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Scott M, Elsworthy N, Brackley V, Elipot M, Kean CO. Agreement between an automated video-based system and tethered system to measure instantaneous swimming velocity. Sports Biomech 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39145738 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2388572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Successful performance in competitive swimming requires a swimmer to maximise propulsion and minimise drag, which can be assessed using instantaneous swimming velocity. Many systems exist to quantify velocity, and therefore, it is important to understand the agreement between systems. This study examined the agreement between an automated video-based system and a tethered system to measure instantaneous velocity. Twenty-two competitive swimmers (state level or higher) completed 25 m of each stroke at maximal intensity. The tethered speedometer was attached to the swimmer's waist, while videos of each trial were recorded. The swimmer's head was then automatically tracked using proprietary software, and instantaneous velocity was determined from each system. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between the two systems in backstroke (95% Limits of Agreement (LOA): -0.24-0.26 m.s-1) and freestyle (95% LOA: -0.36-0.38 m.s-1) but poorer agreement in butterfly (95% LOA: -0.51-0.53 m.s-1) and breaststroke (95% LOA: -0.88-0.92 m.s-1). The root mean square error was higher in butterfly (0.27 m.s-1) and breaststroke (0.46 m.s-1) compared to backstroke (0.13 m.s-1) and freestyle (0.19 m.s-1). Results demonstrated that the two systems are comparable for measuring instantaneous swimming velocity; however, larger discrepancies are evident for butterfly and breaststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Scott
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Elsworthy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Marc Elipot
- Swimming Insight, Swimming Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Crystal O Kean
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, Queensland, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Bouvet A, Pla R, Delhaye E, Nicolas G, Bideau N. Profiling biomechanical abilities during sprint front-crawl swimming using IMU and functional clustering of variabilities. Sports Biomech 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38889362 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2368064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to profile biomechanical abilities during sprint front crawl by identifying technical stroke characteristics, in light of performance level. Ninety-one recreational to world-class swimmers equipped with a sacrum-worn IMU performed 25 m all-out. Intra and inter-cyclic 3D kinematical variabilities were clustered using a functional double partition model. Clusters were analysed according to (1) swimming technique using continuous visualisation and discrete features (standard deviation and jerk cost) and (2) performance regarding speed and competition calibre using respectively one-way ANOVA and Chi-squared test as well as Gamma statistics. Swimmers displayed specific technical profiles of intra-cyclic (smoothy and jerky) and inter-cyclic stroke regulation (low, moderate and high repeatability) significantly discriminated by speed (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.62) and performance calibre (p < 0.001, V = 0.53). We showed that combining high levels of both kinds of variability (jerky + low repeatability) are associated with highest speed (1.86 ± 0.12 m/s) and competition calibre (ℽ = 0.75, p < 0.001). It highlights the crucial importance of variabilities combination. Technical skills might be driven by a specific alignment of stroke pattern and its associated dispersion according to the task constraints. This data-driven approach can assist eyes-based technical evaluation. Targeting the development of an explosive swimming style with a high level of body stability should be considered during training of sprinters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bouvet
- M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
- ENSAI, CREST (Center for Research in Economics and Statistics), Rennes, France
| | - Robin Pla
- Performance Optimization Department, French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France
- IRMES-Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Delhaye
- M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Nicolas
- M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bideau
- M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Nevill AM, Marinho DA. Race Analysis and Determination of Stroke Frequency - Stroke Length Combinations during the 50-M Freestyle Event. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:156-165. [PMID: 36876182 PMCID: PMC9982526 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze and compare the stroke kinematics between junior and senior elite male swimmers in every section of the race during the 50-m freestyle event, and; (2) identify stroke frequency (SF)-stroke length (SL) combinations on swim speed independently for junior and senior swimmers in each section of the 50-m freestyle event. Eighty-six junior swimmers (2019) and 95 seniors (2021) competing in the 50-m long course meter LEN Championships were analyzed. The t-test independent samples (p ≤ 0.05) were used to compare juniors and seniors. The SF and SL combinations on swim speed were explored using three-way ANOVAs. Senior swimmers were significantly faster in the 50-m race than juniors (p < 0.001). Speed presented the largest significant difference (p < 0.001) in section S0-15 m (start until the 15th meter mark) being seniors fastest. Both junior and senior swimmers revealed a significant categorization (p < 0.001) by stroke length and stroke frequency in each race section. It was possible to model several SF-SL combinations for seniors and juniors in each section. The fastest swim speed in each section, for seniors and juniors independently, was achieved by a SF-SL combination that may not be the fastest SF or the longest SL. Coaches and swimmers must be aware that despite the 50-m event being an all-out bout, several SF-SL combinations were observed (independently for juniors and seniors), and they differ between race sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José A Bragada
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health, and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Intracycle Velocity Variation in Swimming: A Systematic Scoping Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030308. [PMID: 36978699 PMCID: PMC10044880 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracycle velocity variation is a swimming relevant research topic, focusing on understanding the interaction between hydrodynamic propulsive and drag forces. We have performed a systematic scoping review to map the main concepts, sources and types of evidence accomplished. Searches were conducted in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, as well as the Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming Symposia Proceedings Book, with manual searches, snowballing citation tracking, and external experts consultation. The eligibility criteria included competitive swimmers’ intracycle velocity variation assessment of any sex, distance, pace, swimming technique and protocol. Studies’ characteristics were summarized and expressed in an evidence gap map, and the risk of bias was judged using RoBANS. A total of 76 studies, corresponding to 68 trials involving 1440 swimmers (55.2 and 34.1% males and females), were included, with only 20 (29.4%) presenting an overall low risk of bias. The front crawl was the most studied swimming technique and intracycle velocity variation was assessed and quantified in several ways, leading to extremely divergent results. Researchers related intracycle velocity variation to coordination, energy cost, fatigue, technical proficiency, velocity, swimming techniques variants and force. Future studies should focus on studying backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly at high intensities, in young, youth and world-class swimmers, as well as in IVV quantification.
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Morais JE, Barbosa TM, Lopes T, Marinho DA. Race level comparison and variability analysis of 100 m freestyle sprinters competing in the 2019 European championships. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2054622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (Cidesd), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (Cidesd), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Lopes
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (Cidesd), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Koga D, Tsunokawa T, Sengoku Y, Homoto K, Nakazono Y, Takagi H. Relationship Between Hand Kinematics, Hand Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution and Hand Propulsive Force in Sprint Front Crawl Swimming. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:786459. [PMID: 35243339 PMCID: PMC8886298 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.786459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the relationship between hand kinematics, hand hydrodynamic pressure distribution and hand propulsive force when swimming the front crawl with maximum effort. Methods Twenty-four male swimmers participated in the study, and the competition levels ranged from regional to national finals. The trials consisted of three 20 m front crawl swims with apnea and maximal effort, one of which was selected for analysis. Six small pressure sensors were attached to each hand to measure the hydrodynamic pressure distribution in the hands, 15 motion capture cameras were placed in the water to obtain the actual coordinates of the hands. Results Mean swimming velocity was positively correlated with hand speed (r = 0.881), propulsive force (r = 0.751) and pressure force (r = 0.687). Pressure on the dorsum of the hand showed very high and high negative correlations with hand speed (r = −0.720), propulsive force (r = −0.656) and mean swimming velocity (r = −0.676). On the contrary, palm pressure did not correlate with hand speed and mean swimming velocity. Still, it showed positive correlations with propulsive force (r = 0.512), pressure force (r = 0.736) and angle of attack (r = 0.471). Comparing the absolute values of the mean pressure on the palm and the dorsum of the hand, the mean pressure on the dorsum was significantly higher and had a larger effect size (d = 3.71). Conclusion It is suggested that higher hand speed resulted in a more significant decrease in dorsum pressure (absolute value greater than palm pressure), increasing the hand propulsive force and improving mean swimming velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Koga
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsunokawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sengoku
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenta Homoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakazono
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Takagi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideki Takagi
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