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Mullen N, Curneen J, Donlon PT, Prakash P, Bancos I, Gurnell M, Dennedy MC. Treating Primary Aldosteronism-Induced Hypertension: Novel Approaches and Future Outlooks. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:125-170. [PMID: 37556722 PMCID: PMC10765166 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality when compared with blood pressure-matched cases of primary hypertension. Current limitations in patient care stem from delayed recognition of the condition, limited access to key diagnostic procedures, and lack of a definitive therapy option for nonsurgical candidates. However, several recent advances have the potential to address these barriers to optimal care. From a diagnostic perspective, machine-learning algorithms have shown promise in the prediction of PA subtypes, while the development of noninvasive alternatives to adrenal vein sampling (including molecular positron emission tomography imaging) has made accurate localization of functioning adrenal nodules possible. In parallel, more selective approaches to targeting the causative aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma/nodule (APA/APN) have emerged with the advent of partial adrenalectomy or precision ablation. Additionally, the development of novel pharmacological agents may help to mitigate off-target effects of aldosterone and improve clinical efficacy and outcomes. Here, we consider how each of these innovations might change our approach to the patient with PA, to allow more tailored investigation and treatment plans, with corresponding improvement in clinical outcomes and resource utilization, for this highly prevalent disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mullen
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
| | - James Curneen
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
| | - Padraig T Donlon
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
| | - Punit Prakash
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mark Gurnell
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Michael C Dennedy
- The Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway H91V4AY, Ireland
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2
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Elsebay MT, Eissa NG, Balata GF, Kamal MA, Elnahas HM. Nanosuspension: A Formulation Technology for Tackling the Poor Aqueous Solubility and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2297-2312. [PMID: 37694786 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230911105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The poor water solubility of numerous novel drug candidates presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of oral administration. This limitation can result in various undesirable clinical implications, such as inter-patient variability, poor bioavailability, difficulties in achieving a safe therapeutic index, increased costs, and potential risks of toxicity or inefficacy. Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drugs face particular hurdles due to their limited solubility in the aqueous media of the gastrointestinal tract. In such cases, parenteral administration is often employed as an alternative strategy. To address these challenges, nanosuspension techniques offer a promising solution for enhancing drug solubility and overcoming oral delivery obstacles. This technique has the potential to bridge the gap between drug discovery and preclinical use by resolving problematic solubility. This literature review has delved into contemporary nanosuspension preparation technologies and the incorporation of stabilizing ingredients within the formulation. Furthermore, the manuscript explores nanosuspension strategies for both oral and parenteral/other delivery routes, and separate discussions have been presented to establish a suitable flow that addresses the challenges and strategies relevant to each administration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Elsebay
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Noura G Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology and Science Academy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Gehan F Balata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Hanan M Elnahas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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3
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Kakad SP, Gangurde TD, Kshirsagar SJ, Mundhe VG. Nose to brain delivery of nanosuspensions with first line antiviral agents is alternative treatment option to Neuro-AIDS treatment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09925. [PMID: 35879999 PMCID: PMC9307459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal drug delivery is one of the uprising areas of the research in targeting drug to the brain. Nose to brain drug delivery follows the olfactory pathway and purportedly known to be more efficient to deliver neuro-therapeutics to the brain by circumventing the BBB and thereby increasing bioavailability of drugs in the brain. The advantage of this method is non-invasiveness, rapid onset of action and helps to achieve site specific delivery. In this research work nanosuspension were prepared using combination of antiretroviral agents for Neuro-AIDS treatment. Nanosuspensions were prepared by high-speed homogenization, wet milling and high-pressure homogenization techniques. Formulations were analysed by SEM, FTIR, and DSC. Morphology and stability analysis was done by analysing zeta potential, particle size, and PDI. Ex-vivo diffusion study and histopathological analysis was performed using goat nasal mucosa. High pressure homogenization was found to be best technique for formulation of nanosuspension. Antiviral drugs could be delivered successfully by optimizing nasal dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita P Kakad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Trupti D Gangurde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay J Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishali G Mundhe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Yu Y, Tian Y, Zhang H, Jia Q, Chen X, Kang D, Du Y, Song S, Zheng A. The Evaluation of Meloxicam Nanocrystals by Oral Administration with Different Particle Sizes. Molecules 2022; 27:421. [PMID: 35056734 PMCID: PMC8780752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloxicam (MLX) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, its poor water solubility limits the dissolution process and influences absorption. In order to solve this problem and improve its bioavailability, we prepared it in nanocrystals with three different particle sizes to improve solubility and compare the differences between various particle sizes. The nanocrystal particle sizes were studied through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser scattering (LS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the morphology of nanocrystals. The sizes of meloxicam-nanocrystals-A (MLX-NCs-A), meloxicam-nanocrystals-B (MLX-NCs-B), and meloxicam-nanocrystals-C (MLX-NCs-C) were 3.262 ± 0.016 μm, 460.2 ± 9.5 nm, and 204.9 ± 2.8 nm, respectively. Molecular simulation was used to explore the distribution and interaction energy of MLX molecules and stabilizer molecules in water. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) proved that the crystalline state did not change in the preparation process. Transport studies of the Caco-2 cell model indicated that the cumulative degree of transport would increase as the particle size decreased. Additionally, plasma concentration-time curves showed that the AUC0-∞ of MLX-NCs-C were 3.58- and 2.92-fold greater than those of MLX-NCs-A and MLX-NCs-B, respectively. These results indicate that preparing MLX in nanocrystals can effectively improve the bioavailability, and the particle size of nanocrystals is an important factor in transmission and absorption.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacokinetics
- Caco-2 Cells
- Calorimetry, Differential Scanning
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Dynamic Light Scattering
- Humans
- Male
- Meloxicam/administration & dosage
- Meloxicam/chemistry
- Meloxicam/pharmacokinetics
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Molecular
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Particle Size
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- X-Ray Diffraction
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Pharmaceutical Experiment Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.J.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qingxian Jia
- Pharmaceutical Experiment Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.J.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Pharmaceutical Experiment Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.J.); (X.C.)
| | - Dongzhou Kang
- Pharmaceutical Experiment Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.Y.); (Q.J.); (X.C.)
| | - Yimeng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.T.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shenghan Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China; (Y.T.); (H.Z.)
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5
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Gupta N, Mukerjee A, Mishra SB. Nano-formulation of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzohydrazide: Preparation, characterization and studies of antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities as evaluated through amelioration of pancreatic Dysfunction in experimental animals. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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6
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Hao D, Zhang Z, Ji Y. Responsive polymeric drug delivery systems for combination anticancer therapy: experimental design and computational insights. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1960340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dule Hao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhui Ji
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Oktay AN, Ilbasmis-Tamer S, Uludag O, Celebi N. Enhanced Dermal Delivery of Flurbiprofen Nanosuspension Based Gel: Development and Ex Vivo Permeation, Pharmacokinetic Evaluations. Pharm Res 2021; 38:991-1009. [PMID: 34086139 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to optimize the Flurbiprofen (FB) nanosuspension (NS) based gel and to investigate the in vitro release, ex vivo permeation, the plasma concentration-time profile and pharmacokinetic parameters. METHODS FB-NSs were developed using the wet milling process with the Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. The optimum FB-NS was characterized on the basis of SEM, DSC, XRPD, solubility and permeation studies. The dermal gel was prepared by incorporating FB-NS into HPMC gel. Then the in-vitro release, ex vivo permeation studies were performed, and pharmacokinetic studies were evaluated on rats. RESULTS The particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential values of optimum NS were determined as 237.7 ± 6.8 nm, 0.133 ± 0.030 and - 30.4 ± 0.7 mV, respectively. By means of the surfactant content and nanosized particles of the nanosuspension, the solubility of FB was increased about 7-fold. The percentage permeated amount of FB from FB-NS gel (8.40%) was also found to be higher than the physical mixture (5.25%) and coarse suspension (reference) (2.08%) gels. The pharmacokinetic studies showed that the Cmax of FB-NS gel was 2.5 times higher than the reference gel, while AUC0-24 was 2.96 times higher. CONCLUSION FB-NSs were successfully prepared with a wet milling method and optimized with the DoE approach. The optimized FB nanosuspension gel provided better permeation and pharmacokinetic performance compared to FB coarse suspension gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Nur Oktay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Health Sciences- Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ilbasmis-Tamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Uludag
- Department of Pharmacology, Gazi University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Celebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Başkent University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Enhanced oral bioavailability and gastroprotective effect of ibuprofen through mixed polymer-lipid nanoparticles. Ther Deliv 2021; 12:363-374. [PMID: 33849297 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to design and formulate mixed polymer-lipid nanoparticles (PLNs) for the delivery of ibuprofen. Methods: The mixed PLNs were prepared by a single modified emulsification solvent evaporation method. Key findings: Core-shell-shaped mixed PLNs were successfully prepared, with sizes in the nano range (193.3 ± 0.70 to 795.8 ± 0.70 nm) and ζ potential (-26.8 ± 0.45 to -42.8 ± 0.30 mV). Entrapment efficiency ranged from 80.3 to 93.6%. Conclusions: Pharmacokinetic parameters showed great improvement in Cmax and Tmax of ibuprofen from the formulation PLNs8 compared with the respective Brufen® and pure drugs, indicating improvement in bioavailability of the drug.
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9
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Araya-Sibaja AM, Fandaruff C, Wilhelm K, Vega-Baudrit JR, Guillén-Girón T, Navarro-Hoyos M. Crystal Engineering to Design of Solids: From Single to Multicomponent Organic Materials. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190430153231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primarily composed of organic molecules, pharmaceutical materials, including drugs and
excipients, frequently exhibit physicochemical properties that can affect the formulation, manufacturing
and packing processes as well as product performance and safety. In recent years, researchers
have intensively developed Crystal Engineering (CE) in an effort to reinvent bioactive molecules
with well-known, approved pharmacological effects. In general, CE aims to improve the physicochemical
properties without affecting their intrinsic characteristics or compromising their stability.
CE involves the molecular recognition of non-covalent interactions, in which organic materials are
responsible for the regular arrangement of molecules into crystal lattices. Modern CE, encompasses
all manipulations that result in the alteration of crystal packing as well as methods that disrupt crystal
lattices or reduce the size of crystals, or a combination of them. Nowadays, cocrystallisation has been
the most explored strategy to improve solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients (API). However, its combinatorial nature involving two or more small organic
molecules, and the use of diverse crystallisation processes increase the possible outcomes. As a result,
numerous organic materials can be obtained as well as several physicochemical and mechanical
properties can be improved. Therefore, this review will focus on novel organic solids obtained when
CE is applied including crystalline and amorphous, single and multicomponent as well as nanosized
ones, that have contributed to improving not only solubility, dissolution rate, bioavailability permeability
but also, chemical and physical stability and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krissia Wilhelm
- Escuela de Quimica, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Teodolito Guillén-Girón
- Escuela de Ciencia e Ingenieria de los Materiales, Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica
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10
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Rashid M, Malik MY, Singh SK, Chaturvedi S, Gayen JR, Wahajuddin M. Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs: The Holy Grail in Pharma Industry. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:987-1020. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190130110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Bioavailability, one of the prime pharmacokinetic properties of a drug, is defined as the
fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is used to describe
the systemic availability of a drug. Bioavailability assessment is imperative in order to demonstrate whether the
drug attains the desirable systemic exposure for effective therapy. In recent years, bioavailability has become
the subject of importance in drug discovery and development studies.
Methods:
A systematic literature review in the field of bioavailability and the approaches towards its enhancement
have been comprehensively done, purely focusing upon recent papers. The data mining was performed
using databases like PubMed, Science Direct and general Google searches and the collected data was exhaustively
studied and summarized in a generalized manner.
Results:
The main prospect of this review was to generate a comprehensive one-stop summary of the numerous
available approaches and their pharmaceutical applications in improving the stability concerns, physicochemical
and mechanical properties of the poorly water-soluble drugs which directly or indirectly augment their bioavailability.
Conclusion:
The use of novel methods, including but not limited to, nano-based formulations, bio-enhancers,
solid dispersions, lipid-and polymer-based formulations which provide a wide range of applications not only
increases the solubility and permeability of the poorly bioavailable drugs but also improves their stability, and
targeting efficacy. Although, these methods have drastically changed the pharmaceutical industry demand for the
newer potential methods with better outcomes in the field of pharmaceutical science to formulate various dosage
forms with adequate systemic availability and improved patient compliance, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamunur Rashid
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohd Yaseen Malik
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Sandeep K. Singh
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Swati Chaturvedi
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India
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11
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Rawal S, Patel MM. Threatening cancer with nanoparticle aided combination oncotherapy. J Control Release 2019; 301:76-109. [PMID: 30890445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Employing combination therapy has become obligatory in cancer cases exhibiting high tumor load, chemoresistant tumor population, and advanced disease stages. Realization of this fact has now led many of the combination oncotherapies to become an integral part of anticancer regimens. Combination oncotherapy may encompass a combination of anticancer agents belonging to a similar therapeutic category or that of different therapeutic categories (e.g. chemotherapy + gene therapy). Differences in the physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution pattern of different payloads are the major constraints that are faced by combination chemotherapy. Concordant efforts in the field of nanotechnology and oncology have emerged with several approaches to solve the major issues encountered by combination therapy. Unique colloidal behaviors of various types of nanoparticles and differential targeting strategies have accorded an unprecedented ability to optimize combination oncotherapeutic delivery. Nanocarrier based delivery of the various types of payloads such as chemotherapeutic agents and other anticancer therapeutics such as small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), chemosensitizers, radiosensitizers, and antiangiogenic agents have been addressed in the present review. Various nano-delivery systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, polymerosomes, dendrimers, micelles, lipid based nanoparticles, prodrug based nanocarriers, polymer-drug conjugates, polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanosponges, supramolecular nanocarriers and inorganic nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and mesoporous silica based nanoparticles) that have been extensively explored for the formulation of multidrug delivery is an imperative part of discussion in the review. The present review features the outweighing benefits of combination therapy over mono-oncotherapy and discusses several existent nanoformulation strategies that facilitate a successful combination oncotherapy. Several obstacles that may impede in transforming nanotechnology-based combination oncotherapy from bench to bedside, and challenges associated therein have also been discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
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12
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State of the Art of Pharmaceutical Solid Forms: from Crystal Property Issues to Nanocrystals Formulation. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:8-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Nanocrystals of Poorly Soluble Drugs: Drug Bioavailability and Physicochemical Stability. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030134. [PMID: 30134537 PMCID: PMC6161002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches have been developed over time to overcome the bioavailability limitations of poorly soluble drugs. With the advances in nanotechnology in recent decades, science and industry have been approaching this issue through the formulation of drugs as nanocrystals, which consist of “pure drugs and a minimum of surface active agents required for stabilization”. They are defined as “carrier-free submicron colloidal drug delivery systems with a mean particle size in the nanometer range, typically between 10–800 nm”. The primary importance of these nanoparticles was the reduction of particle size to nanoscale dimensions, with an increase in the particle surface area in contact with the dissolution medium, and thus in bioavailability. This approach has been proven successful, as demonstrated by the number of such drug products on the market. Nonetheless, despite the definition that indicates nanocrystals as a “carrier-free” system, surface active agents are necessary to prevent colloidal particles aggregation and thus improve stability. In addition, in more recent years, nanocrystal properties and technologies have attracted the interest of researchers as a means to obtain colloidal particles with modified biological properties, and thus their interest is now also addressed to modify the drug delivery and targeting. The present work provides an overview of the achievements in improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs according to their administration route, describes the methods developed to overcome physicochemical and stability-related problems, and in particular reviews different stabilizers and surface agents that are able to modify the drug delivery and targeting.
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14
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Nakach M, Authelin JR, Perrin MA, Lakkireddy HR. Comparison of high pressure homogenization and stirred bead milling for the production of nano-crystalline suspensions. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Fontana F, Figueiredo P, Zhang P, Hirvonen JT, Liu D, Santos HA. Production of pure drug nanocrystals and nano co-crystals by confinement methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 131:3-21. [PMID: 29738786 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of drug nanocrystals in the drug formulation is increasing due to the large number of poorly water-soluble drug compounds synthetized and due to the advantages brought by the nanonization process. The downsizing processes are done using a top-down approach (milling and homogenization currently employed at the industrial level), while the crystallization process is performed by bottom-up techniques (e.g., antisolvent precipitation, use of supercritical fluids or spray and freeze drying). In addition, the production of nanocrystals in confined environment can be achieved within microfluidics channels. This review analyzes the processes for the preparation of nanocrystals and co-crystals, divided by top-down and bottom-up approaches, together with their combinations. The combination of both strategies merges the favorable features of each process and avoids the disadvantages of single processes. Overall, the applicability of drug nanocrystals is highlighted by the widespread research on the production processes at the engineering, pharmaceutical, and nanotechnology level.
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Sverdlov Arzi R, Sosnik A. Electrohydrodynamic atomization and spray-drying for the production of pure drug nanocrystals and co-crystals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 131:79-100. [PMID: 30031740 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology has offered attractive opportunities to overcome the (bio)pharmaceutical drawbacks of most drugs such as low aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Among the numerous methodologies that have been applied to improve drug performance, a special emphasis has been made on those that increase the dissolution rate and the saturation solubility by the reduction of the particle size of pure drugs to the nanoscale and the associated increase of the specific surface area. Different top-down and bottom-up methods have been implemented, each one with its own pros and cons. Over the last years, the latter that rely on the dissolution of the drug in a proper solvent and its crystallization or co-crystallization by precipitation in an anti-solvent or, conversely, by solvent evaporation have gained remarkable impulse owing to the ability to adjust features such as size, size distribution, morphology and to control the amorphous/crystalline nature of the product. In this framework, electrohydrodynamic atomization (also called electrospraying) and spray-drying excel due to their simplicity and potential scalability. Moreover, they do not necessarily require suspension stabilizers and dry products are often produced during the formation of the nanoparticles what ensures physicochemical stability for longer times than liquid products. This review overviews the potential of these two technologies for the production of pure drug nanocrystals and co-crystals and discusses the recent technological advances and challenges for their implementation in pharmaceutical research and development.
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Siewert C, Moog R, Alex R, Kretzer P, Rothenhäusler B. Process and scaling parameters for wet media milling in early phase drug development: A knowledge based approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:126-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kassem MAA, ElMeshad AN, Fares AR. Enhanced Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Lacidipine Nanosuspension: Formulation Via Antisolvent Sonoprecipitation Technique and Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:983-996. [PMID: 27506564 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacidipine (LCDP) is a highly lipophilic calcium channel blocker of poor aqueous solubility leading to poor oral absorption. This study aims to prepare and optimize LCDP nanosuspensions using antisolvent sonoprecipitation technique to enhance the solubility and dissolution of LCDP. A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the formulation variables to obtain LCDP nanosuspension of small and uniform particle size. Formulation variables were as follows: stabilizer to drug ratio (A), sodium deoxycholate percentage (B), and sonication time (C). LCDP nanosuspensions were assessed for particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index. The formula with the highest desirability (0.969) was chosen as the optimized formula. The values of the formulation variables (A, B, and C) in the optimized nanosuspension were 1.5, 100%, and 8 min, respectively. Optimal LCDP nanosuspension had particle size (PS) of 273.21 nm, zeta potential (ZP) of -32.68 mV and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.098. LCDP nanosuspension was characterized using x-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. LCDP nanosuspension showed saturation solubility 70 times that of raw LCDP in addition to significantly enhanced dissolution rate due to particle size reduction and decreased crystallinity. These results suggest that the optimized LCDP nanosuspension could be promising to improve oral absorption of LCDP.
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Larik FA, Saeed A, Shahzad D, Faisal M, El-Seedi H, Mehfooz H, Channar PA. Synthetic approaches towards the multi target drug spironolactone and its potent analogues/derivatives. Steroids 2017; 118:76-92. [PMID: 28041953 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spironolactone is a well-known multi-target drug and is specifically used for the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure. It is also used for the treatment of edema, cirrhosis of the liver, malignant, pediatric, nephrosis and primary hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone in association with thiazide diuretics treats hypertension and in association with furosemide treats bronchopulmonary dyspepsia. The therapeutic mechanism of action of spironolactone involves binding to intracellular mineralocorticoids receptors (MRs) in kidney epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting the binding of aldosterone. Since its first synthesis in 1957 there are several synthetic approaches have been reported throughout the years, Synthetic community has devoted efforts to improve the synthesis of spironolactone and to synthesize its analogues and derivatives. This review aims to provide comprehensive insight for the synthetic endeavors devoted towards the synthesis of a versatile drug spironolactone and its analogues/derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Ali Larik
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Danish Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hesham El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Haroon Mehfooz
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
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Grecu T, Prohens R, McCabe JF, Carrington EJ, Wright JS, Brammer L, Hunter CA. Cocrystals of spironolactone and griseofulvin based on an in silico screening method. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00891k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen T, Li C, Li Y, Yi X, Lee SMY, Zheng Y. Oral Delivery of a Nanocrystal Formulation of Schisantherin A with Improved Bioavailability and Brain Delivery for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3864-3875. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongkai Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Chuwen Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ye Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Division
of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute
of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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22
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Preparation of silymarin nanocrystals using a novel high pressure crystallization technique and evaluation of its dissolution and absorption properties. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sawant KK, Patel MH, Patel K. Cefdinir nanosuspension for improved oral bioavailability by media milling technique: formulation, characterization and in vitro-in vivo evaluations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:758-68. [PMID: 26548349 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1104344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cefdinir (Cef) is an orally active Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class IV drug with incomplete absorption and low bioavailability (16-21%). The aim of this investigation was to develop nanosuspensions (NS) of Cef to improve its oral bioavailability. Cef NS were prepared by the media milling technique using zirconium oxide beads as the milling media. Cef NS were characterized by particle size, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Diffraction pattern and evaluated for saturation solubility, in vitro release studies, ex vivo permeability studies and in vivo bioavailability studies. The particle size and zeta potential were found to be 224.2 ± 2.7 nm and -15.7 ± 1.9 mV, respectively. Saturation solubility of NS was found to be 1985.3 ± 10.2 µg/ml which was 5.64 times higher than pure drug (352.2 ± 6.5 µg/ml). The DSC thermograms and XRD patterns indicated that there was no interaction between drug and excipients and that the crystallinity of Cef remained unchanged after media milling process. Results of in vitro release studies and ex vivo permeation studies showed improved drug release of 88.2 1 ± 2.90 and 83.11 ± 2.14%, respectively, from NS after 24 h as compared to drug release of 54.09 ± 2.54 and 48.2 1 ± 1.27%, respectively, from the marketed suspension (Adcef). In vivo studies in rats demonstrated a 3-fold increase in oral bioavailability from the NS in comparison to marketed suspension. The results of this investigation conclusively show that the developed nanosuspension of Cef exhibited improved solubility, dissolution and permeation which led to a significant enhancement in its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutika K Sawant
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Mitali H Patel
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Krishna Patel
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
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Leleux J, Williams RO. Recent advancements in mechanical reduction methods: particulate systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:289-300. [PMID: 23988193 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.828217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The screening of new active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has become more streamlined and as a result the number of new drugs in the pipeline is steadily increasing. However, a major limiting factor of new API approval and market introduction is the low solubility associated with a large percentage of these new drugs. While many modification strategies have been studied to improve solubility such as salt formation and addition of cosolvents, most provide only marginal success and have severe disadvantages. One of the most successful methods to date is the mechanical reduction of drug particle size, inherently increasing the surface area of the particles and, as described by the Noyes-Whitney equation, the dissolution rate. Drug micronization has been the gold standard to achieve these improvements; however, the extremely low solubility of some new chemical entities is not significantly affected by size reduction in this range. A reduction in size to the nanometric scale is necessary. Bottom-up and top-down techniques are utilized to produce drug crystals in this size range; however, as discussed in this review, top-down approaches have provided greater enhancements in drug usability on the industrial scale. The six FDA approved products that all exploit top-down approaches confirm this. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches will be discussed in addition to specific top-down techniques and the improvements they contribute to the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , TX , USA and
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26
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Polymer-free and polyvinylpirrolidone-based electrospun solid dosage forms for drug dissolution enhancement. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:595-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Williams HD, Trevaskis NL, Charman SA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Strategies to address low drug solubility in discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:315-499. [PMID: 23383426 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Beloqui A, Solinís MÁ, Delgado A, Évora C, Isla A, Rodríguez-Gascón A. Fate of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) following the oral route: design, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. J Microencapsul 2013; 31:1-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.788090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
The application of macromolecules as therapeutic agents holds great promise for several major disorders such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, their use is limited by the lack of efficient, safe and specific delivery strategies. A promising strategy to overcome these challenges might be the use of thiolated polymers or designated thiomers. Thiomers are synthesized by immobilization of sulfhydryl bearing ligands on a polymeric backbone of well-established polymers. These multifunctional polymeric excipients show advantages in mucoadhesion, enzyme and efflux pump inhibition in comparison to unmodified polymers. One obstacle in the use of thiomers is that they are prone to oxidation at lower pH but this could be solved by introducing a completely new generation of thiomers, namely, the preactivated thiomer generation. Preactivated thiomers are mixed disulfides, which exhibit oxidation resistance and, beyond that, improved thiomer features. This review summarizes recent findings of polymeric excipients for macromolecular drug delivery as well as their synthesis and distinctive features.
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30
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Agusti G, Bourgeois S, Cartiser N, Fessi H, Le Borgne M, Lomberget T. A safe and practical method for the preparation of 7α-thioether and thioester derivatives of spironolactone. Steroids 2013; 78:102-7. [PMID: 23063964 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Spironolactone is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist. One of its most important metabolite is the 7α-methylthio spironolactone: thus it is very important to have an efficient and safe access to this compound, for pharmacokinetic studies. In this context, we synthesized this metabolite by thioalkylation of 7α-thio spironolactone using Hünig's base with a very good yield. We also used our procedure to prepare, with an easy work-up and high yields, 7α-thioether and thioester derivatives of spironolactone, that could be useful for further Structure-Activity Relationships studies.
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31
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Devadasu VR, Bhardwaj V, Kumar MNVR. Can controversial nanotechnology promise drug delivery? Chem Rev 2012; 113:1686-735. [PMID: 23276295 DOI: 10.1021/cr300047q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Ratnam Devadasu
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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32
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Ghosh I, Schenck D, Bose S, Ruegger C. Optimization of formulation and process parameters for the production of nanosuspension by wet media milling technique: Effect of Vitamin E TPGS and nanocrystal particle size on oral absorption. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:718-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bourezg Z, Bourgeois S, Pressenda S, Shehada T, Fessi H. Redispersible lipid nanoparticles of Spironolactone obtained by three drying methods. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Gao L, Liu G, Ma J, Wang X, Zhou L, Li X, Wang F. Application of drug nanocrystal technologies on oral drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Pharm Res 2012; 30:307-24. [PMID: 23073665 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The limited solubility and dissolution rate exhibited by poorly soluble drugs is major challenges in the pharmaceutical process. Following oral administration, the poorly soluble drugs generally show a low and erratic bioavailability which may lead to therapeutic failure. Pure drug nanocrystals, generated by "bottom up" or "top down" technologies, facilitate a significant improvement on dissolution behavior of poorly soluble drugs due to their enormous surface area, which in turn lead to substantial improvement in oral absorption. This is the most distinguished achievement of drug nanocrystals among their performances in various administration routes, reflected by the fact that most of the marketed products based on the nanocrystals technology are for oral application. After detailed investigations on various technologies associated with production of drug nanocrystals and their in vitro physicochemical properties, during the last decade more attentions have been paid into their in vivo behaviors. This review mainly describes the in vivo performances of oral drug nanocrystals exhibited in animals related to the pharmacokinetic, efficacy and safety characteristics. The technologies and evaluation associated with the solidification process of the drug nanocrystals suspensions were also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Kumar S, Dilbaghi N, Saharan R, Bhanjana G. Nanotechnology as Emerging Tool for Enhancing Solubility of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. BIONANOSCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-012-0060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Möschwitzer JP. Drug nanocrystals in the commercial pharmaceutical development process. Int J Pharm 2012; 453:142-56. [PMID: 23000841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanosizing is one of the most important drug delivery platform approaches for the commercial development of poorly soluble drug molecules. The research efforts of many industrial and academic groups have resulted in various particle size reduction techniques. From an industrial point of view, the two most advanced top-down processes used at the commercial scale are wet ball milling and high pressure homogenization. Initial issues such as abrasion, long milling times and other downstream-processing challenges have been solved. With the better understanding of the biopharmaceutical aspects of poorly water-soluble drugs, the in vivo success rate for drug nanocrystals has become more apparent. The clinical effectiveness of nanocrystals is proven by the fact that there are currently six FDA approved nanocrystal products on the market. Alternative approaches such as bottom-up processes or combination technologies have also gained considerable interest. Due to the versatility of nanosizing technology at the milligram scale up to production scale, nanosuspensions are currently used at all stages of commercial drug development, Today, all major pharmaceutical companies have realized the potential of drug nanocrystals and included this universal formulation approach into their decision trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Möschwitzer
- Pharmaceutical Development, Abbott GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstr. 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
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37
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Savjani KT, Gajjar AK, Savjani JK. Drug solubility: importance and enhancement techniques. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2012; 2012:195727. [PMID: 22830056 PMCID: PMC3399483 DOI: 10.5402/2012/195727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solubility, the phenomenon of dissolution of solute in solvent to give a homogenous system, is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for desired (anticipated) pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. More than 40% NCEs (new chemical entities) developed in pharmaceutical industry are practically insoluble in water. Solubility is a major challenge for formulation scientist. Any drug to be absorbed must be present in the form of solution at the site of absorption. Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include physical and chemical modifications of drug and other methods like particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactant, complexation, and so forth. Selection of solubility improving method depends on drug property, site of absorption, and required dosage form characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan T Savjani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej Gandhinagar Highway, Gujarat, Ahmedabad 382481, India
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38
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Gao L, Liu G, Ma J, Wang X, Zhou L, Li X. Drug nanocrystals: In vivo performances. J Control Release 2012; 160:418-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hou CD, Wang JX, Le Y, Zou HK, Zhao H. Preparation of azithromycin nanosuspensions by reactive precipitation method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:848-54. [PMID: 22092042 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.630394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to prepare azithromycin (AZI) nanosuspensions to increase the solubility and dissolution rate. METHOD AZI nanosuspensions were prepared by the combination of reactive precipitation and freeze-drying in presence of biocompatible stabilizer. Formulation and process variables affecting the characteristics of nanosuspensions were optimized. Various tests were carried out to study the physicochemical characteristics of AZI nanosuspensions. RESULTS The nanosuspensions were parenterally acceptable and autoclavable, because soybean lecithin was the stabilizer of choice and no organic solvents were used during the preparation. The mean particle size and zeta potential of the AZI nanosuspensions were about 200 nm (±20 nm) and -36.7 mV (±7.6 mV), respectively. Solid nanoparticles were obtained by lyophilization of the nanosuspensions and nanosuspensions rapidly reconstituted when the nanoparticles were dispersed in water. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the crystal state of nanoparticles was amorphous. Solubility and in vitro release studies indicated that the saturated solubility and dissolution rate increased obviously in comparison of raw AZI. The nanoparticles were physically stable over a period of 5 months as demonstrated by unchanged crystallinity and stable particle size when stored at room temperature and protected from humidity. CONCLUSION The results suggested that reactive precipitation is an effective way to prepare AZI nanosuspensions with increased solubility and dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Dong Hou
- Key Lab for Nanomaterials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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40
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Peltonen L, Hirvonen J. Pharmaceutical nanocrystals by nanomilling: critical process parameters, particle fracturing and stabilization methods. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:1569-79. [PMID: 21039542 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wet milling is a common technique to produce drug nanocrystals. Stability of the nanocrystals is a critical question, and different kinds of stabilizers, e.g. polymers, celluloses, surfactants and lipids, have been tested for various drugs. Still, the question about how to select the best stabilizer to a certain drug material and also to a selected process is open. KEY FINDINGS Many different factors, such as surface energy, hydrophobicity, solubility, viscosity and functional groups, affect the stability of the formed nanosuspensions. Affinity of the stabilizer to the particle surfaces seems to be the most important parameter. This affinity is partly related to the surface energy and hydrophobicity of the surfaces and stabilizers. SUMMARY In this review the most important factors affecting nanocrystal formulation and efficacy of stabilizers are presented. In order to widen understanding of the milling process, the most important variables related to milling techniques and particle fracturing processes during the milling are briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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41
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Dong Y, Ng WK, Shen S, Kim S, Tan RBH. Controlled antisolvent precipitation of spironolactone nanoparticles by impingement mixing. Int J Pharm 2011; 410:175-9. [PMID: 21397674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous antisolvent precipitation of spironolactone nanoparticles were performed by impingement mixing in this work. In the range of Reynolds numbers (Re) 2108-6325 for the antisolvent water stream and 1771-5313 for the solvent stream, i.e. acetonic drug solution, 302-360 nm drug nanoparticles were achieved. Increasing drug concentration from 25 to 50 and 100 mg/ml led to a significant size increase from 279.0±2.6 to 302.7±4.9 and 446.0±17.3 nm, respectively. "Two-step crystallization" was first observed for spironolactone in the water/acetone system: the drug was precipitated initially as spherical cluster, which rearranged into ordered cuboidal nanocrystals finally. The nanoformulation showed faster dissolution rate in comparison with the raw drug. By combining the impingement mixing and an on-line spray drying, a fully continuous process may be developed for mass-production of dried drug nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Dong
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore.
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Das S, Chaudhury A. Recent advances in lipid nanoparticle formulations with solid matrix for oral drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:62-76. [PMID: 21174180 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles based on solid matrix have emerged as potential drug carriers to improve gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and oral bioavailability of several drugs, especially lipophilic compounds. These formulations may also be used for sustained drug release. Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and the newer generation lipid nanoparticle, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), have been studied for their capability as oral drug carriers. Biodegradable, biocompatible, and physiological lipids are generally used to prepare these nanoparticles. Hence, toxicity problems related with the polymeric nanoparticles can be minimized. Furthermore, stability of the formulations might increase than other liquid nano-carriers due to the solid matrix of these lipid nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can be produced by different formulation techniques. Scaling up of the production process from lab scale to industrial scale can be easily achieved. Reasonably high drug encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles was documented. Oral absorption and bioavailability of several drugs were improved after oral administration of the drug-loaded SLNs or NLCs. In this review, pros and cons, different formulation and characterization techniques, drug incorporation models, GI absorption and oral bioavailability enhancement mechanisms, stability and storage condition of the formulations, and recent advances in oral delivery of the lipid nanoparticles based on solid matrix will be discussed.
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Gao Y, Li Z, Sun M, Li H, Guo C, Cui J, Li A, Cao F, Xi Y, Lou H, Zhai G. Preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of curcumin nanosuspension with TPGS as stabilizer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:1225-34. [PMID: 20545506 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003695139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CUR is a promising drug candidate based on its good bioactivity, but use of CUR is potentially restricted because of its poor solubility and bioavailability. AIM The aim of this study was to prepare an aqueous formulation of curcumin nanosuspension (CUR-NS) to improve its solubility and change its in vivo behavior. METHODS CUR-NS was prepared by high-pressure homogenization method. Drug state in CUR-NS was evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of CUR-NS after intravenous administration in rabbits and mice were studied. RESULTS The solubility and dissolution of CUR in the form of CUR-NS were significantly higher than those of crude CUR. X-ray crystallography diffraction indicated that the crystalline state of CUR in nanosuspension was preserved. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution results of CUR-NS after intravenous administration in rabbits and mice showed that CUR-NS presented a markedly different pharmacokinetic property as compared to the CUR solution. AUC(0-infinity) of CUR-NS (700.43 +/- 281.53 microg/mL, min) in plasma was approximately 3.8-fold greater than CUR solution (145.42 +/- 9.29 microg/mL min), and the mean residence time (194.57 +/- 32.18 versus 15.88 +/- 3.56 minutes) was 11.2-fold longer. CONCLUSION Nanosuspension could serve as a promising intravenous drug-delivery system for curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Nanoparticulate strategies for effective delivery of poorly soluble therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:149-67. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of a drug molecule depends on its ability to dissolve and interact with its biological target, either through dissolution and absorption, or through dissolution and receptor interaction. The low bioavailability that characterizes poorly water-soluble drugs is usually attributed to the dissolution kinetic profile. Novel strategies to effectively deliver these drugs include nanoparticulate approaches that either increase the surface area of the drug or improve the solubility characteristics of the drug. Nanosizing approaches are based on the production of drug nanocrytals dispersed in an aqueous surfactant solution, whereas other possibilities include drug loading in nanoparticles. Promising nanoparticulate approaches include the development of lipid-based nanocarriers to increase drug solubility followed by enhanced bioavailability. To select the best approach there are, however, some critical considerations to take into account, for example the physicochemical properties of the drug, the possibility to scale-up the production process, the toxicological considerations of the use of solvents and cosolvents, the selection of an environmentally sustainable methodology and the development of a more patient-friendly dosage form. This article addresses these relevant questions and provides feasible examples of novel strategies with respect to relevant administration routes.
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Liu CH, Wu CT, Fang JY. Characterization and formulation optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles in vitamin K1 delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:751-61. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903460453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Souto EB, Müller RH. Lipid nanoparticles: effect on bioavailability and pharmacokinetic changes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010:115-41. [PMID: 20217528 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00477-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of pharmaceutical technology research is the design of successful formulations for effective therapy, taking into account several issues including therapeutic requirements and patient compliance. In this regard, several achievements have been reported with colloidal carriers, in particular with lipid nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties. For several years these carriers have been showing potential success for several administration routes, namely oral, dermal, parenteral, and, more recently, for pulmonary and brain targeting. The present chapter provides a review of the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to modify the release profile and the pharmacokinetic parameters of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) incorporated in these lipid matrices, aiming to modify the API bioavailability, either upwards or downwards depending on the therapeutic requirement. Definitions of the morphological characteristics, surface properties, and polymorphic structures will also be given, emphasizing their influence on the incorporation parameters of the API, such as yield of production, loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B Souto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, P-4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
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Preparation and characterization of spironolactone nanoparticles by antisolvent precipitation. Int J Pharm 2009; 375:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li X, Gu L, Xu Y, Wang Y. Preparation of fenofibrate nanosuspension and study of its pharmacokinetic behavior in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:827-33. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802623941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Top-down production of drug nanocrystals: Nanosuspension stabilization, miniaturization and transformation into solid products. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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