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New advances in countercurrent chromatography and centrifugal partition chromatography: focus on coupling strategy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:957-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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2
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Developments of instruments and methods related with high-speed countercurrent chromatography and their applications in research of natural medicines. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-011-0141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHigh-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) is a liquid-liquid separation chromatographic technique which uses no solid supporting medium. During its rapid development in the last 30 years, great progress has been made in the instrumentation, the basic study and application of HSCCC. It has significant advantages over other instrumental separation techniques, in its high efficiency and continuous processing capability. In recent years, HSCCC has been widely used in research and development of natural medicines and functional foods, including preparative separation, fingerprint analysis and screening of bioactive constituents. A review of the technique is presented in this paper.
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Sutherland I, Ignatova S, Hewitson P, Janaway L, Wood P, Edwards N, Harris G, Guzlek H, Keay D, Freebairn K, Johns D, Douillet N, Thickitt C, Vilminot E, Mathews B. Scalable Technology for the Extraction of Pharmaceutics (STEP): The transition from academic knowhow to industrial reality. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Berthod A, Mekaoui N. Distribution ratio, distribution constant and partition coefficient. Countercurrent chromatography retention of benzoic acid. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6024-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Target-guided separation of Bougainvillea glabra betacyanins by direct coupling of preparative ion-pair high-speed countercurrent chromatography and electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4544-54. [PMID: 20494364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, preparative ion-pair high-speed countercurrent chromatography was directly coupled to an electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry device (IP-HSCCC/ESI-MS-MS) for target-guided fractionation of high molecular weight acyl-oligosaccharide linked betacyanins from purple bracts of Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae). The direct identification of six principal acyl-oligosaccharide linked betacyanins in the mass range between m/z 859 and m/z 1359 was achieved by positive ESI-MS ionization and gave access to the genuine pigment profile already during the proceeding of the preparative separation. Inclusively, all MS/MS-fragmentation data were provided during the chromatographic run for a complete analysis of substitution pattern. On-line purity evaluation of the recovered fractions is of high value in target-guided screening procedures and for immediate decisions about suitable fractions used for further structural analysis. The applied preparative hyphenation was shown to be a versatile screening method for on-line monitoring of countercurrent chromatographic separations of polar crude pigment extracts and also traced some minor concentrated compounds. For the separation of 760mg crude pigment extract the biphasic solvent system tert.-butylmethylether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water 2:2:1:5 (v/v/v/v) was used with addition of ion-pair forming reagent trifluoroacetic acid. The preparative HSCCC-eluate had to be modified by post-column addition of a make-up solvent stream containing formic acid to reduce ion-suppression caused by trifluoroacetic acid and later significantly maximized response of ESI-MS/MS detection of target substances. A variable low-pressure split-unit guided a micro-eluate to the ESI-MS-interface for sensitive and direct on-line detection, and the major volume of the effluent stream was directed to the fraction collector for preparative sample recovery. The applied make-up solvent mixture significantly improved smoothness of the continuously measured IP-HSCCC-ESI-MS base peak ion trace in the experimental range of m/z 50-2200 by masking stationary phase bleeding and generating a stable single solvent phase for ESI-MS/MS detection. Immediate structural data were retrieved throughout the countercurrent chromatography run containing complete MS/MS-fragmentation pattern of the separated acyl-substituted betanidin oligoglycosides. Single ion monitoring indicated clearly the base-line separation of higher concentrated acylated betacyanin components.
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Characterization of Acylated Flavonoid Glycosides from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) Juice Concentrate by Preparative HSCCC/ESI-MS-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1035.ch016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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7
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Scale-up of counter-current chromatography: Demonstration of predictable isocratic and quasi-continuous operating modes from the test tube to pilot/process scale. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8787-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Toribio A, Destandau E, Elfakir C, Lafosse M. Hyphenation of centrifugal partition chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using an active flow-splitter device for characterization of flavonol glycosides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1863-1870. [PMID: 19441050 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Online coupling of centrifugal partition chromatography to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CPC/ESI-MS) was investigated for the separation and characterization of flavonol glycosides. Structural identification and purification monitoring of analytes on milligram scale were demonstrated to be possible by using an active flow-splitter device which transfers automatically and successively, at discrete frequencies, small aliquots of the chromatographic effluent to an independent auxiliary stream directed to an ESI quadrupole mass spectrometer. The CPC protocol used a biphasic solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (4.5:1:4.5, v/v/v) in isocratic mode. During the separation process, continuous acquisition of mass spectral data of the isolated flavonols from the effluent was performed in the negative ion mode with an auxiliary stream composed of 50 mM ammonium acetate/ethanol (2:8, v/v) delivered by a secondary pump. To demonstrate the potential of this hyphenated technique, flavonol glycosides from an apple peel extract were identified, purified and quantitatively analyzed. Calibration curves and limits of detection are also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Toribio
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, UMR CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, rue de chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orleans Cedex 2, France
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Centrifugal partition chromatography directly interfaced with mass spectrometry for the fast screening and fractionation of major xanthones in Garcina mangostana. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1390-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Friesen JB, Pauli GF. Binary concepts and standardization in counter-current separation technology. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4237-44. [PMID: 19203761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current separation (CS) technology is currently faced with the challenge of being fit for the purpose of omics analysis, which involves highly complex samples and digitized research environments. Resembling a network of binary decisions, CS requires standardization of operation parameters in order to be efficient. While recent CS engineering solutions uniformly involve centrifugal force designs to overcome the limitation of the earth's 1xg force, factors of instrument design, operation, and graphical representation of the outcome are equally important targets for standardization. For example, chromatograms that emphasize the unique K-based nature of CS, such as reciprocal symmetry (ReS) plots, foster the fundamental understanding of CS operation. Because significant differences exist in underlying mechanism (e.g., stationary phase volume), outcome (e.g., construction of chromatograms), and scale (e.g., factors affecting overall method sensitivity) of solid-liquid vs. liquid-liquid chromatography technologies, standardization will enable the systematic exploration of the differential properties of the two LC technologies, and will be key to making CS fit for the digital omics age.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Friesen
- Department of Natural Science, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL 60305, USA
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11
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Role of counter-current chromatography in the modernisation of Chinese herbal medicines. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:740-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Berthod A, Ignatova S, Sutherland IA. Advantages of a small-volume counter-current chromatography column. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:4169-75. [PMID: 19036382 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography (CCC) works with a support-free liquid stationary phase. This allows for preparative separations and purifications. However, there are serious technical constraints because of the need to keep a liquid stationary phase in a column. Centrifugal fields are used. A new commercial hydrodynamic 18mL column made with a narrow-bore 0.8mm Teflon tubing was evaluated by comparing it with older hydrodynamic CCC columns and a similar 19mL column but made with 1.6mm Teflon tubing. A small-volume CCC column allows for reliable and fast solute partition coefficient determination. When resolution is required, both high efficiency and liquid stationary phase retention are needed. Unfortunately, these two requirements bear technical contradictions. A column coiled with a narrow tubing bore will provide a high chromatographic efficiency while a column containing wider tubing bore will achieve higher stationary phase retention. In all cases, increasing the magnitude of the centrifugal field also increases the stationary phase retention. The solution is to build centrifuges able to produce high fields that will provide acceptable liquid phase retention with narrow-bore tubes. The new 18mL 0.8mm tubing bore column is able to rotate as fast as 2100rpm generating a 240xg field. The two older CCC columns cannot compete with the new one. However, the small 19mL column with 1.6mm bore tubing can be useful when fast results are desired without top resolution.
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Yuan Y, Hou W, Tang M, Luo H, Chen LJ, Guan YH, Sutherland IA. Separation of Flavonoids from the Leaves of Oroxylum indicum by HSCCC. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Pauli GF, Pro SM, Friesen JB. Countercurrent separation of natural products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2008; 71:1489-508. [PMID: 18666799 DOI: 10.1021/np800144q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An assessment of the technology and method development in countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), collectively referred to as countercurrent separation (CS), is provided. More than six decades of CS theory and applications are critically reviewed and developed into a practical guide to CS for natural products research. The necessary theoretical foundation is given for better use of CS in the separation of biological molecules of any size, small to large, and from any matrix, simple to complex. The three operational fundamentals of CS--instrumentation, biphasic solvent systems, and theory--are covered in a prismatic fashion. The goal of this review is to provide the necessary background and references for an up-to-date perspective of CS and to point out its potential for the natural products scientist for applications in natural products chemistry, metabolome, and proteome research involving organisms from terrestrial and marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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15
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Ito Y, Goto T, Yamada S, Ohno T, Matsumoto H, Oka H, Ito Y. Rapid determination of carbamate pesticides in food using dual counter-current chromatography directly interfaced with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Ye H, Chen L, Li Y, Peng A, Fu A, Song H, Tang M, Luo H, Luo Y, Xu Y, Shi J, Wei Y. Preparative isolation and purification of three rotenoids and one isoflavone from the seeds of Millettia pachycarpa Benth by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1178:101-7. [PMID: 18082754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sutherland IA. Recent progress on the industrial scale-up of counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1151:6-13. [PMID: 17386930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industries are looking for rapid methods of purification and predictable scale-up for their drug development process that will cut their costs and enable them to reduce the time to market. In this paper, recent progress is reviewed in the development and demonstration of two types of industrial scale centrifugal liquid-liquid chromatography: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. Industrial scale hydrostatic processes by Partus Technologies and Armen Instrument are just emerging. Results demonstrating scalability are presented for hydrodynamic processes by Dynamic Extractions. The review concludes that the time is now right, with this appropriate commercial support, for high performance counter-current chromatography to emerge as a major enabling technology for industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Sutherland
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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Wood P, Ignatova S, Janaway L, Keay D, Hawes D, Garrard I, Sutherland IA. Counter-current chromatography separation scaled up from an analytical column to a production column. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1151:25-30. [PMID: 17341422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical separation was performed on an analytical J-type counter-current chromatography (CCC) instrument using a 5.4 ml column, with a 1 ml/min mobile phase flow rate. This separation had a resolution of 0.69 and was achieved in 10 min. The same separation was performed using two 2300 ml columns connected in series at a flow rate of 850 ml/min using a production scale J-type centrifuge. This production scale separation was also obtained in 10 min with a resolution of 0.71. This represents an 850 times increase in productivity. This paper presents these separations and the underlying scale up theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wood
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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19
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Ignatova S, Wood P, Hawes D, Janaway L, Keay D, Sutherland I. Feasibility of scaling from pilot to process scale. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1151:20-4. [PMID: 17383663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is looking for new technology that is easy to scale up from analytical to process scale and is cheap and reliable to operate. Large scale counter-current chromatography is an emerging technology that could provide this advance, but little was known about the key variables affecting scale-up. This paper investigates two such variables: the rotor radius and the tubing bore. The effect of rotor radius was studied using identical: length, beta-value, helix angle and tubing bore coils for rotors of different radii (50 mm, 110 mm and 300 mm). The effect of bore was researched using identical: length, helix angle and mean beta-value coils on the Maxi-DE centrifuge (R=300 mm). The rotor radius results show that there is very little difference in retention and resolution as rotor radius increases at constant bore. The tubing bore results show that good retention is maintained as bore increases and resolution only decrease slightly, but at the highest bore (17.5 mm) resolution can be maintained at very high flow rates making it possible for process scale centrifuges to be designed with throughputs exceeding 25 kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ignatova
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Ignatova SN, Sutherland IA. A Fast, Effective Method of Characterizing New Phase Systems in CCC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120021266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Ignatova
- a Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - I. A. Sutherland
- b Brunel Institute for Bioengineering , Brunel University , Uxbridge , UB8 3PH , UK
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Chen LJ, Song H, Du QZ, Li J, Ito Y. Analysis of Flavonoids in the Extracts from the Seeds of Oroxylum indicum Using High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200058350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Chen
- a Center for Biotherapy of Cancer and Cancer Center , First University Hospital, West China University of Medical Sciences, Huaxi Medical School, Sichuan University , P.R. China
| | - H. Song
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering , Sichuan University , P.R. China
| | - Q. Z. Du
- c Institute of Food and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Li
- c Institute of Food and Biological Engineering , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Y. Ito
- d Center of Biochemistry and Biophysics , National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chen LJ, Song H, Games DE, Sutherland IA. HSCCC‐MS Study of Flavonoids in the Extracts from the Seeds of Oroxylum indicum. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200063651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center , West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University , P.R. China
| | - H. Song
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering , Sichuan University , P.R. China
| | - D. E. Games
- c Mass Spectrometry Research Unit , University of Wales Swansea
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Chen L, Zhang Q, Yang G, Fan L, Tang J, Garrard I, Ignatova S, Fisher D, Sutherland IA. Rapid purification and scale-up of honokiol and magnolol using high-capacity high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1142:115-22. [PMID: 17222860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a rapid separation approach has been developed using high-capacity high-speed counter-current chromatography (high-capacity HSCCC) to isolate and purify honokiol and magnolol, which are the main bioactive constituents from Houpu. The optimization of the solvent selection process, sample loading volume and flow rate is systematically studied using analytical high-capacity HSCCC. The optimized parameters obtained rapidly at analytical scale were used for a 1000 x scale-up preparative run using pilot scale high-capacity HSCCC in a MAXI-DE centrifuge. A crude sample of 43 g was successfully separated and the fractions were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This large scale preparative single step run yielded 16.9 and 19.4 g of honokiol and magnolol with purities of 98.6 and 99.9%, in only 20 min. This is the first time that high-performance counter-current chromatography has been used to purify multiple gram grade bioactive compounds in less than 1h and at such high concentrations of final products (10.8 g/l for magnolol and 7.0 g/l for honokiol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- State Key laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Marston A, Hostettmann K. Developments in the application of counter-current chromatography to plant analysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112:181-94. [PMID: 16269151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Counter-current chromatography is a very versatile separation technique which does not require a solid stationary phase. It relies simply on the partition of a sample between the two phases of an immiscible solvent system. Some of the more recent applications of the method to the separation of plant-derived natural products are described here. Crude plant extracts and semi-pure fractions can be chromatographed, with sample loads ranging from milligrams to grams. Aqueous and non-aqueous solvent systems are used and the separation of compounds with a wide range of polarities is possible. The technique is complementary to other chromatographic methods and is compatible with gradient systems. The possibilities for solvent selection are almost limitless but some guidelines for the choice of successful systems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marston
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Université de Genéve, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genéve 4, Switzerland.
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Chen LJ, Song H, Lan XQ, Games DE, Sutherland IA. Comparison of high-speed counter-current chromatography instruments for the separation of the extracts of the seeds of Oroxylum indicum. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1063:241-5. [PMID: 15700477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analytical Milli high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used for the selection and optimization of the two-phase solvent system to separate flavonoids from the extracts of the seeds of Oroxylum indicum. The optimum solvent system obtained from Milli-CCC was also the best solvent system for preparative HSCCC and led to the successful separation of two crude flavonoids from the seeds of O. indicum by Lab/Prep (laboratory preparative) HSCCC using different sized coils. Four flavonoids were isolated by preparative HSCCC: baicalein-7-O-diglucoside (25.0 mg, 92% purity), baicalein-7-o-glucoside (50.4 mg; 95% purity), baicalein (75 mg; purity 98%) and chrysin (100 mg; purity 98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1290-1301. [PMID: 14696212 DOI: 10.1002/jms.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1215-1224. [PMID: 14648831 DOI: 10.1002/jms.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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