Anti-Ulcer Activity ofAdhatoda vasicaNees

New Tricyclic Aryl Quinazoline Derivatives by Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling

A number of new deoxyvasicinone (2,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-9(1H)-one) and mackinazolinone (6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one) derivatives with aryl substituents at C7/C8 and at C5 are reported. These compounds are rare representatives of their kind and were prepared in high yields by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between 7-bromo-2,3-dihydro[2,1-b]quinazoline-9-(1H)-one, 5,7-dibromo-2,3-dihydro[2,1-b]quinazoline-9-(1H)-one or 8-bromomackinazolinone and respective arylboronic acids with palladium acetate as the catalyst. The products were characterized spectroscopically and, in addition, by X-ray crystal structure analyses in six cases.

Exploring the pharmacological and chemical aspects of pyrrolo-quinazoline derivatives in Adhatoda vasica

Adhatoda or Justicia is one of the biggest and complex genera of the Acanthaceae family. Adhatoda vasica is commonly known as 'Adosa'. It is an ayurvedic medicine with a medicinal history of more than a thousand years in India. Traditionally, it is used to treat cough, asthma, phlegm, bleeding hemorrhoids, for both adults and youth. This plant possesses antiarthritis, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-tuberculosis, anti-inflammatory and abortifacient properties. Alkaloids are the major phytoconstituents present in the plant in the form of pyrrolo-quinazoline derivatives viz vasicine, vasicinone, vasicinol, adhatodine, adhatodinine, adhavasinone and anisotine etc. The asserted objectives are to conduct a systematic review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and traditional uses of A. vasica, as well as highlighting the challenges found in the research. This will promote the utilization of A. vasica at extract level and further development of new drug leads based on the compounds isolated and used for treatment of various ailments. The present review covers the literature survey from 1888 to 2023. The relevant data has been collected from various peer-reviwed journals, and books via Sci-Finder, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, EBSCO, online electronic journals, SpringerLink and Wiley. This paper aims to present a systematic review of known traditional applications, pharmacological and chemical aspects in Adhatoda vasica.

Plant-based green synthesis of nanoparticles as an effective and safe treatment for gastric ulcer

Gastric ulcer is a chronic disease that affects about 10% of the world's population. This disease is caused by factors such as stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Helicobacter pylori infection, and genetic factors. Herbal medicines such as plant extracts are new sources of drugs with promising results in treating gastric ulcers. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine have been able to reach this objective to some extent. Green synthesis is an alternative method adapted for chemical and physical methods. In the last few years, fungi, bacteria, viruses, algae, and plants have been used to produce metallic nanoparticles. Since nanoparticles synthesized by the green method can be effective in anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant treatments, the aim of this review was to study the effect of metal nanoparticles and metal oxides produced by the green method on the treatment of gastric ulcers. For this purpose, an electronic search of published research and review articles in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane databases, and Google Scholar was conducted using a combination of keywords of "gastric ulcers and nanoparticles", "gastric ulcers and Green synthesis" and "stomach ulcers and nanoparticles". After a full review of published articles and their references, 120 articles were identified for further detailed review. The articles selected were between 2000 and March 2023, and 2 articles published in 1972 and 1997 were utilized. The results of this study have shown that polymeric, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized from plants can be effective in treating gastric ulcers, especially ulcers caused by H. pylori, ethanol, and NSAIDs.

A prospective, single centre, open label, single arm pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in participants with endoscopic gastritis

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic gastritis is associated with symptoms of gastritis, along with endoscopic findings. Amlapitta Mishran has multiple active components that act via various mechanisms in patients with gastritis symptoms. We planned to conduct this study to find out the efficacy and safety of Amlapitta Mishran in patients with endoscopic gastritis.

OBJECTIVES

To find out efficacy of Amlapitta Mishran in patient with endoscopic gastritis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was an open-label, prospective, single-center study. Thirty participants were recruited, and Amlapitta Mishran Suspension was given for 30 days. Blood investigations for safety were performed at baseline (Visit 1), on Visit 3 and Visit 4. Endoscopy was performed at baseline and Visit 4, and stomach erosion score was recorded. Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale score, Postprandial Distress Syndrome (PPDS) score, and Epigastric Pain Syndrome (EPS) score were efficacy endpoints.

RESULTS

Out of the 30 participants recruited, 28 participants completed the study. The median age of participants in the study was 26.50 years. A statistically significant (P<0.05) reduction was seen in endoscopy score at Visit 4 as compared to baseline (Visit 1) by Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale score, PPDS score, EPS score also exhibited significant reduction (P < 0.05) at Visit 3 and Visit 4 as compared to baseline by Friedman's test with post hoc analysis. No statistically significant reduction was seen in these scores from Visit 3 to Visit 4, except for the EPS score. At the end of Visit 4, 18 (64%) participants had an endoscopy score of 1 (no erosions). At the end of Visit 4, ≥ 50% improvement was seen in Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale score in 27 (96%) participants, PPDS score improved by ≥ 50% in 25 (89%) participants, and EPS score improved by ≥ 50% in 26 (93%) participants. All safety variables including laboratory investigation were within the normal range in all visits.

CONCLUSION

Amlapitta Mishran Suspension effectively reduced endoscopic gastritis scores in the participants and reduced the symptoms of gastritis measured by the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale, PPDS, and EPS scores with no adverse events.

Ayurveda Rasayana as antivirals and immunomodulators: potential applications in COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization with rapid spread across 216 countries. COVID-19 pandemic has left its imprints on various health systems globally and caused immense social and economic disruptions. The scientific community across the globe is in a quest for digging the effective treatment for COVID-19 and exploring potential leads from traditional systems of healthcare across the world too. Ayurveda (Indian traditional system of medicine) has a comprehensive aspect of immunity through Rasayana which is a rejuvenation therapy. Here we attempt to generate the potential leads based on the classical text from Ayurveda in general and Rasayana in particular to develop effective antiviral and/or immunomodulator for potential or adjunct therapy in SARS-CoV-2. The Rasayana acts not only by resisting body to restrain or withstand the strength, severity or progression of a disease but also by promoting power of the body to prevent the manifestation of a disease. These Rasayana herbs are common in practice as immunomodulator, antiviral and protectives. The studies on Rasayana can provide an insight into the future course of research for the plausible development of effective management of COVID-19 by the utilization and development of various traditional systems of healthcare. Keeping in view the current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of developing potential medicines. This study proposes certain prominent medicinal plants which may be further studied for drug development process and also in clinical setup under repurposing of these herbs.

Structural insight from intermolecular interactions and energy framework analyses of 2-substituted 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-ones

The crystal structures of three mackinazolinone derivatives (2-amino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one at room temperature, and 2-nitro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-11-one and N-(11-oxo-6,8,9,11-tetrahydro-7H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-2-yl)benzamide at 100 K) are explored using X-ray crystallography. To delineate the different intermolecular interactions and the respective interaction energies in the crystal architectures, energy framework analyses were carried out using the CE-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method implemented in the CrystalExplorer software. In the structures the different molecules are linked by C-H...O, C-H...N and N-H...O hydrogen bonds. Together with these hydrogen bonds, C-H...π and C-O...π interactions are involved in the formation of a three-dimensional crystal network. A Hirshfeld surface analysis allows the visualization of the two-dimensional fingerprint plots and the quantification of the contributions of H...H, H...C/C...H and H...O/O...H contacts throughout the different crystal structures. To obtain additional information on the intrinsic properties of our targets and to compare the experimental crystal structures with their respective conformations in the gas phase, quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory, including Grimme's D3 correction term and BJ damping functions, were carried out to account for intramolecular dispersion interactions. The identified energy gaps between the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO gap) of our targets in the gas phase and in two implicit solvents (methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide) allow us to quantify the impact of different substituents on the reactivity of mackinazolinone derivatives.

Potential Antiulcer Agents From Plants: A Comprehensive Review

Background:

Peptic ulcer is a deep gastrointestinal erosion disorder that involves the entire mucosal thickness and can even penetrate the muscular mucosa. Nowadays, several plants and compounds derived from it have been screened for their antiulcer activity. In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. This field has gained popularity in both developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects.

Objective:

This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of currently available knowledge of medicinal plants and phytoconstituents reported for their anti-ulcer properties.

Methods:

The worldwide accepted database like SCOPUS, PUBMED, SCIELO, NISCAIR, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, Web of Science, Wiley, SciFinder and Google Scholar were used to retrieve available published literature.

Results:

A comprehensive review of the present paper is an attempt to list the plants with antiulcer activity. The review narrates the dire need to explore potential chemical moieties that exert an antiulcer effect, from unexploited traditional plants. Furthermore, the present study reveals the intense requirement to exploit the exact mechanism through which either the plant extracts or their active constituents exhibit their antiulcer properties.

Conclusion:

This article is the compilation of the plants and its constituents reported for the treatment of peptic ulcers. The Comprehensive data will surely attract the number of investigators to initiate further research that might lead to the drugs for the treatment of ulcers. As sufficient scientific data is not available on plants, most of the herbals cannot be recommended for the treatment of diseases. This can be achieved by research on pure chemical structures derived from plants or to prepare new lead compounds with proven beneficial preclinical in vitro and in vivo effects. However, a lot remains to be done in further investigations for the better status of medicinal plants.

In vitro biotechnological advancements in Malabar nut (Adhatoda vasica Nees): Achievements, status and prospects

Adhatoda vasica Nees, belonging to family Acanthaceae, is a well-known medicinal plant. It is endorsed for its pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids and its derivatives, such as vasicine and vasicinone. Germinating A. vasica seeds is a tedious task; on that account, vegetative propagation is the preferred method for its multiplication. For rapid and large-scale multiplication, germplasm conservation as well as secondary metabolites production, in vitro culture of A. vasica was preferred over conventional propagation by several researchers; however, some major applications of this tissue culture technique are still awaiting to undergo extensive research. The present review, for the first time, illustrates all the major achievements associated with in vitro regeneration of A. vasica, reported till date and highlights the future prospects.

Biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of the Adathoda vasica Linn extract mediated silver nanoparticles

The aim of this study is to investigate the biocompatibility and anti-Vibrio efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Adathoda vasica (A. vasica). The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). A. vasica AgNPs showed significant antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in agar bioassay and well diffusion method. Further, nanoparticles interactions with bacteria and its antibacterial activity were confirmed by CLSM analysis. In vivo evaluation results confirmed that synthesized A. vasica AgNPs had good antibacterial efficacy and also nontoxic to the Artemia nauplii.