1
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Critical conditions for liquid chromatography of statistical polyolefins: Evaluation of diene distribution in EPDM terpolymers. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340856. [PMID: 36764768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography at critical conditions is of interest as it may unravel molecular information on macromolecular structures not accessible by any other analytical techniques. Yet so far, such conditions have never been experimentally established for copolymers, where a particular need for such information exists. Toward this goal, critical conditions for statistical ethylene propylene copolymers were identified. In the first approach the composition of the binary mobile phase was varied at a constant temperature, and secondly by modulating the adsorption-desorption temperature at constant mobile phase composition. Solvents for both methods were identified by using a novel approach that combines structure retention relationships with Hansen Solubility Parameters. As a result, for the first time, the heterogeneity of an ethylene propylene diene terpolymer sample with regard to the pendant double bond of the diene could be determined. The novel chromatographic approach was validated by measuring the composition of fractions taken over the chromatographic run offline by nuclear magnetic resonance. In summary, this work gave the first experimental evidence for the existence of critical conditions for polyolefin random copolymers, as postulated by Brun. This novel chromatographic approach holds immense potential to engineer complex polymers towards future applications by making use of the now-accessible molecular information.
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2
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Moyses S, Ramakrishnan V, Lietzau C, Bajaj P. The effect of in situ‐formed copolymers on the morphology of reactive poly(phenylene ether)/poly(amide‐6) blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Yin C, Fu J, Lu X. Characterization of polyethermethylsiloxanes using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1082:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Malik MI. Critical parameters of liquid chromatography at critical conditions in context of poloxamers: Pore diameter, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460440. [PMID: 31416625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the borderline between size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) there is a special mobile phase composition and temperature at which polymer chains become "chromatographically invisible". This point is termed as "chromatographic critical point" and chromatographic separations performed using these conditions are called "liquid chromatography at critical conditions" (LCCC). LCCC is a powerful technique in the analysis of functional polymers and block copolymers. At these so-called critical conditions molar mass discrimination of any specific homopolymer is suppressed rendering elution of whole range of molar mass at same elution volume. These conditions allow enhanced separation with regard to non-critical segment either in exclusion or interaction regime of the polymer chromatography. This article is intended to critically discuss different parameters that can be maneuvered to improve separation and in turn characterization of non-critical segment of block copolymers at LCCC. Different experimental parameters evaluated in this study include pore size of the column, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. These parameters can be adeptly adjusted to improve separation of non-critical segment while keeping the other segment close to critical conditions. Current study demonstrates that pore diameter and mobile phase are the only practical variable that can be used for improvement of characterization of non-critical block in the block copolymer while non-critical block is in exclusion regime. On the other hand, pore diameter of the column, temperature, solvent composition and gradients are important parameters that can be skillfully tuned for improvement of separation of non-critical block while non-critical block elutes in interaction regime. The above-mentioned variations are evaluated for di-block as well as tri-block copolymers of A-B-A and B-A-B type. Moreover, LCCC-IC is especially important for analysis of poloxamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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5
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The retention behavior of diblock copolymers in gradient chromatography; Similarities of diblock copolymers and homopolymers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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7
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8
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Radke W. Which average of copolymer composition does NMR provide? E-POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile in molar mass determinations different averages are clearly distinguished, such differentiation is usually not performed when dealing with the composition of copolymers or polymer blends. The present article shows that the mol ratio calculated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) usually provides neither a weight nor a number average. Only if the composition does not vary with molar mass, or if both copolymer units are of equal molar mass, a weight average mol ratio is obtained from NMR measurements. The frequent assumption that NMR yields a number average composition is incorrect, therefore. However, the mass fraction calculated from NMR corresponds to the weight average mass fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Lee S, Choi H, Chang T, Staal B. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Block Copolymers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6259-6266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Bastiaan Staal
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
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10
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Santo KP, Vishnyakov A, Brun Y, Neimark AV. Adhesion and Separation of Nanoparticles on Polymer-Grafted Porous Substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1481-1496. [PMID: 28914540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work explores interactions of functionalized nanoparticles (NP) with polymer brushes (PB) in a binary mixture of good and poor solvents. NP-PB systems are used in multiple applications, and we are particularly interested in the problem of chromatographic separation of NPs on polymer-grafted porous columns. This process involves NP flow through the pore channels with walls covered by PBs. NP-PB adhesion is governed by adsorption of polymer chains to NP surface and entropic repulsion caused by the polymer chain confinement between NP and the channel wall. Both factors depend on the solvent composition, variation of which causes contraction or expansion of PB. Using dissipative particle dynamics simulations in conjunction with the ghost tweezers free energy calculation technique, we examine the free energy landscapes of functionalized NPs within PB-grafted channels depending on the solvent composition at different PB grafting densities and polymer-solvent affinities. The free energy landscape determines the probability of NP location at a given distance to the surface, positions of equilibrium adhesion states, and the Henry constant that characterizes adsorption equilibrium and NP partitioning between the stationary phase of PB and mobile phase of flowing solvent. We analyze NP transport through a polymer-grafted channel and calculate the mean velocity and retention time of NP depending on the NP size and solvent composition. We find that, with the increase of the bad (poor) solvent fraction and respective PB contraction, NP separation exhibits a transition from the hydrodynamic size exclusion regime with larger NPs having shorter retention time to the adsorption regime with smaller NPs having shorter retention time. The observed reversal of the sequence of elution is reminiscent of the critical condition in polymer chromatography at which the retention time is molecular weight independent. This finding suggests the possibility of the existence of an analogous special regime in nanoparticle chromatography at which NPs with like surface properties elute together regardless of their size. The latter has important practical implications: NPs can be separated by surface chemistry rather than by their size employing the gradient mode of elution with controlled variation of solvent composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolattukudy P Santo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Aleksey Vishnyakov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yefim Brun
- DuPont Central Research & Development , Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Alexander V Neimark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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11
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Berek D. Separation of Parent Homopolymers from Nonpolar Block Copolymers by Means of Liquid Chromatography under Limiting Conditions of Enthalpic Interactions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
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12
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Epping R, Panne U, Falkenhagen J. Critical Conditions for Liquid Chromatography of Statistical Copolymers: Functionality Type and Composition Distribution Characterization by UP-LCCC/ESI-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1778-1786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Ziebarth JD, Gardiner AA, Wang Y, Jeong Y, Ahn J, Jin Y, Chang T. Comparison of Critical Adsorption Points of Ring Polymers with Linear Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Ziebarth
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Abigail Anne Gardiner
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Youncheol Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Junyoung Ahn
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ye Jin
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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14
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Al Samman M, Radke W. Two-dimensional chromatographic separation of branched polyesters according to degree of branching and molar mass. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Ziebarth JD, Wang Y. Interactions of complex polymers with nanoporous substrate. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5245-5256. [PMID: 27263839 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advance of polymer synthesis, polymers that possess unique architectures such as stars or cyclic chains, and unique chemical composition distributions such as block copolymers or statistical copolymers have become frequently encountered. Characterization of these complex polymer systems drives the development of interactive chromatography where the adsorption of polymers on the porous substrate in chromatography columns is finely tuned. Liquid Chromatography at the Critical Condition (LCCC) in particular makes use of the existence of the Critical Adsorption Point (CAP) of polymers on solid surfaces and has been successfully applied to characterization of complex polymer systems. Interpretation and understanding of chromatography behaviour of complex polymers in interactive chromatography motivates theoretical/computational studies on the CAP of polymers and partitioning of these complex polymers near the CAP. This review article covers the theoretical questions encountered in chromatographic studies of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Ziebarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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16
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Netopilík M, Janata M, Svitáková R, Trhlíková O, Berek D, Macova E, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Chromatographic study of the conformational behavior of graft copolymers with a broad distribution of grafting densities in dilute solutions in selective solvents for grafts. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1126727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Netopilík
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Svitáková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Trhlíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Macova
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Tarasova IA, Goloborodko AA, Perlova TY, Pridatchenko ML, Gorshkov AV, Evreinov VV, Ivanov AR, Gorshkov MV. Application of Statistical Thermodynamics To Predict the Adsorption Properties of Polypeptides in Reversed-Phase HPLC. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6562-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Tarasova
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton A. Goloborodko
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Y. Perlova
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L. Pridatchenko
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Gorshkov
- N.
N. Semenov’s Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Evreinov
- N.
N. Semenov’s Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mikhail V. Gorshkov
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141707 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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18
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Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TN, Gigmes D. Separation of parent homopolymers from poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene-based block copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption – 1. Determination of the suitable molar mass range and optimization of chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Application of two-dimensional chromatography to the characterization of macromolecules and biomacromolecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:193-215. [PMID: 25404163 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymeric materials are heterogeneous with respect to different structural features, for instance molar mass, composition, and architecture. One-dimensional separation methods such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are insufficient to fully resolve the multidimensional distributions of such complex materials. Therefore, two-dimensional separation methods are increasingly employed to characterize macromolecules. The present article describes in detail the advantages and experimental aspects of two-dimensional macromolecular separations. Selected examples will be discussed to explain the strategies used to separate macromolecules with respect to specific structural features.
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20
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Maier H, Malz F, Radke W. Characterization of the Chemical Composition Distribution of Poly(n
-butyl acrylate-stat-acrylic acid)s. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Maier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 D-64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Frank Malz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 D-64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH; In der Dalheimer Wiese 5 D-55120 Mainz Germany
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21
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Lee D, Shan CLP, Meunier DM, Lyons JW, Cong R, deGroot AW. Toward absolute chemical composition distribution measurement of polyolefins by high-temperature liquid chromatography hyphenated with infrared absorbance and light scattering detectors. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8649-56. [PMID: 25117509 DOI: 10.1021/ac501477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition distribution (CCD) is a fundamental metric for representing molecular structures of copolymers in addition to molecular weight distribution (MWD). Solvent gradient interaction chromatography (SGIC) is commonly used to separate copolymers by chemical composition in order to obtain CCD. The separation of polymer in SGIC is, however, not only affected by chemical composition but also by molecular weight and architecture. The ability to measure composition and MW simultaneously after separation would be beneficial for understanding the impact of different factors and deriving true CCD. In this study, comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography (2D) was coupled with infrared absorbance (IR5) and light scattering (LS) detectors for characterization of ethylene-propylene copolymers. Polymers were first separated by SGIC as the first dimension chromatography (D1). The separated fractions were then characterized by the second dimension (D2) size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with IR5 and LS detectors. The concentrations and compositions of the separated fractions were measured online using the IR5 detector. The MWs of the fractions were measured by the ratio of LS to IR5 signals. A metric was derived from online concentration and composition data to represent CCD breadth. The metric was shown to be independent of separation gradients for an "absolute" measurement of CCD breadth. By combining online composition and MW data, the relationship of MW as a function of chemical composition was obtained. This relationship was qualitatively consistent with the results by SEC coupled to IR5, which measures chemical composition as a function of logMW. The simultaneous measurements of composition and MW give the opportunity to study the SGIC separation mechanism and derive chain architectural characteristics of polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Lee
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences R&D, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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22
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Abstract
Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Radke W. Polymer separations by liquid interaction chromatography: Principles – prospects – limitations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Mekap D, Macko T, Brüll R, Cong R, deGroot A, Parrott A, Cools P, Yau W. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions of polyethylene. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Yang S, Neimark AV. Critical conditions of polymer chromatography: An insight from SCFT modeling. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:244903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4810747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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26
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Mlynek M, Radke W. Critical chromatography in ternary solvents. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Maier H, Malz F, Reinhold G, Radke W. SEC Gradients: An Alternative Approach to Polymer Gradient Chromatography. Separation of Poly(methyl methacrylate-stat-methacrylic acid) by Chemical Composition. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3023553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Maier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstrasse 6,
D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Malz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstrasse 6,
D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Günter Reinhold
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, P.O. Box 3368, D-55023 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Radke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstrasse 6,
D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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28
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Drysdale NE, Brun Y, McCord EF, Nederberg F. Melt Derived Blocky Copolyesters: New Design Features for Polycondensation. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3011075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neville E. Drysdale
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Yefim Brun
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Elizabeth F. McCord
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
| | - Fredrik Nederberg
- DuPont Central Research & Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880, United States
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29
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Uliyanchenko E, Cools PJCH, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography for Separations of Polymers. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7802-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3011582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902,
5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerdj van der Wal
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DSM Resolve, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen,
The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bashir MA, Radke W. Predicting the chromatographic retention of polymers: Application of the polymer model to poly(styrene/ethylacrylate)copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1225:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Schollenberger M, Radke W. Size exclusion chromatography-gradients, an alternative approach to polymer gradient chromatography: 2. Separation of poly(meth)acrylates using a size exclusion chromatography-solvent/non-solvent gradient. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7828-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhu Y, Ziebarth JD, Wang Y. Dependence of critical condition in liquid chromatography on the pore size of column substrates. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Radke W, Lee S, Chang T. Temperature gradient interaction chromatography of polymers: A molecular statistical model. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3578-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brun Y, Foster P. Characterization of synthetic copolymers by interaction polymer chromatography: Separation by microstructure. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3501-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhu Y, Ziebarth J, Macko T, Wang Y. How Well Can One Separate Copolymers According to Both Chemical Compositions and Sequence Distributions? Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1007336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
| | - Jesse Ziebarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
| | - Tibor Macko
- German Institute for Polymers, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
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Galindo C, Beaudoin E, Gigmes D, Bertin D. Polybutadiene-graft-polystyrene copolymer: Grafting quantification by liquid chromatography at critical conditions using single UV detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8386-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brun Y, Pottiger MT. Characterization of Ethylene Copolymers with Liquid Chromatography and Melt Rheology Methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200950809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bashir MA, Radke W. Predicting the chromatographic retention of polymers: Poly(methyl methacrylate)s and polyacryate blends. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1163:86-95. [PMID: 17586517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of a retention model especially designed for polymers is investigated to describe and predict the chromatographic retention behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate)s as a function of mobile phase composition and gradient steepness. It is found that three simple yet rationally chosen chromatographic experiments suffice to extract the analyte specific model parameters necessary to calculate the retention volumes. This allows predicting accurate retention volumes based on a minimum number of initial experiments. Therefore, methods for polymer separations can be developed in relatively short time. The suitability of the virtual chromatography approach to predict the separation of polymer blend is demonstrated for the first time using a blend of different polyacrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher A Bashir
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut (German Institute for Polymers), Schlossgartenstr. 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Brun Y. THE MECHANISM OF COPOLYMER RETENTION IN INTERACTIVE POLYMER CHROMATOGRAPHY. I. CRITICAL POINT OF ADSORPTION FOR STATISTICAL COPOLYMERS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Brun
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford , MA , 01757 , U.S.A
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van Hulst M, Schoenmakers P. Influence of pore size on the separation of random and block copolymers by interactive liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:54-63. [PMID: 16919653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stationary phase materials with small pore diameters are often used for the separation of copolymers according to their chemical composition. The rationale for such a column selection is to minimize the influence of the molecular weight on the separation. In this paper, we describe a detailed study of the influence of the pore size on the retention and separation of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)-poly(butylmethacrylate) copolymers. We used normal-phase (NP) and reversed-phase (RP) columns with various pore diameters, as well as non-porous columns and a monolithic column. The pore size was found to affect the separation, especially for (co-)polymer molecules with characteristic diameters that roughly correspond to the exclusion limit of the column. Also possibilities to separate block copolymers according to block length are strictly investigated. The making of one block in a di-block (DB) copolymer "invisible" can only be fulfilled if the "invisible" block does not play any role in the separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique van Hulst
- University of Amsterdam, Polymer-Analysis Group, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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43
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Bashir MA, Radke W. Comparison of retention models for polymers. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1131:130-41. [PMID: 16965782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of three different retention models to predict the retention times of poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) in gradient and isocratic chromatography was investigated. The models investigated were the linear (LSSM) and the quadratic solvent strength model (QSSM). In addition, a model describing the retention behaviour of polymers was extended to account for gradient elution (PM). It was found that all models are suited to properly predict gradient retention volumes provided the extraction of the analyte specific parameters is performed from gradient experiments as well. The LSSM and QSSM on principle cannot describe retention behaviour under critical or SEC conditions. Since the PM is designed to cover all three modes of polymer chromatography, it is therefore superior to the other models. However, the determination of the analyte specific parameters, which are needed to calibrate the retention behaviour, strongly depend on the suitable selection of initial experiments. A useful strategy for a purposeful selection of these calibration experiments is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasher A Bashir
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut, German Institute for Polymers, Schlossgartenstr. 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Jiang X, van der Horst A, Schoenmakers PJ. Breakthrough of polymers in interactive liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 982:55-68. [PMID: 12489856 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two separate peaks are observed for narrow polymer standards in both isocratic and gradient HPLC. One peak appears around the solvent front (the "solvent-plug peak" or "breakthrough peak"), whereas the second peak is retained significantly--or even highly. Although the effect has been observed many times before, it has never been rigorously explained. In this paper we provide a detailed explanation for the breakthrough peak. The two completely separate peaks are demonstrated not to represent to different fractions of the sample (e.g., the low- and high-molecular-mass parts of the distribution). Both peaks are representative of the entire polymeric sample for narrow polymer standard. Because the amount of the polymer in the breakthrough peak may vary, the quantitative analysis of the polymers by LC is jeopardized. The effects of the sample solvent, the (initial) mobile phase composition, the injection volume, the injected sample concentration, the column temperature, and the analyte structure and molecular mass on the breakthrough peak were investigated in LC experiments involving standards of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). Three necessary and sufficient conditionsare suggested for the breakthrough phenomenon to be observed. Recommendations to avoid the breakthrough phenomenon are given, culminating in a structured method for selecting the best possible sample solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Jiang
- Polymer-Analysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Theoretical and experimental analysis of interaction polymer chromatography revealed a new mode of polymer separation: gradient elution at the critical point of adsorption (the eluent composition where size-exclusion and adsorption interactions completely compensate each other). This mode allows for molecular-mass-independent separation by chemical composition and/or other structural differences between macromolecules. The isocratic and gradient elution of narrow polydispersity polystyrenes and poly(methylmethacrylates) on reversed- and normal-phase columns confirmed all basic theoretical assumptions and conclusions. The gradient separation of poly(alkylmethacrylate) and poly(alkylacrylate) blends, as well as styrene-butadiene copolymers provided further experimental verification of the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Brun
- DuPont Central Research and Development, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0228, USA.
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Lee W, Lee H, Lee HC, Cho D, Chang T, Gorbunov AA, Roovers J. Retention Behavior of Linear and Ring Polystyrene at the Chromatographic Critical Condition. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonmok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hee Cheong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Donghyun Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Alexei A. Gorbunov
- State Institute for Highly Pure Biopreparations, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jacques Roovers
- Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R9
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