8913890 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.807198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated game-related statistics differentiating the winning and losings teams of matches during the 2019 African Cup of Nations (AFCON) soccer tournament. The sample consisted of 38 games, with the data obtained from the InStat Scout platform. Data were analyzed using mean (M), SD, effect size (ES), structure coefficients (SCs), and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed that the winning teams performed significantly better than the losing teams in terms of shots (M = 12.13, SD = 4.67, Z = −2.26, ES = 0.62), shots on target (M = 5.05, SD = 2.54, Z = −4.22, ES = 1.13), and shots from counter-attacks (M = 2.24, SD = 1.42, Z = −2.48, ES = 0.57). Shots on target (SC = 1.22), shots (SC = −0.73), fouls (SC = 0.60), total passes (SC = 0.44), and yellow cards (SC = −0.32) presented the highest discriminatory power. These findings highlight the key match performance variables which influence the game results and may assist coaches in developing and implementing team strategies to improve the likelihood of winning the AFCON championship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alliance Kubayi
- Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Alliance Kubayi
| | - Paul Larkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Kelly G, McKenna O, Courtney S, Collins K, Bradley J, Martin D. Benchmarking successful performances in elite Ladies Gaelic football. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.2020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Kelly
- School of Business, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Odharnaith McKenna
- Centre of Performance Analysis, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Sharon Courtney
- School of Business, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Centre of Performance Analysis, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Denise Martin
- School of Business, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Sánchez-Murillo P, Antúnez A, Rojas-Valverde D, Ibáñez SJ. On-Match Impact and Outcomes of Scoring First in Professional European Female Football. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212009. [PMID: 34831765 PMCID: PMC8619132 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scoring first seems to be a determinant in professional football playing; several factors could influence the development of the match and the outcome. This study aimed to identify which factors could influence scoring first and impact match outcomes in professional European female football. METHODS There were 504 official matches held on 74 match days during the 2018-2019 professional female European football seasons (Primera Iberdrola, D1 Féminine, and Frauen-Bundesliga), analysed using a notational and inferential assessment. RESULTS There was a direct positive relationship (p < 0.05) between scoring first and winning the match; 75.9% of the winning teams scored first. Moreover, those teams that usually scored first had a better final league classification (p < 0.05). These relationships were not influenced by home or away conditions. CONCLUSIONS Scoring first is a determinant in the outcomes of professional European female football matches. Physical and tactical training and programming should focus on those variables, leading female teams to score first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sánchez-Murillo
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (P.S.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Antúnez
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (P.S.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab&Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
- Correspondence: (D.R.-V.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (P.S.-M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.-V.); (S.J.I.)
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Match performance variables that differentiated between qualified and eliminated teams in the group stages of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lee J, Mills S. Analysis of corner kicks at the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019 in relation to match status and team quality. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1936408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lee
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Stuart Mills
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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Maneiro R, Losada JL, Casal CA, Ardá A. Identification of Explanatory Variables in Possession of the Ball in High-Performance Women's Football. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5922. [PMID: 34072971 PMCID: PMC8198256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Women's football is a phenomenon that is experiencing an unstoppable increase in recent years. The objective of this study was to analyze how ball possessions are performed in high-performance women's football. For this, the 52 matches played by all the national teams participating in the Women's World Cup 2015 were analyzed. A total of 3740 ball possessions were examined. Using the "move outcome" variable as a reference criterion, a statistically significant relationship was found between possessions that ended in success and possessions that have failed. Specifically, the successful possessions were those that were made in the offensive zone, with a clear intention to progress towards the rival goal, with a low number of passes, and made in the second half of the matches. The results of the logistic regression showed that the proposed model is statistically significant, with an acceptable explanatory capacity. Finally, the results of the decision tree evidence the success of those possessions aiming at a quick completion, with very few passes and the offensive zone as a priority area for the possession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Maneiro
- Department of Science of Physical Activity and Sport, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luís Losada
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Claudio A. Casal
- Department of Science of Physical Activity and Sport, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, 46900 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Antonio Ardá
- Department of Physical and Sport Education, University of A Coruña, 15172 A Coruña, Spain;
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