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Xu M, Zhang H, Tang T, Zhou J, Zhou W, Tan S, He B. Potential and applications of capillary electrophoresis for analyzing traditional Chinese medicine: a critical review. Analyst 2021; 146:4724-4736. [PMID: 34269779 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) presents a promising possibility for analyzing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) due to its low reagent consumption, high analysis speed, and enhanced efficiency. Herein we review the employment of CE for analyzing the effective components in TCM and identifying TCM via a fingerprint. Furthermore, we discuss the application of state-of-the-art capillary electrophoresis modes for screening enzyme inhibitors and investigating the interactions between TCM and plasma proteins. The review concludes with recommendations for future studies and improvements in this field of research. The general development trend identified in this review indicates that the application of CE has significantly improved TCM assay performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchang Xu
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
| | - Hanyong Zhang
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
| | - Tong Tang
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
| | - Ji Zhou
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
| | - Songwen Tan
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
| | - Binsheng He
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China.
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Capillary electrophoresis fingerprints combined with Linear Quantitative Profiling Method to monitor the quality consistency and predict the antioxidant activity of Alkaloids of Sophora flavescens. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121827. [PMID: 31756622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids of Sophora flavescens (ASF) has various pharmacological effects, and it is widely used in clinical practice. The aim of this research was to develop an environmentally friendly methodology that enables not only identification but also the quality consistency assessment of Alkaloids of Sophora flavescens. A background electrolyte composed of 50 mmol/L sodium tetraborate solution, 500 mmol/L boric acid and 1.2 mmol/L citric acid was used to conduct the fingerprint analysis coupled with quantitative determination of three components. Linear quantitative profiling method was used for comprehensive quality discrimination of the test samples from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, and the 27 batches of samples were well differentiated. In addition, the fingerprint-efficacy relationship between chemical components and antioxidant activity in vitro was established using partial least squares regression model, which provided important medicinal efficacy information for quality control.
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Coragem Briguenti AC, Bonato PS. Quantitative Analysis of β-Blockers inPharmaceutical Preparations by Capillary Electrophoresis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 31:209-14. [PMID: 15773287 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-200047809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A simple capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the analysis of four beta-blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, and propranolol) in pharmaceutical preparations. The method was validated regarding accuracy, precision, linearity, and detection/quantification limits, and the obtained values were in accordance to those reported in the literature. The method was applied to the determination of the drugs in commercial tablet preparations and proved to be fast and reliable for the quantitative analysis of the beta-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília Coragem Briguenti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
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4
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Ganzera M. Quality control of herbal medicines by capillary electrophoresis: Potential, requirements and applications. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3489-503. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stålberg O, Kruusmägi M, Svensson MA, Norinder U, Pettersson C. Structure-Interaction Relationships between the Bile Acid GCA and Pharmaceuticals using Multivariate Data Analysis and Capillary Electrophoresis. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:2057-73. [PMID: 17286289 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been used in an interaction study of 66 pharmaceutical compounds with the bile acid glycocholate (GCA). The developed method proved to have a high precision in its ability to determine the mobility of drugs in buffer and buffer bile acids solutions. The relationship between solute structure and interaction with GCA was studied using two-dimensional descriptors with the in-house software SELMA and a three-dimensional model (quantum mechanical descriptors) in combination with the experimental CE-interaction data. The multivariate analysis method used was projection to latent structures by means of partial least squares (PLS). Two selections of training and test set were used for evaluation of a two-class model on interaction data. In the first selection all observations were used for training set, for example, creating a model, and re-predicting the observations on the model. A successful prediction on 85% of the drugs was observed using this model. The second selection used the 21 first tested compounds in the training set, where 78% of the compounds were correctly predicted using the two-dimensional model (SELMA) on the remaining 45 compounds and, respectively, 82% using the three-dimensional (quantum mechanical) model. Analysis of the impact of the descriptors showed that descriptors relating to hydrophobicity have a large positive effect on the interaction. Descriptors relating to polar properties have a pronounced negative effect on the interaction of drugs with bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Stålberg
- Preformulation & Biopharmaceutics, PAR&D, AstraZeneca R&D, 151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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Tzeng HF, Chen JY, Huang SW, Wang YJ, Yang CS. Simultaneous determination ofmyo-inositol andscyllo-inositol by MEKC as a rapid monitoring tool for inositol levels. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1221-8. [PMID: 17351885 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid MEKC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, and glucose. Prior to electrophoretic separation, the nonfluorescent inositols and glucose were derivatized by N-methylisatoic anhydride at 25 degrees C for 10 min so that they could be detected by a fluorescence detector during separation. The good separation with high efficiency by MEKC was achieved in 13 min with a glycine buffer containing SDS and PEG 4000. Several parameters affecting the separation were studied, including the pH of BGE, the concentrations of glycine, SDS, and PEG 4000, and the applied voltage. Using glycerol as an internal standard, the linear ranges of the method for myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, and glucose were 0.03-10, 0.01-5, and 0.05-20 mM; the concentration LODs of myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, and glucose were 0.020, 0.0078, and 0.026 mM, respectively. The method was applied to analyze extracellular myo-inositol and glucose in the microdialysates from rat brain cortex of ischemia animal model and intracellular myo-inositol and scyllo-inositol in the rat brain extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, Taiwan.
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Tzeng HF, Hung CH, Wang JY, Chou CH, Hung HP. Simultaneous determination of adenosine and its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis as a rapid monitoring tool for 5′-nucleotidase activity. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:149-52. [PMID: 16942776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of micro-molar adenosine, hypoxanthine and inosine in enzyme assays without using radioactive labeled substrates. Prior to electrophoretic separation, addition of acetonitrile and sodium chloride to the assay solution and brief centrifugation are recommended for the purpose of sample cleanup and sample stacking. Under the optimal condition, the good separation with high efficiency was achieved in 6 min. Using deoxyadenylate as an internal standard, the linear range of the method was 5-200 microM, and the concentration limits of detection of adenosine, hypoxanthine and inosine were 2.2, 3.6 and 1.4 microM, respectively. Application of the proposed method was demonstrated by the activity assay of 5'-nucleotidase from Hep G2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou 54561, Taiwan, ROC.
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Nozal L, Arce L, Simonet BM, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. New supported liquid membrane-capillary electrophoresis in-line arrangement for direct selective analysis of complex samples. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3075-85. [PMID: 16874840 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An in-line coupling of a micro-membrane extraction unit, based on supported liquid membrane, with commercially available capillary electrophoresis equipment is described. A main characteristic of this micro-membrane device, made from a simple Eppendorf tube, is that it permits the application of voltage in the acceptor solution to be applied during the extraction process. This has been shown as an alternative to enhance sensitivity, as the analytical signal achieved by applying 10 kV for 20 min was similar to that obtained without the application of voltage and with extraction time of 60 min. In addition, the design has been made permitting both in-line hydrodynamic and electrokinetic sample introduction into the electrophoretic capillary. The analytical potential of the proposed system has been demonstrated by the direct determination of nitroimidazoles from pig liver tissue. The high efficiency of the proposed system allowed the extraction and the determination of the analytes to be performed from a simple tissue homogenate obtained in water. The precision of the analysis of spiked samples, expressed in terms of relative standard deviation, was better than 4.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Nozal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Van Eeckhaut A, Michotte Y. Chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis: Recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2880-95. [PMID: 16688697 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different classes of chiral selectors that are used in CE. The main properties of every class are described, together with the mechanism of enantioseparation. Newly introduced selectors are also discussed. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications published from January 2004 till March 2005 are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Willems AV, Deforce DL, Van Peteghem CH, Van Bocxlaer JF. Analysis of nucleic acid constituents by on-line capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1221-53. [PMID: 15759298 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric (CE-MS) analysis of nucleic acid constituents in the broadest sense, going from nucleotides and adducted nucleotides over nucleoside analogues to oligonucleotides. These nucleic acid constituents play an important role in a variety of biochemical processes. Hence, their isolation, identification, and quantification will undoubtedly help reveal the process of life and disease mechanisms, such as carcinogenesis, and can also be useful for antitumor and antiviral drug research to provide valuable information about mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, therapeutic drug level monitoring, and quality control related to this substance class. Fundamental investigations into their structure, the search for modifications, the occurrence and biochemical impact of structural variation amongst others, are therefore of great value. In view of the related bioanalytical procedures, the coupling of CE to MS has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of the complex mixtures of nucleic acid constituents: CE confers rapid analysis and efficient resolution, while MS provides high selectivity and sensitivity with structural characterization of minute amounts of compound. After an introduction about the biochemical and analytical perspectives on the nucleic acid constituents, the different modes of CE used in this field of research as well as the relevant CE-MS interfaces and the difficulties associated with quantitative CE-MS are briefly discussed. A large section is finally devoted to field-oriented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- An V Willems
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry & Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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Tzeng HF, Hung HP. Simultaneous determination of thymidylate and thymidine diphosphate by capillary electrophoresis as a rapid monitoring tool for thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase activities. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2225-30. [PMID: 15880557 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of thymidylate (TMP) and thymidine 5'-diphosphate (TDP) in enzyme assays without using radioactive-labeled substrates. Prior to electrophoretic separation, addition of acetonitrile and sodium chloride to the assay solution and brief centrifugation are recommended for the purpose of sample cleanup and sample stacking. The separation of micromolar TMP and TDP from millimolar adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was performed at 25 degrees C using sodium tetraborate as the background electrolyte. Under the optimal condition, a good separation with high efficiency was achieved in 6 min. Several parameters affecting the separation were studied, including the pH of electrolyte, the applied voltage, and acetonitrile-salt sample stacking. The fronting of the ATP peak resulting from the interference of magnesium ion in the enzyme assay buffer was suppressed by the addition of sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate to the sample solution. Using deoxyadenylate as an internal standard, the linear range of the method was 5-200 microM, and the concentration limits of detection of TMP and TDP were 2.6 and 3.8 microM, respectively. Application of the proposed method for simultaneous determination of TMP and TDP in enzyme assays was demonstrated by the activity assays of thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase from white spot syndrome virus. This is a sensitive, nonradioactive method for thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, Taiwan.
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Fundamentals of capillary electrophoresis. ANALYSIS AND DETECTION BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)45001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hsieh MM, Chang HT. Discontinuous electrolyte systems for improved detection of biologically active amines and acids by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced native fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:187-95. [PMID: 15624169 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
On-line concentration and separation of biologically active amines and acids by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in conjunction with laser-induced fluorescence using an Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm under discontinuous conditions is presented. The suitable conditions for simultaneous analysis of amines and acids were: samples were prepared in a solution (pH* 3.1) consisting of 10 mM citric acid, 89% acetonitrile (ACN), and water; a capillary was filled with 1.5 M Tris-borate (TB) buffer (pH 10.0); and the anodic vial contained PTG10 buffer (pH* 9.0) that consists of 50 mM propanoic acid, Tris, 10% glycerol, and water. After injecting a large-volume sample, amines and acids were separately stacked at the front (cathodic side) and back (anodic side) of the acidic sample zone, mainly because of changes in their electrophoretic mobilities as a result of changes in pH, viscosity, and electric field when high voltage was applied. When the sample was injected at 15 kV for 360 s, the concentration limits of detection (LODs) for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were 0.27 and 0.31 nM, respectively, which are about 400- and 800-fold sensitivity improvements when compared to those injected at 1 kV for 10 s. For the analysis of amines, samples were prepared in 100 mM citric acid (pH* 1.8) containing 89% ACN and both the capillary and anodic vial were filled with 400 mM PTG20 (propanoic acid, Tris, 20% glycerol, and water) at pH* 4.5. Using a large injection volume (15 kV for 360 s), we achieved concentration LODs of 17 pM and 0.3 nM for tryptamine and epinephrine, which are about 5200- and 14,000-fold sensitivity improvements, respectively, in comparison with those injected at 1 kV for 10 s. The features of simplicity (no sample pretreatment), rapidity (12 min), and sensitivity for identification of amines and acids of interest in urine samples show diagnostic potential of the two approaches developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Mu Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Miller MD, Baker GL, Bruening ML. Polymer-brush stationary phases for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1044:323-30. [PMID: 15354455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brushes from the inside of silica capillaries by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) yields unique stationary phases for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). Although PHEMA brushes have only a small effect on the separation of a set of phenols and anilines, derivatization of PHEMA with ethylenediamine (en) allows baseline resolution of several anilines that co-elute from bare silica capillaries. Derivatization of PHEMA with octanoyl chloride (C8-PHEMA films) affords even better resolution in the separation of a series of phenols and anilines. Increasing the thickness of C8-PHEMA coatings by a factor of 2 enhances resolution for several solute pairs, presumably because of an increase in the effective stationary phase to mobile phase volume ratio. Thus, this work demonstrates that thick polymer brushes provide a tunable stationary phase with a much larger phase ratio than is available from monolayer wall coatings. Through appropriate choice of derivatizing reagents, these polymer brushes should allow separation of a wide range of neutral molecules as well as compounds with similar electrophoretic mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322, USA
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Altria KD, Elder D. Overview of the status and applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:1-14. [PMID: 14760844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The status of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the analysis of small molecules is reviewed and summarised with the illustrative use of recent literature references. Examples are cited in this review which demonstrate that CE is now a recognised and established technique in many industries, law courts and government regulatory agencies. Each of the principal areas of CE application in small molecule analysis are covered in sections which highlight the recent developments and possibilities within that area. Application areas include the analysis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, chiral separations, and forensics is covered. This is an update to a previous review article [J. Chromatogr. A 856 (1999) 443] and covers papers published between 1999 and 2002. Technical developments and improvements, such as the advent of capillary array instrumentation for increased sample throughput, and improved detection options are described. Overall it is concluded that CE has become a recognised and established technique in many areas and is still within a period of development of both instrumentation and application which will continue to expand usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Altria
- Product Line Extension Department, Pharmaceutical Development, GSK R&D, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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