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Payne AM, Palmer JA, McKay JL, Ting LH. Lower Cognitive Set Shifting Ability Is Associated With Stiffer Balance Recovery Behavior and Larger Perturbation-Evoked Cortical Responses in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:742243. [PMID: 34938171 PMCID: PMC8685437 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.742243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying associations between cognitive set shifting impairments and balance dysfunction are unclear. Cognitive set shifting refers to the ability to flexibly adjust behavior to changes in task rules or contexts, which could be involved in flexibly adjusting balance recovery behavior to different contexts, such as the direction the body is falling. Prior studies found associations between cognitive set shifting impairments and severe balance dysfunction in populations experiencing frequent falls. The objective of this study was to test whether cognitive set shifting ability is expressed in successful balance recovery behavior in older adults with high clinical balance ability (N = 19, 71 ± 7 years, 6 female). We measured cognitive set shifting ability using the Trail Making Test and clinical balance ability using the miniBESTest. For most participants, cognitive set shifting performance (Trail Making Test B-A = 37 ± 20 s) was faster than normative averages (46 s for comparable age and education levels), and balance ability scores (miniBESTest = 25 ± 2/28) were above the threshold for fall risk (23 for people between 70 and 80 years). Reactive balance recovery in response to support-surface translations in anterior and posterior directions was assessed in terms of body motion, muscle activity, and brain activity. Across participants, lower cognitive set shifting ability was associated with smaller peak center of mass displacement during balance recovery, lower directional specificity of late phase balance-correcting muscle activity (i.e., greater antagonist muscle activity 200-300 ms after perturbation onset), and larger cortical N1 responses (100-200 ms). None of these measures were associated with clinical balance ability. Our results suggest that cognitive set shifting ability is expressed in balance recovery behavior even in the absence of profound clinical balance disability. Specifically, our results suggest that lower flexibility in cognitive task performance is associated with lower ability to incorporate the directional context into the cortically mediated later phase of the motor response. The resulting antagonist activity and stiffer balance behavior may help explain associations between cognitive set shifting impairments and frequent falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden M. Payne
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jacqueline A. Palmer
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J. Lucas McKay
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,Jean and Paul Amos PD and Movement Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lena H. Ting
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, United States,Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Lena H. Ting,
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Sarroca N, Luesma MJ, Valero J, Deus J, Casanova J, Lahoz M. Muscle Activation during Gait in Unilateral Transtibial Amputee Patients with Prosthesis: The Influence of the Insole Material Density. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143119. [PMID: 34300285 PMCID: PMC8306022 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Walking is a complex process that is highly automated and efficient. This knowledge is essential for the study of pathological gait. The amputation of lower limbs involves new biomechanical load and gait patterns, and injuries due to overload or disuse may occur. The objective of this study is to assess muscle activation as part of the gait in unilateral transtibial amputee patients with prosthesis, at different speeds and with different plantar supports. Method: Included in the sample were 25 people with amputation and 25 control participants. Muscle activation was evaluated in both groups by means of surface electromyography (EMG) under normal and altered conditions. Results: Control participants did not show statistically significant differences (p ˃ 0.05) between their muscle groups, irrespective of support and speed. However, people with amputation did show differences in muscle activity in the quadriceps, all of which occurred at the highest speeds, irrespective of support. In the analysis between groups, significant differences (p < 0.05) were obtained between the leg of the amputee patient and the leg of the control participant, all of them in the quadriceps, and at speeds 3 and 4, regardless of the insole used. Conclusions: Participants with unilateral transtibial amputation carry out more quadriceps muscle activity during gait compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sarroca
- Private Practice, Madre Vedruna 14 Bajo Derecho, 50008 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - María José Luesma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-656-230-642
| | - José Valero
- Private Practice, Coso 55, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Deus
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | | | - Manuel Lahoz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
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Gagnat Y, Brændvik SM, Roeleveld K. Surface Electromyography Normalization Affects the Interpretation of Muscle Activity and Coactivation in Children With Cerebral Palsy During Walking. Front Neurol 2020; 11:202. [PMID: 32362862 PMCID: PMC7180206 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating muscle activity and coactivation with surface electromyography (sEMG) gives insight into pathological muscle function during activities like walking in people with neuromuscular impairments, such as children with cerebral palsy (CP). There is large variation in the amount of coactivation reported during walking in children with CP, possibly due to the inconsistent handling of sEMG and in calculating the coactivation index. The aim of this study was to evaluate how different approaches of handling sEMG may affect the interpretation of muscle activity and coactivation, by looking at both absolute and normalized sEMG. Twenty-three ambulatory children with CP and 11 typically developing (TD) children participated. We conducted a three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) with concurrent sEMG measurements of tibialis anterior, soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, and hamstring medialis. They walked barefoot at a self-selected, comfortable speed back and forth a 7-m walkway. The gait cycle extracted from the 3DGA was divided into six phases, and for each phase, root mean square sEMG amplitude was calculated (sEMG-RMS-abs), and also normalized to peak amplitude of the linear envelope (50-ms running RMS window) during the gait cycle (sEMG-RMS-norm). The coactivation index was calculated using sEMG-RMS-abs and sEMG-RMS-norm values and by using two different indices. Differences between TD children's legs and the affected legs of children with CP were tested with a mixed model. The between-subject muscle activity variability was more evenly distributed using sEMG-RMS-norm; however, potential physiological variability was eliminated as a result of normalization. Differences between groups in one gait phase using sEMG-RMS-abs showed opposite differences in another phase using sEMG-RMS-norm for three of the five muscles investigated. The CP group showed an increased coactivation index in two out of three muscle pairs using sEMG-RMS-abs and in all three muscle pairs using sEMG-RMS-norm. These results were independent of index calculation method. Moreover, the increased coactivation indices could be explained by either reduced agonist activity or increased antagonist activity. Thus, differences in muscle activity and coactivation index between the groups change after normalization. However, because we do not know the truth, we cannot conclude whether to normalize and recommend incorporating both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yngvild Gagnat
- Clinic for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Skin Diseases, Orthopaedic Research Center, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri Merete Brændvik
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinical Services, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karin Roeleveld
- Clinic for Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Skin Diseases, Orthopaedic Research Center, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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Geng Y, Deng H, Samuel OW, Cheung V, Xu L, Li G. Modulation of muscle synergies for multiple forearm movements under variant force and arm position constraints. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:026015. [PMID: 32126534 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab7c1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To promote clinical applications of muscle-synergy-based neurorehabilitation techniques, this study aims to clarify any potential modulations of both the muscular compositions and temporal activations of forearm muscle synergies for multiple movements under variant force levels and arm positions. APPROACH Two groups of healthy subjects participated in this study. Electromyography (EMG) signals were collected when they performed four hand and wrist movements under variant constraints-three different force levels for one group and five arm positions for the other. Muscle synergies were extracted from the EMGs, and their robustness across variant force levels and arm positions was separately assessed by evaluating their across-condition structure similarity, cross-validation, and cluster analysis. The synergies' activation coefficients across the variant constraints were also compared, and the coefficients were used to discriminate the different force levels and the arm positions, respectively. MAIN RESULTS Overall, the muscle synergies were relatively fixed across variant constraints, but they were more robust to variant forces than to changing arm positions. The activations of muscle synergies depended largely on the level of contraction force and could discriminate the force levels very well, but the coefficients corresponding to different arm positions discriminated the positions with lower accuracy. Similar results were found for all types of forearm movement analyzed. SIGNIFICANCE With our experiment and subject-specific analysis, only slight modulation of the muscular compositions of forearm muscle synergies was found under variant force and arm position constraints. Our results may shed valuable insights to future design of both muscle-synergy-based assistive robots and motor-function assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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Lang KC, Hackney ME, Ting LH, McKay JL. Antagonist muscle activity during reactive balance responses is elevated in Parkinson's disease and in balance impairment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211137. [PMID: 30682098 PMCID: PMC6347183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal antagonist leg muscle activity could indicate increased muscle co-contraction and clarify mechanisms of balance impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD). Prior studies in carefully selected patients showed PD patients demonstrate earlier, longer, and larger antagonist muscle activation during reactive balance responses to perturbations. RESEARCH QUESTION Here, we tested whether antagonist leg muscle activity was abnormal in a group of PD patients who were not selected for phenotype and most of whom had volunteered for exercise-based rehabilitation. METHODS We compared antagonist activation during reactive balance responses to multidirectional support-surface translation perturbations in 31 patients with mild-moderate PD (age 68±9; H&Y 1-3; UPDRS-III 32±10) and 13 matched individuals (age 65±9). We quantified modulation of muscle activity (i.e., the ability to activate and inhibit muscles appropriately according to the perturbation direction) using modulation indices (MI) derived from minimum and maximum EMG activation levels observed across perturbation directions. RESULTS Antagonist leg muscle activity was abnormal in unselected PD patients compared to controls. Linear mixed models identified significant associations between impaired modulation and PD (P<0.05) and PD severity (P<0.01); models assessing the entire sample without referencing PD status identified associations with balance ability (P<0.05), but not age (P = 0.10). SIGNIFICANCE Antagonist activity is increased during reactive balance responses in PD patients who are not selected on phenotype and are candidates for exercise-based rehabilitation. This activity may be a mechanism of balance impairment in PD and a potential rehabilitation target or outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C. Lang
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Madeleine E. Hackney
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Rehabilitation R&D Center, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lena H. Ting
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Lucas McKay
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bezodis IN, Cowburn J, Brazil A, Richardson R, Wilson C, Exell TA, Irwin G. A biomechanical comparison of initial sprint acceleration performance and technique in an elite athlete with cerebral palsy and able-bodied sprinters. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:189-200. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1459819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian N. Bezodis
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Adam Brazil
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhian Richardson
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Timothy A. Exell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Seyedali M, Czerniecki JM, Morgenroth DC, Hahn ME. Co-contraction patterns of trans-tibial amputee ankle and knee musculature during gait. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2012; 9:29. [PMID: 22640660 PMCID: PMC3480942 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myoelectric control of upper extremity powered prostheses has been used clinically for many years, however this approach has not been fully developed for lower extremity prosthetic devices. With the advent of powered lower extremity prosthetic components, the potential role of myoelectric control systems is of increasing importance. An understanding of muscle activation patterns and their relationship to functional ambulation is a vital step in the future development of myoelectric control. Unusual knee muscle co-contractions have been reported in both limbs of trans-tibial amputees. It is currently unknown what differences exist in co-contraction between trans-tibial amputees and controls. This study compares the activation and co-contraction patterns of the ankle and knee musculature of trans-tibial amputees (intact and residual limbs), and able-bodied control subjects during three speeds of gait. It was hypothesized that residual limbs would have greater ankle muscle co-contraction than intact and able-bodied control limbs and that knee muscle co-contraction would be different among all limbs. Lastly it was hypothesized that the extent of muscle co-contraction would increase with walking speed. Methods Nine unilateral traumatic trans-tibial amputees and five matched controls participated. Surface electromyography recorded activation from the Tibialis Anterior, Medial Gastrocnemius, Vastus Lateralis and Biceps Femoris of the residual, intact and control limbs. A series of filters were applied to the signal to obtain a linear envelope of the activation patterns. A co-contraction area (ratio of the integrated agonist and antagonist activity) was calculated during specific phases of gait. Results Co-contraction of the ankle muscles was greater in the residual limb than in the intact and control limbs during all phases of gait. Knee muscle co-contraction was greater in the residual limb than in the control limb during all phases of gait. Conclusion Co-contractions may represent a limb stiffening strategy to enhance stability during phases of initial foot-contact and single limb support. These strategies may be functionally necessary for amputee gait; however, the presence of co-contractions could confound future development of myoelectric controls and should thus be accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyo Seyedali
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Rehabilitation Research and Development Center of Excellence for Limb Loss Prevention and Prosthetic Engineering, VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Moreau NG, Li L, Geaghan JP, Damiano DL. Contributors to fatigue resistance of the hamstrings and quadriceps in cerebral palsy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2009; 24:355-60. [PMID: 19264384 PMCID: PMC2727679 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to elucidate relationships between quadriceps and hamstrings voluntary muscle fatigue and upper motor lesion impairments in cerebral palsy in order to gain a better understanding of their contribution to the observed fatigue resistance. METHODS Seventeen ambulatory subjects with cerebral palsy (mean age: 17.0, SD=4.8 years) were recruited. Quantitative measures of strength, spasticity, cocontraction, and stiffness for both muscle groups were collected on an isokinetic dynamometer and entered in a factor analysis. The resulting factors were used as independent variables in a multiple regression analysis with quadriceps and hamstrings fatigue as dependent variables. FINDINGS Five independent factors explained 90% of the variance. In order of loadings, higher hamstring cocontraction and spasticity and lower hamstring strength were associated with lower levels of hamstring fatigue. Higher quadriceps cocontraction and lower quadriceps strength were the most predictive of lower levels of quadriceps fatigue. INTERPRETATION Greater motor impairments of the agonist muscle, particularly cocontraction, spasticity, and weakness, were associated with lower rates of muscle fatigue of the same muscle during performance of a voluntary fatigue protocol for the hamstrings and quadriceps. Muscles are highly adaptable; therefore, the results of this study suggest that the observed fatigue resistance may be due to the effect of the primary neural insult on motor unit recruitment and rate modulation or the result of secondary adaptations to spasticity, weakness, or excessive cocontraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle G Moreau
- Department of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (USA), Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (USA)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (USA)
| | - James P Geaghan
- Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (USA)
| | - Diane L Damiano
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda MD (USA)
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Romkes J, Hell AK, Brunner R. Changes in muscle activity in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy while walking with and without ankle-foot orthoses. Gait Posture 2006; 24:467-74. [PMID: 16413188 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We compared the electromyographic (EMG) signals of lower extremity muscle groups in 10 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) while walking barefoot and in a hinged ankle-foot orthosis (HAFO). All children had excessive plantarflexion and initial toe-contact on the affected side when walking barefoot, a typical gait pattern for hemiplegic patients. The patients walked with a physiological heel-toe gait pattern when wearing the HAFO. The peak activity of the tibialis anterior muscle was reduced by 36.1% at initial contact and loading response phase and by 57.3% just after toe-off when using a HAFO. The decrease in activity was thought to result from the change in gait pattern from a toe-gait to a heel-toe gait as well as the use of a HAFO. The HAFO also slightly decreased muscle activity in the proximal leg muscles mainly during swing phase, improved stride length, decreased cadence, improved walking speed, increased peak hip flexion, improved kinematics in loading response phase at the knee, and reduced the excessive ankle plantarflexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Romkes
- Laboratory for Gait Analysis Basel, Children's University Hospital (UKBB), Burgfelderstrasse 101, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland.
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Busse ME, Wiles CM, van Deursen RWM. Co-activation: its association with weakness and specific neurological pathology. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2006; 3:26. [PMID: 17116259 PMCID: PMC1665451 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-3-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Net agonist muscle strength is in part determined by the degree of antagonist co-activation. The level of co-activation might vary in different neurological disorders causing weakness or might vary with agonist strength. Aim This study investigated whether antagonist co-activation changed a) with the degree of muscle weakness and b) with the nature of the neurological lesion causing weakness. Methods Measures of isometric quadriceps and hamstrings strength were obtained. Antagonist (hamstring) co-activation during knee extension was calculated as a ratio of hamstrings over quadriceps activity both during an isometric and during a functional sit to stand (STS) task (using kinematics) in groups of patients with extrapyramidal (n = 15), upper motor neuron (UMN) (n = 12), lower motor neuron (LMN) with (n = 18) or without (n = 12) sensory loss, primary muscle or neuromuscular junction disorder (n = 17) and in healthy matched controls (n = 32). Independent t-tests or Mann Witney U tests were used to compare between the groups. Correlations between variables were also investigated. Results In healthy subjects mean (SD) co-activation of hamstrings during isometric knee extension was 11.8 (6.2)% and during STS was 20.5 (12.9)%. In patients, co-activation ranged from 7 to 17% during isometric knee extension and 15 to 25% during STS. Only the extrapyramidal group had lower co-activation levels than healthy matched controls (p < 0.05). Agonist isometric muscle strength and co-activation correlated only in muscle disease (r = -0.6, p < 0.05) and during STS in UMN disorders (r = -0.7, p < 0.5). Conclusion It is concluded that antagonist co-activation does not systematically vary with the site of neurological pathology when compared to healthy matched controls or, in most patient groups, with strength. The lower co-activation levels found in the extrapyramidal group require confirmation and further investigation. Co-activation may be relevant to individuals with muscle weakness. Within patient serial studies in the presence of changing muscle strength may help to understand these relationships more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Busse
- Department of Physiotherapy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Van Gestel L, Huenaerts C, Van Campenhout A, Callewaert B, Van de Walle P, Seyler J. How can push-off be preserved during use of an ankle foot orthosis in children with hemiplegia? A prospective controlled study. Gait Posture 2006; 24:142-51. [PMID: 16934470 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicated that walking with an ankle foot orthosis (AFO) impaired third rocker. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two types of orthoses, with similar goal settings, on gait, in a homogeneous group of children, using both barefoot and shoe walking as control conditions. Fifteen children with hemiplegia, aged between 4 and 10 years, received two types of individually tuned AFOs: common posterior leaf-spring (PLS) and Dual Carbon Fiber Spring AFO (CFO) (with carbon fibre at the dorsal part of the orthosis). Both orthoses were expected to prevent plantar flexion, thus improving first rocker, allowing dorsiflexion to improve second rocker, absorbing energy during second rocker, and returning it during the third rocker. The effect of the AFOs was studied using objective gait analysis, including 3D kinematics, and kinetics in four conditions: barefoot, shoes without AFO, and PLS and CFO combined with shoes. Several gait parameters significantly changed in shoe walking compared to barefoot walking (cadence, ankle ROM and velocity, knee shock absorption, and knee angle in swing). The CFO produced a significantly larger ankle ROM and ankle velocity during push-off, and an increased plantar flexion moment and power generation at pre-swing compared to the PLS (<0.01). The results of this study further support the findings of previous studies indicating that orthoses improve specific gait parameters compared to barefoot walking (velocity, step length, first and second ankle rocker, sagittal knee and hip ROM). However, compared to shoes, not all improvements were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Desloovere
- Clinical Motion Analysis Laboratory, CERM, University Hospital of Pellenberg (Leuven), KU-Leuven, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenberg, Belgium.
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Mayer NH, Esquenazi A. Muscle overactivity and movement dysfunction in the upper motoneuron syndrome. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2003; 14:855-83, vii-viii. [PMID: 14580042 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-9651(03)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The upper motoneuron syndrome (UMN) is a collective term that refers to different types of motor behaviors produced by patients who have lesions of the descending corticospinal system. Lesions involving the upper motoneuron, its pathways, and its connections can occur at the level of the cortex, internal capsule, brain stem, or spinal cord. The clinical features of UMN have traditionally been classified as "positive" phenomena, referring to overt behaviors generated by various forms of muscle overactivity, and "negative" phenomena, referring to loss of overt behaviors secondary to impaired muscle activation, impaired control of motor behavior, and impaired motor performance. The clinical impact of UMN on patients is broad and tends to limit functional capacity. The negative and positive signs lead to reduced mobility and limb usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel H Mayer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Temple University Health Sciences Center, Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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