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Siebel F, Kleinebudde P. Croscarmellose Sodium as Pelletization Aid in Extrusion-Spheronization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:147. [PMID: 38937406 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Only few excipients are known to be suitable as pelletization aids. In this study, the potential use of croscarmellose sodium (CCS) as pelletization aid was investigated. Furthermore, the impact of cations on extrusion-spheronization (ES) of CCS was studied and different grades of CCS were tested. The influence of different cations on the swelling of CCS was investigated by laser diffraction. Mixtures of CCS with lactose monohydrate as filler with or without the inclusion of different cations were produced. The mixtures were investigated by mixer torque rheometry and consequently extruded and spheronized. Resulting pellets were analyzed by dynamic image analysis. In addition, mixtures of different CCS grades with dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous (DP) and a mixture with praziquantel (PZQ) as filler were investigated. Calcium and magnesium cations caused a decrease of the swelling of CCS and influenced the use of CCS as pelletization aid since they needed to be included for successful ES. Aluminum, however, led to an aggregation of the CCS particles and to failure of extrusion. The inclusion of cations decreased the uptake of water by the mixtures which also reduced the liquid-to-solid-ratio (L/S) for successful ES. This was shown to be dependent on the amount of divalent cations in the mixture. With DP or PZQ as filler, no addition of cations was necessary for a successful production of pellets, however the optimal L/S for ES was dependent on the CCS grade used. In conclusion, CCS can be used as a pelletization aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Siebel
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Loka NC, Saripella KK, Pinto CA, Neau SH. Use of extrusion aids for successful production of Kollidon ® CL-SF pellets by extrusion-spheronization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:632-642. [PMID: 29183166 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1405975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fine particle ethylcellulose (FPEC) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) addition to a Kollidon CL-SF was investigated to address low yield and poor sphericity in extruded-spheronized pellets. SIGNIFICANCE The success of crospovidone as a diluent in extrusion-spheronization was dependent on a small particle size of the polymer. FPEC aided production of rugged and spherical pellets using a large particle size grade, Polyplasdone® XL. PEO acted as an extrusion-spheronization aid when ethylcellulose was the diluent. These extrusion-spheronization aids could serve in this role when Kollidon® CL-SF (K CL-SF) is the diluent. METHODS The influence of formulation and process variables on pellet properties was investigated using design of experiments. A planetary mixer was used to prepare powder blends and the wetted mass after addition of water. An EXD 60 extruder produced extrudate that was spheronized in a Q230 marumerizer. Wet pellets were dried in a forced-air oven. RESULTS FPEC improved rounding up but reduced pellet yield. Poly(ethylene oxide) imparted desired characteristics to the wetted mass, the extrudate, and the spheronized pellets. Pellet average diameter, yield, sphericity, aspect ratio, friability, and dissolution profile were assessed. Equations for pellet characteristics facilitated discussion of the influences of factors and their interactions. Optimization was performed on pellets that included PEO. CONCLUSIONS PEO proved to be an exceptional extrusion-spheronization aid in the preparation of pellets using K CL-SF. It facilitated wetted mass extrusion with minimal mass loss to the extruder, and markedly improved the sphericity of the pellets produced by marumerization. Immediate release pellets were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil C Loka
- a Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of the Sciences , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Ascent Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Research & Development , Central Islip , NY , USA
| | - Kalyan K Saripella
- a Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of the Sciences , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,c Douglas Pharma US Inc., R&D Formulation , Warminster , PA , USA
| | - Colin A Pinto
- a Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of the Sciences , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,d Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., McNeil Consumer Healthcare Division , Fort Washington , PA , USA
| | - Steven H Neau
- a Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of the Sciences , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Xia Y, Shi CY, Fang JG, Wang WQ. Approaches to developing fast release pellets via wet extrusion-spheronization. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 23:432-441. [PMID: 27882815 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1265556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is widely regarded as the excellent choice to manufacture pellets via wet extrusion-spheronisation (ES) process due to its excellent water uptake capability, water holding capacity, desirable rheological properties, cohesiveness and plasticity etc. Nevertheless, in spite of all these advantages, limitations associated with the application of MCC also have been reported. The most prevailing limitation is prolonged or incomplete drug release profile due to the lack of disintegration as pellet contracts significantly during the drying process, especially when in combination with poorly soluble drug at a high level. This characteristic limits the application of MCC in immediate release formulations. Over the years, many approaches have been tried to overcome this disadvantage, such as modifying MCC, incorporation of superdisintegrant, increasing the porosity of pellet, partial or complete substitution for MCC, enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drug (e.g. solid dispersion, self-emulsifying drug-delivery system), etc. In this review, we will provide an updated and integrated discussion of current approaches to prepare fast release pellets via wet ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- a Department of Pharmacy , Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yang Shi
- a Department of Pharmacy , Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Fang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qing Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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Spheronization process particle kinematics determined by discrete element simulations and particle image velocimentry measurements. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:81-7. [PMID: 25304094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Spheronization is an important pharmaceutical manufacturing technique to produce spherical agglomerates of 0.5-2mm diameter. These pellets have a narrow size distribution and a spherical shape. During the spheronization process, the extruded cylindrical strands break in short cylinders and evolve from a cylindrical to a spherical state by deformation and attrition/agglomeration mechanisms. Using the discrete element method, an integrated modeling-experimental framework is presented, that captures the particle motion during the spheronization process. Simulations were directly compared and validated against particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments with monodisperse spherical and dry γ-Al2O3 particles. RESULT demonstrate a characteristic torus like flow pattern, with particle velocities about three times slower than the rotation speed of the friction plate. Five characteristic zones controlling the spheronization process are identified: Zone I, where particles undergo shear forces that favors attrition and contributes material to the agglomeration process; Zone II, where the static wall contributes to the mass exchange between particles; Zone III, where gravitational forces combined with particle motion induce particles to collide with the moving plate and re-enter Zone I; Zone IV, where a subpopulation of particles are ejected into the air when in contact with the friction plate structure; and Zone V where the low poloidal velocity favors a stagnant particle population and is entirely controlled by the batch size. These new insights in to the particle motion are leading to deeper process understanding, e.g., the effect of load and rotation speed to the pellet formation kinetics. This could be beneficial for the optimization of a manufacturing process as well as for the development of new formulations.
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Sarkar S, Ang BH, Liew CV. Influence of starting material particle size on pellet surface roughness. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:131-9. [PMID: 24198222 PMCID: PMC3909175 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pelletization aids, i.e., microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (XPVP), and filler, i.e., lactose, particle size on the surface roughness of pellets. Pellets were prepared from powder blends containing pelletization aid/lactose in 1:3 ratio by extrusion-spheronization. Surface roughness of pellets was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using optical interferometry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative surface studies showed that surface roughness of pellets depended on the particle size of XPVP and lactose used in the formulation. Increase in XPVP or lactose particle size resulted in rougher pellets. Formulations containing MCC produced pellets with smoother surfaces than those containing XPVP. Furthermore, surface roughness of the resultant pellets did not appear to depend on MCC particle size. Starting material particle size was found to be a critical factor for determining the surface roughness of pellets produced by extrusion-spheronization. Smaller particles can pack well with lower peaks and valleys, resulting in pellets with smoother surfaces. Similar surface roughness of pellets containing different MCC grades could be due to the deaggregation of MCC particles into smaller subunits with more or less similar sizes during wet processing. Hence, for starting materials that deaggregate during the wet processing, pellet surface roughness is influenced by the particle size of the material upon deaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Sarkar
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Bee Hwee Ang
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Celine Valeria Liew
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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Saripella KK, Mallipeddi R, Neau SH. Crospovidone Interactions with Water. I. Calorimetric Study of the Effect of Polyplasdone Particle Size on Its Uptake and Distribution of Water. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:669-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Varca GHC, Lopes PS, Ferraz HG. Development of papain containing pellets produced by extrusion–spheronization: an operational stage approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:430-5. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.877481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Mallipeddi R, Saripella KK, Neau SH. Use of fine particle ethylcellulose as the diluent in the production of pellets by extrusion-spheronization. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 22:360-72. [PMID: 25161381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of small ethylcellulose particle size on the manufacture and properties of pellets produced by extrusion-spheronization was investigated. A factorial design revealed the effects of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), water, and spheronization speed and time on pellet properties. Response surface modeling allowed optimization of the responses with expansion to a central composite design. Pellet yield, size, shape, friability and drug release profile were studied, along with surface and interior morphology. Pellets were spherical irrespective of the formulation and process variables and exhibited physical and mechanical characteristics appropriate for further processing. Yield in the 12/20 mesh cut was lower with FPEC than observed with coarse particle ethylcellulose (CPEC), but FPEC-containing pellets were more rugged and the PEO to obtain optimal pellets was lower for FPEC compared to CPEC. Immediate release products were obtained and ethylcellulose particle size was of no consequence to drug release. Observed responses for the optimized product agreed with predicted values, demonstrating the success of the optimization procedure. These results suggest that FPEC is a good diluent for extrusion-spheronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Mallipeddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kalyan K Saripella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven H Neau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Koester M, Thommes M. Analysis of particle kinematics in spheronization via particle image velocimetry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 83:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Mughal MA, Saripella KK, Kouba C, Iqbal Z, Neau SH. Coated hydralazine hydrochloride beads for sustained release after oral administration. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1439-46. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.719904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Koester M, Thommes M. Quantification of mass transfer during spheronisation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:493-7. [PMID: 22415640 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spherical granules (pellets) are quite useful in many pharmaceutical applications. The extrusion spheronisation technique is well established as a method of producing pellets of a spherical shape and narrow size distribution. After the extrusion, the cylindrical extrudates are transformed to spherical pellets by spheronisation. The frequently used models consider deformation and breakage during this process. However, the adhesion of fine particles has been neglected as a mechanism in spheronisation for many years. This study quantifies the mass transfer between pellets during spheronisation. During the investigation, the pelletisation aids (microcrystalline cellulose and kappa-carrageenan), the drug (acetaminophen and ibuprofen) and water content were varied systematically. A novel parameter, namely, the "mass transfer fraction" (MTF), was defined to quantify the mass transfer between the pellets. All four investigated formulations had an MTF between 0.10 and 0.52 that implies that up to 50 % of the final pellet weight was involved in mass transfer. Both pelletisation aids showed similar MTF, independent of the drug used. Furthermore, an increase of the MTF, with respect to an increase of the water content, was found for microcrystalline cellulose formulations. In conclusion, the mass transfer between the pellets has to be considered as a mechanism for spheronisation.
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Hamedelniel E, Bajdik J, Sovány T, Kása P, Pintye-Hódi K. Effects of the wetting liquid and ethylcellulose on the properties of atenolol-containing pellets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Kuang SS, Oliveira JC, Crean AM. Microencapsulation as a Tool for Incorporating Bioactive Ingredients into Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:951-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390903044222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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15
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Mallipeddi R, Saripella KK, Neau SH. Use of coarse ethylcellulose and PEO in beads produced by extrusion–spheronization. Int J Pharm 2010; 385:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Otero-Espinar F, Luzardo-Alvarez A, Blanco-Méndez J. Non-MCC materials as extrusion-spheronization aids in pellets production. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Kuang SS, Oliveira JC, Crean AM. An Analysis of the Influence of Multiple Processing Factors on the Characteristics of Bioactive-Loaded Beads Prepared by Extrusion–Spheronisation. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-009-0308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cantor SL, Hoag SW, Augsburger LL. Formulation and Characterization of a Compacted Multiparticulate System for Modified Release of Water-Soluble Drugs – Part 1 Acetaminophen. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:337-51. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802360502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dukić-Ott A, Remon JP, Foreman P, Vervaet C. Immediate release of poorly soluble drugs from starch-based pellets prepared via extrusion/spheronisation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 67:715-24. [PMID: 17537625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate modified starch (high-amylose, crystalline and resistant starch) as the main excipient for immediate-release pellets containing poorly soluble drugs (hydrochlorothiazide and piroxicam) and prepared via extrusion/spheronisation. The bioavailability of pellets (containing 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide) was determined after oral administration to 6 dogs. A 2(4)-factorial design with central point was used to evaluate the influence of hydrochlorothiazide (10% and 50%, w/w), HPMC (binder, 4% and 7%, w/w), sorbitol (0% and 10%, w/w) and water (granulation liquid, low and high level) on pellet yield, size (Feret mean diameter) and sphericity (aspect ratio and two-dimensional shape factor, eR). Optimal granulation liquid content depended on drug and sorbitol level in the formulation. All factors except sorbitol content, as well as the interactions between drug concentration and binder level and between drug and water level, were significant (P<0.05) for pellet yield, while a significant curvature (P<0.05) suggested non-linearity of the response plots. The model was not significant for pellet shape, while hydrochlorothiazide and water level as well as their interaction were significant (P<0.05) for pellet size. Pellet friability, disintegration, residual water content and in-vitro drug release were determined. Pellets containing 2.5% (w/w) piroxicam were also evaluated. For both model drugs, pellets with a high yield (>90%), acceptable sphericity (AR<1.2) and low friability (<0.01%) were obtained. Due to pellet disintegration, fast dissolution of both hydrochlorothiazide and piroxicam was achieved: >80% drug released in 30 min. The bioavailability (AUC0-->24 h, Cmax and tmax) of hydrochlorothiazide pellets in dogs was not significantly different from fast-disintegrating immediate-release hydrochlorothiazide tablets (P>0.05).
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Charoenthai N, Kleinebudde P, Puttipipatkhachorn S. Use of Chitosan-Alginate as Alternative Pelletization Aid to mMicrocrystalline Cellulose in Extrusion/Spheronization. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:2469-84. [PMID: 17286294 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two types of different molecular weight chitosan were investigated as a pelletization aid in extrusion/spheronization using water as granulation liquid. Spherical pellets with a maximum fraction of 60% w/w chitosan could be produced when 1.25-2.5% w/w sodium alginate was included in the formulations with no microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Chitosan with lower molecular weight of 190 kDa showed a better pellet forming property. The pellets obtained had acceptable physical characteristics and a fast drug release. The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and (13)C CP-MAS nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed the formation of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) between chitosan and sodium alginate, which might be a reason for successful pelletization by extrusion/spheronization. Moreover, the presence of PEC might influence the physical characteristics and dissolution behavior of chitosan-alginate pellets. The results indicated an achievement in production of pellets by extrusion/spheronization without using MCC. Moreover, chitosan combined with sodium alginate could be used as a promising alternative pelletization aid to MCC in extrusion/spheronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawut Charoenthai
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri-Ayudhya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Charoenthai N, Kleinebudde P, Puttipipatkhachorn S. Influence of chitosan type on the properties of extruded pellets with low amount of microcrystalline cellulose. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E64. [PMID: 17915814 DOI: 10.1208/pt0803064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the influence of type of chitosan with different molecular weights, ie, 190 and 419 kDa, on properties of pellets prepared by extrusion/spheronization. The formulations, consisting of acetaminophen as model drug, chitosan, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate with/without sodium alginate, were extruded using a twin-screw extruder and water as the granulating liquid. With 30% wt/wt MCC and no added sodium alginate, spherical pellets were produced containing low and high molecular weight chitosan at a maximum amount of 60% and 40% wt/wt, respectively. With sodium alginate (2.5% wt/wt), pellets with either type of chitosan (60% wt/wt), MCC (17.5% wt/wt), and acetaminophen (20% wt/wt) could be produced indicating an improved pellet-forming ability. Type and amount of chitosan and added sodium alginate affected physical properties of pellets including size, roundness, crushing force, and drug release. Low molecular weight chitosan produced pellets with higher mean diameter, sphericity, and crushing force. Additionally, the pellets made of low molecular weight chitosan and added sodium alginate showed faster drug release in 0.1 N HCl but had slower drug release in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. This indicated that drug release from pellets could be modified by the molecular weight of chitosan. In conclusion, the molecular weight of chitosan had a major influence on formation, physical properties, and drug release from the obtained pellets.
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Sinha VR, Agrawal MK, Kumria R, Bhinge JR. Influence of operational variables on properties of piroxicam pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:20. [PMID: 17408219 PMCID: PMC2750431 DOI: 10.1208/pt0801020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek R Sinha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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Thommes M, Kleinebudde P. Use of κ-carrageenan as alternative pelletisation aid to microcrystalline cellulose in extrusion/spheronisation. I. Influence of type and fraction of filler. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 63:59-67. [PMID: 16326085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is commonly used as an excipient in extrusion/spheronisation process. However, MCC has several disadvantages as lack of disintegration and drug adsorption. Therefore, kappa-carrageenan was investigated to substitute MCC in pelletising processes. Formulations with 20% of pelletisation aid (kappa-carrageenan or MCC) and acetaminophen as a model drug have been produced. Different fillers (lactose, mannitol, maize starch and dicalciumphosphate dihydrate) at fractions of 0, 20, 40 and 80% were evaluated and the properties of the resulted pellets were determined (e.g. yield, aspect ratio, mean Feret diameter, 10% interval fraction, tensile strength and release profile). kappa-Carrageenan has proven to be a suitable substitute as pellets with sufficient quality were produced. The pellet batches of different formulations were characterised by high yield, spherical pellet shape and narrow pellet size distribution. The distinguished behaviour between kappa-carrageenan and MCC pellets was the lower tensile strength and the faster release of kappa-carrageenan pellets. For the various types and fractions of fillers only minor effects to the pelletisation process and pellet properties were noticed. From the practical view these effects are neglectable indicating a robust formulation and process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thommes
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Liew CV, Gu L, Soh JLP, Heng PWS. Functionality of Cross-Linked Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a Spheronization Aid: A Promising Alternative to Microcrystalline Cellulose. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1387-98. [PMID: 16078149 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-5279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work seeks to explore and demonstrate the functionality of cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone (crospovidone) as a spheronization aid and a promising alternative to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). METHODS Pellets were prepared with various grades of crospovidone using both small- and large-scale extrusion-spheronization. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to elucidate the effects of operating variables on the quality of the pellets. Size and shape analyses of these pellets were conducted and compared to those prepared using MCC. RESULTS Crospovidone was believed to behave like a liquid repository in its interaction with water during extrusion-spheronization, although its binding ability was weaker than that of MCC. Spherical pellets of narrow size distribution could be made from the finer crospovidone grades with different lactose grades. However, crospovidone-based formulations required higher water levels than weight-equivalent MCC-based formulations. Crospovidone pellets were of equivalent quality to those prepared with MCC, especially in the shape, size, and yield. CONCLUSIONS Crospovidone can be successfully employed as a spheronization aid to produce good pellets without the need of a binder, unlike most of the previously proposed materials. This study exemplified the enormous potential of crospovidone to serve as a competent alternative to MCC in the production of pellets by extrusion-spheronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine V Liew
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Tho I, Arne Sande S, Kleinebudde P. Cross-linking of amidated low-methoxylated pectin with calcium during extrusion/spheronisation: Effect on particle size and shape. Chem Eng Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2005.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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