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Yang ZP, Freas DJ, Fu GC. Asymmetric Synthesis of Protected Unnatural α-Amino Acids via Enantioconvergent Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8614-8618. [PMID: 34080836 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interest in unnatural α-amino acids has increased rapidly in recent years in areas ranging from protein design to medicinal chemistry to materials science. Consequently, the development of efficient, versatile, and straightforward methods for their enantioselective synthesis is an important objective in reaction development. In this report, we establish that a chiral catalyst based on nickel, an earth-abundant metal, can achieve the enantioconvergent coupling of readily available racemic alkyl electrophiles with a wide variety of alkylzinc reagents (1:1.1 ratio) to afford protected unnatural α-amino acids in good yield and ee. This cross-coupling, which proceeds under mild conditions and is tolerant of air, moisture, and a broad array of functional groups, complements earlier approaches to the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of this valuable family of molecules. We have applied our new method to the generation of several enantioenriched unnatural α-amino acids that have previously been shown to serve as useful intermediates in the synthesis of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Peng Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dylan J Freas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gregory C Fu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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MacArthur NS, Jakobsche CE. 6-Hydroxynorleucine: Syntheses and Applications of a Versatile Building Block. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2017.1380492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles E. Jakobsche
- Carlson School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610
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3
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McCarthy BG, MacArthur NS, Jakobsche CE. A simple synthesis of 6-hydroxynorleucine based on the rearrangement of an N-nitrosodichloroacetamide. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Lang CS, Wong SH, Chow S, Challinor VL, Yong KWL, Fletcher MT, Arthur DM, Ng JC, De Voss JJ. Synthesis of l-indospicine, [5,5,6-2H3]-l-indospicine and l-norindospicine. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6826-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01187j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indospicine is a non-proteogenic amino acid that accumulates as the free amino acid in livestock grazing Indigofera plant species and causes both reproductive losses and hepatotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shan Lang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Siew-Hoon Wong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Sharon Chow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Victoria L. Challinor
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Ken W. L. Yong
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - Dionne M. Arthur
- National Research Centre for Environmental and Toxicology
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - Jack C. Ng
- National Research Centre for Environmental and Toxicology
- The University of Queensland
- Health and Food Sciences Precinct
- Australia
| | - James J. De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
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5
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Shen Y, Schottelius M, Zelenka K, De Simone M, Pohle K, Kessler H, Wester HJ, Schmutz P, Alberto R. Orthogonally protected artificial amino acid as tripod ligand for automated peptide synthesis and labeling with [(99m)Tc(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)](+). Bioconjug Chem 2012; 24:26-35. [PMID: 23237229 DOI: 10.1021/bc3003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Diamino-propionic acid (Dap) is a very strong chelator for the [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+) core, yielding small and hydrophilic complexes. We prepared the lysine based Dap derivative l-Lys(Dap) in which the ε-NH(2) group was replaced by the tripod through conjugation to its α-carbon. The synthetic strategy produced an orthogonally protected bifunctional chelator (BFC). The -NH(2) group of the α-amino acid portion is Fmoc- and the -NH(2) of Dap are Boc-protected. Fmoc-l-Lys(Dap(Boc)) was either conjugated to the N- and C-terminus of bombesin BBN(7-14) or integrated into the sequence using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). We also replaced the native lysine in a cyclic RGD peptide with l-Lys(Dap). For all peptides, quantitative labeling with the [(99m)Tc(CO)(3)](+) core at a 10 μM concentration in PBS buffer (pH = 7.4) was achieved. For comparison, the rhenium homologues were prepared from [Re(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)](+) and Lys(Dap)-BBN(7-14) or cyclo-(RGDyK(Dap)), respectively. Determination of integrin receptor binding showed low to medium nanomolar affinities for various receptor subtypes. The IC(50) of cyclo-(RGDyK(Dap[Re(CO)(3)])) for α(v)β(3) is 7.1 nM as compared to 3.1 nM for nonligated RGD derivative. Biodistribution studies in M21 melanoma bearing nude mice showed reasonable α(v)β(3)-integrin specific tumor uptake. Altogether, orthogonally protected l-Lys(Dap) represents a highly versatile building block for integration in any peptide sequence. Lys(Dap)-precursors allow high-yield (99m)Tc-labeling with [(99m)Tc(OH(2))(3)(CO)(3)](+), forming small and hydrophilic complexes, which in turn leads to peptide radiopharmaceuticals with excellent in vivo characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Shen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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von Langermann J, Kaspereit M, Shakeri M, Lorenz H, Hedberg M, Jones MJ, Larson K, Herschend B, Arnell R, Temmel E, Bäckvall JE, Kienle A, Seidel-Morgenstern A. Design of an Integrated Process of Chromatography, Crystallization and Racemization for the Resolution of 2′,6′-Pipecoloxylidide (PPX). Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op200268h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan von Langermann
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems,Physical-Chemical Foundations of Process
Engineering, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kaspereit
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department for
Separation Science and Technology, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Mozaffar Shakeri
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heike Lorenz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems,Physical-Chemical Foundations of Process
Engineering, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hedberg
- AstraZeneca AB, Pharmaceutical Development, Medicines
Development, 151 85 Södertälje,
Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Jones
- AstraZeneca AB, Pharmaceutical Development, Medicines
Development, 151 85 Södertälje,
Sweden
| | - Kerstin Larson
- AstraZeneca AB, Pharmaceutical Development, Medicines
Development, 151 85 Södertälje,
Sweden
| | - Björn Herschend
- AstraZeneca AB, Pharmaceutical Development, Medicines
Development, 151 85 Södertälje,
Sweden
| | - Robert Arnell
- AstraZeneca AB, Pharmaceutical Development, Medicines
Development, 151 85 Södertälje,
Sweden
| | - Erik Temmel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems,Physical-Chemical Foundations of Process
Engineering, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Erling Bäckvall
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achim Kienle
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Process Synthesis and Process Dynamics, Sandtorstraße
1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems,Physical-Chemical Foundations of Process
Engineering, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Bence AK, Crooks PA. The Mechanism of l-Canavanine Cytotoxicity: Arginyl tRNA Synthetase as a Novel Target for Anticancer Drug Discovery. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 18:383-94. [PMID: 14692504 DOI: 10.1080/1475636031000152277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a clear need for agents with novel mechanisms of action to provide new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Owing to its structural similarity to L-arginine, L-canavanine, the beta-oxa-analog of L-arginine, is a substrate for arginyl tRNA synthetase and is incorporated into nascent proteins in place of L-arginine. Although L-arginine and L-canavanine are structurally similar, the oxyguanidino group of L-canavanine is significantly less basic than the guanidino group of L-arginine. Consequently, L-canavanyl proteins lack the capacity to form crucial ionic interactions, resulting in altered protein structure and function, which leads to cellular death. Since L-canavanine is selectively sequestered by the pancreas, it may be especially useful as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This novel mechanism of cytotoxicity forms the basis for the anticancer activity of L-canavanine and thus, arginyl tRNA synthetase may represent a novel target for the development of such therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee K Bence
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 800 Rose Street, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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