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Karimaa M, Riikonen R, Kettunen H, Taavitsainen P, Ramela M, Chrusciel M, Karlsson S, Rummakko P, Simola O, Wohlfahrt G, Hakulinen P, Vuorela A, Joensuu H, Utriainen T, Fizazi K, Oksala R. First-in-Class Small Molecule to Inhibit CYP11A1 and Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1765-1776. [PMID: 36129801 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Binding of steroid hormones to their cognate receptors regulates the growth of most prostate and breast cancers. We hypothesized that CYP11A inhibition might halt the synthesis of all steroid hormones, because CYP11A is the only enzyme that catalyses the first step of steroid hormone biosynthesis. We speculated that a CYP11A inhibitor could be administered safely provided that the steroids essential for life are replaced. Virtual screening and systematic structure-activity relationship optimization were used to develop ODM-208, the first-in-class, selective, nonsteroidal, oral CYP11A1 inhibitor. Safety of ODM-208 was assessed in rats and Beagle dogs, and efficacy in a VCaP castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) xenograft mouse model, in mice and dogs, and in six patients with metastatic CRPC. Blood steroid hormone concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ODM-208 binds to CYP11A1 and inhibited its enzymatic activity. ODM-208 administration led to rapid, complete, durable, and reversible inhibition of the steroid hormone biosynthesis in an adrenocortical carcinoma cell model in vitro, in adult noncastrated male mice and dogs, and in patients with CRPC. All measured serum steroid hormone concentrations reached undetectable levels within a few weeks from the start of ODM-208 administration. ODM-208 was well tolerated with steroid hormone replacement. The toxicity findings were considered related to CYP11A1 inhibition and were reversed after stopping of the compound administration. Steroid hormone biosynthesis can be effectively inhibited with a small-molecule inhibitor of CYP11A1. The findings suggest that administration of ODM-208 is feasible with concomitant corticosteroid replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Meri Ramela
- Orion Corporation Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Outi Simola
- Orion Corporation Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Heikki Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Utriainen
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Glyakina AV, Strizhov NI, Karpov MV, Dovidchenko NV, Matkarimov BT, Isaeva LV, Efimova VS, Rubtsov MA, Novikova LA, Donova MV, Galzitskaya OV. Ile351, Leu355 and Ile461 residues are essential for catalytic activity of bovine cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1). Steroids 2019; 143:80-90. [PMID: 30641046 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) is a mammalian mitochondrial enzyme which catalyzes cholesterol side chain cleavage to form pregnenolone. Along with cholesterol, some other steroids including sterols with a branched side chain like β-sitosterol are the substrates for the enzyme, but the activity towards β-sitosterol is rather low. Modification of the catalytic site conformation could provide more effective β-sitosterol bioconversion by the enzyme. This study was aimed to find out the amino acid residues substitution of which could modify the conformation of the active site providing possible higher enzyme activity towards β-sitosterol. After structural and bioinformatics analysis three amino acid residues I351, L355, I461 were chosen. Molecular dynamics simulations of P450scc evidenced the stability of the wild type, double (I351A/L355A) and triple (I351A/L355A/I461A) mutants. Mutant variants of cDNA encoding P450scc with the single, double and triple mutations were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. However, the experimental data indicate that the introduced single mutations Ile351A, Leu355A and Ile461A dramatically decrease the target catalytic activity of CYP11A1, and no activity was observed for double and triple mutants obtained. Therefore, isoleucine residues 351 and 461, and leucine residue 355 are important for the cytochrome P450scc functioning towards sterols both with unbranched (cholesterol) and branched (sitosterol) side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Glyakina
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nicolai I Strizhov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins, Ltd., R&D, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Karpov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins, Ltd., R&D, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nikita V Dovidchenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | | | - Ludmila V Isaeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/40, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S Efimova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila A Novikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/40, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Donova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins, Ltd., R&D, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Oxana V Galzitskaya
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Slominski AT, Li W, Kim TK, Semak I, Wang J, Zjawiony JK, Tuckey RC. Novel activities of CYP11A1 and their potential physiological significance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:25-37. [PMID: 25448732 PMCID: PMC4757911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP11A1, found only in vertebrates, catalyzes the first step of steroidogenesis where cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone. The purified enzyme, also converts desmosterol and plant sterols including campesterol and β-sitosterol, to pregnenolone. Studies, initially with purified enzyme, reveal that 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), ergosterol, lumisterol 3, and vitamins D3 and D2 also serve as substrates for CYP11A1, with 7DHC being better and vitamins D3 and D2 being poorer substrates than cholesterol. Adrenal glands, placenta, and epidermal keratinocytes can also carry out these conversions and 7-dehydropregnenolone has been detected in the epidermis, adrenal glands, and serum, and 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 was detected in human serum and the epidermis. Thus, this metabolism does appear to occur in vivo, although its quantitative importance and physiological role remain to be established. CYP11A1 action on 7DHC in vivo is further supported by detection of Δ(7)steroids in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients. The activity of CYP11A1 is affected by the structure of the substrate with sterols having steroidal or Δ(7)-steroidal structures undergoing side chain cleavage following hydroxylations at C22 and C20. In contrast, metabolism of vitamin D involves sequential hydroxylations that start at C20 but do not lead to cleavage. Molecular modeling using the crystal structure of CYP11A1 predicts that other intermediates of cholesterol synthesis could also serve as substrates for CYP11A1. Finally, CYP11A1-derived secosteroidal hydroxy-derivatives and Δ(7)steroids are biologically active when administered in vitro in a manner dependent on the structure of the compound and the lineage of the target cells, suggesting physiological roles for these metabolites. This article is part of a special issue entitled 'SI: Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Rheumatology of the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jordan K Zjawiony
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Storbeck KH, Swart P, Swart AC. Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage: insights gained from homology modeling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:65-70. [PMID: 17222962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1) catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first step in steroidogenesis. The absence of a solved crystal structure has complicated deductions pertaining to the structure/function relationships of this key enzyme. Although a number of techniques have been employed to identify domains and specific amino acid residues important for catalytic activity, these methods have been unsuccessful in predicting three-dimensional orientations in space and thus the mechanism by which they exert their kinetic effect. This review aims to demonstrate the significant contribution homology modelling, when employed as a tool in combination with other standard biochemical techniques, has made towards our understanding of CYP11A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Storbeck KH, Swart P, Graham S, Swart AC. Evidence for the functional role of residues in the B'-C loop of baboon cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1) obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic analysis and homology modelling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:65-75. [PMID: 17081746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the structure/function relationship of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1), this enzyme was investigated in the Cape baboon (Papio ursinus). Four constructs were cloned and characterised in non-steroidogenic mammalian COS-1 cells. Wild type recombinant baboon CYP11A1 cDNA yielded a K(m) value of 1.6 microM for 25-hydroxycholesterol. The single amino acid substitutions, I98Q and I98K resulted in a 1.7- and 2.8-fold increases in K(m) values, respectively. Conversely, the introduction of the mutation, K103A, resulted in a 1.8-fold decrease in K(m). A homology model of CYP11A1, based on the crystal structures of CYP102 and CYP2C5, revealed that residues 98 and 103 lie within the B'-C loop and contribute to the spatial orientation and structural integrity of this domain. Based on these results we propose a topological model of the CYP11A1 active pocket, which is supported by substrate docking analysis and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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