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Yu XL, He Y. Application of Box-Behnken designs in parameters optimization of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry for lead(II) determination in two electrolytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2789. [PMID: 28584267 PMCID: PMC5459856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Box-Behnken design was advantageous to parameters optimization of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) for the analysis of lead(II) with its high efficiency and accuracy. Five Box-Behnken designs were designed and conducted in the electrolyte of 0.1 mol/L acetate buffer and 0.1 mol/L HCl without the removal of oxygen. Significant parameters and interactions in each electrolyte were found (P-value < 0.05) and their quantitative effects on lead(II) determination were classified into two categories, linear and quadratic. Though significant parameters and interactions were not similar in different kinds of electrolytes, characteristic parameters of differential pulse voltammetry, which were pulse amplitude, pulse width and interval time, were found significant in both electrolytes. After optimization, peak currents and relative standard deviation at 20 μg/L along with detection limits in both electrolytes were superior than before. With the lower detection limit and R.S.D., 0.1 mol/L HCl was a better choice for electrolytes in this work. Meanwhile, with the combination of parameters optimization and background subtraction, the interference of dissolved oxygen for lead(II) determination was eliminated. It was important and necessary to apply Box-Behnken designs in parameters optimization of DPASV for lead(II) determination regardless of the electrolyte kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China.
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Borges KB, Pupo MT, de Freitas LAP, Bonato PS. Box-Behnken design for the optimization of an enantioselective method for the simultaneous analysis of propranolol and 4-hydroxypropranolol by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2874-81. [PMID: 19691051 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An experimental design optimization (Box-Behnken design, BBD) was used to develop a CE method for the simultaneous resolution of propranolol (Prop) and 4-hydroxypropranolol enantiomers and acetaminophen (internal standard). The method was optimized using an uncoated fused silica capillary, carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) as chiral selector and triethylamine/phosphoric acid buffer in alkaline conditions. A BBD for four factors was selected to observe the effects of buffer electrolyte concentration, pH, CM-beta-CD concentration and voltage on separation responses. Each factor was studied at three levels: high, central and low, and three center points were added. The buffer electrolyte concentration ranged from 25 to 75 mM, the pH ranged from 8 to 9, the CM-beta-CD concentration ranged from 3.5 to 4.5% w/v, and the applied run voltage ranged from 14 to 20 kV. The responses evaluated were resolution and migration time for the last peak. The obtained responses were processed by Minitab to evaluate the significance of the effects and to find the optimum analysis conditions. The best results were obtained using 4% w/v CM-beta-CD in 25 mM triethylamine/H3PO4 buffer at pH 9 as running electrolyte and 17 kV of voltage. Resolution values of 1.98 and 1.95 were obtained for Prop and 4-hydroxypropranolol enantiomers, respectively. The total analysis time was around of 15 min. The BBD showed to be an adequate design for the development of a CE method, resulting in a rapid and efficient optimization of the pH and concentration of the buffer, cyclodextrin concentration and applied voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyller Bastos Borges
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Lomasney AR, Guillo C, Sidebottom AM, Roper MG. Optimization of capillary electrophoresis conditions for a glucagon competitive immunoassay using response surface methodology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:313-9. [PMID: 19189083 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The capillary electrophoresis (CE) conditions for a competitive immunoassay of glucagon were optimized for highest sensitivity of the immunoassay and resolution of the electrophoretic peaks using a Box-Behnken design. Injection time, voltage ramp time, and separation voltage were varied between three levels and two responses, bound-to-free (B/F) ratio of the immunoassay peaks and resolution between the peaks, were measured. Analysis of variance was applied to fit a predictive model, and a desirability function was used to simultaneously optimize both responses. A 10-s injection, 1.6-min ramp time, and a 22-kV separation voltage were the conditions found when high B/F was given more emphasis than high resolution. To test the model, calibration curves of a glucagon immunoassay were measured at the optimum and least optimum CE conditions. Optimal conditions increased the sensitivity of the immunoassay by 388% compared to the least optimum conditions while maintaining adequate resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Lomasney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Dittmer Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Zhang YJ, Gong WJ, Zhang JM, Zhang YP, Wang SM, Wang L, Xue HY. Optimization Strategies using Response Surface Methodologies in High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802424493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Gong
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ming Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ming Wang
- b Beijing Kangbeide Pharmaceutical Development Company Limited , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- b Beijing Kangbeide Pharmaceutical Development Company Limited , Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Yong Xue
- b Beijing Kangbeide Pharmaceutical Development Company Limited , Beijing, P.R. China
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Babar SME, Song EJ, Hasan MN, Yoo YS. Experimental design optimization of the capillary electrophoresis separation of leucine enkephalin and its immune complex. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2311-9. [PMID: 17688300 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To optimize the capillary electrophoretic separation conditions for leucine enkephalin (LE) and the immune complex of the LE and anti-LE reaction, an analysis using a three-level, three-factorial Box-Behnken design was performed. Three separation parameters, buffer pH (X(1)), buffer concentration (X(2)), and applied voltage (X(3)), were chosen to observe the effect on separation responses. The responses were theoretical plate number, migration time of the LE peak, and resolution between the peaks. The optimum conditions and process validation were determined using statistical regression analysis and surface plot diagrams. The capillary electrophoresis optimum separation conditions were established to be 75 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.00 with an applied separation voltage of 15 kV. By using the analysis technique, the prediction of responses was satisfactory and process verification yielded values within the +/-5% range of the predicted efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Md Enayetul Babar
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, Korea
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Hanrahan G, Montes RE, Pao A, Johnson A, Gomez FA. Implementation of chemometric methodology in ACE: Predictive investigation of protein–ligand binding. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2853-60. [PMID: 17640087 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An ACE predictive investigation of protein-ligand binding using a highly effective chemometric response surface design technique is presented. Here, K(d) was estimated using one noninteracting standard which relates to changes in the electrophoretic mobility of carbonic anhydrase B (CAB, EC 4.2.1.1) on complexation with the ligand 4-carboxybenzenesulfonamide (CBSA) present in the electrophoresis buffer. Experimental factors including injection time, capillary length, and applied voltage were selected and tested at three levels in a Box-Behnken design. Statistical analysis results were used to create a mathematical model for response surface prediction via contour and surface plots at a given target response (K(d) = 1.19x10(-6) M). As expected, there were a number of predicted solutions that reached our target response based on the significance of each factor at appropriate levels. The adequacy of the model was validated by experimental runs with the predicted model solution (capillary length = 47 cm, voltage = 11 kV, injection time = 0.01 min) presented in detail as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grady Hanrahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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Ferreira SLC, Bruns RE, Ferreira HS, Matos GD, David JM, Brandão GC, da Silva EGP, Portugal LA, dos Reis PS, Souza AS, dos Santos WNL. Box-Behnken design: An alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 597:179-86. [PMID: 17683728 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1206] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes fundamentals, advantages and limitations of the Box-Behnken design (BBD) for the optimization of analytical methods. It establishes also a comparison between this design and composite central, three-level full factorial and Doehlert designs. A detailed study on factors and responses involved during the optimization of analytical systems is also presented. Functions developed for calculation of multiple responses are discussed, including the desirability function, which was proposed by Derringer and Suich in 1980. Concept and evaluation of robustness of analytical methods are also discussed. Finally, descriptions of applications of this technique for optimization of analytical methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L C Ferreira
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-290, Brazil.
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Zhang YP, Jun Zhang Y, Jun Gong W, Ming Wang S, Yong Xue H, Pill Lee K. Design of Experiments for Capillary Electrophoretic Enantioresolution of Tamsulosin using Sulfated‐β‐Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selector. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070601064375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ping Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jun Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Wen Jun Gong
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Shu Ming Wang
- b Beijing Kangbeide Pharmaceutical Development Company Limited , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yong Xue
- b Beijing Kangbeide Pharmaceutical Development Company Limited , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kwang Pill Lee
- c Department of Chemistry , Graduate School, Kyungpook National University , South Korea
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Zhang YP, Zhang YJ, Gong WJ, Gopalan AI, Lee KP. Rapid separation of Sudan dyes by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography through statistically designed experiments. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1098:183-7. [PMID: 16288766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Central composite design (CCD) was effectively employed to decide optimum conditions for the rapid separation of Sudan dyes using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twenty experiments, taking the minimum resolution and retention time of the last eluted peak as the responses with three important factors, mobile phase composition, flow rate and column temperature, were used to design a mathematical model. The experimental responses were fitted into a second order polynomial and used to predict the optimum conditions for the effective separation of the studied compounds. Further, chromatographic separation efficiency was tested through generation of Pareto-optimal points. The validity of using modified central composite design in predicting the optimization conditions was experimentally verified. The optimum conditions were: acetonitrile/0.1% aqueous formic acid (90/10, %v/v) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.2mL/min and column temperature of 15 degrees C, respectively. While using this optimum condition, baseline separation with a minimum resolution more than 1.5 and a separation time of less than 6min were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ping Zhang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
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