1
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Peroutka AA, Galley SS, Shafer JC. A multi-faceted approach to probe organic phase composition in TODGA systems with 1-alcohol phase modifiers. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6017-6026. [PMID: 36814872 PMCID: PMC9939940 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07786h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of varying 1-alcohol alkyl chain length on extraction of lanthanides (Lns), H2O, and H+ was studied with tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) via solvent extraction coupled with FT-IR investigations. This multi-faceted approach provided understanding regarding the relationship between extracted Lns, H2O and H+, 1-alcohol volume fraction, and 1-alcohol alkyl chain length. Under acidic conditions there is competition with 1-alcohols and their ability to solubilize aggregates and incidentally induce third phase formation by increasing the extraction of H2O. At low 1-alcohol concentrations (5 vol%), the trend for 1-alcohol alkyl lengths in solubilizing the aggregates is 1-hexanol > 1-octanol > 1-decanol. Shorter alkyl chains suppress aggregation, ultimately resulting in lower H2O concentrations and less available TODGA to hydrogen bond with H+. Increasing the 1-alcohol concentration to 30 vol% results in the opposite trend, with longer alkyl chains suppressing aggregation. These results suggest this approach is effective at probing trends in the organic phase micro-structure, and indicates trends across the Ln period with various 1-alcohol alkyl chain lengths are a function of outer-sphere coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane S. Galley
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of MinesGoldenCOUSA
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2
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Chen Q, Li B, Wang J, Zhu H, Chen X, Hu Y, Zhou J, Wang W, Zheng W, Yan T. Selective coordination behaviors of Uranium(VI) with novel asymmetrical tetra-alkylcarbamides. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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3
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Extraction of Uranium in Nitric Media with Novel Asymmetric Tetra-Alkylcarbamide. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175527. [PMID: 36080293 PMCID: PMC9457804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tetra-alkylcarbamides as novel ligands: N,N-butyl-N’,N’-hexylurea (L1: ABHU), and N,N-butyl-N’,N’-pentylurea (L2: ABPU), for the solvent extraction and complexation behaviors of uranium(VI) was synthesized and investigated in this study. The effects of HNO3 and NO3− concentrations in the aqueous phase on the distribution ratio of U(VI) were examined. Under 5 mol/L HNO3 concentration, DU reached 5.02 and 4.94 respectively without third-phase formation. During the extraction, slope measurements and IR spectral analysis revealed that the U(VI) complexes are a form of UO2(NO3)2·2L for both ligands. In addition, thermodynamic studies showed that the uranium extraction reaction was a spontaneous exothermic reaction. The deep structural analysis of the complexes was realized with DFT calculation. The bond length, bond properties, and topology of the complexes were discussed in detail to analyze the extraction behavior. This study enriches the coordination chemistry of U(VI) by tetra-alkylcarbamides, which may offer new clues for the design and synthesis of novel ligands for the separation, enrichment, and recovery of uranium in the nuclear fuel cycle.
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4
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Rajani P, Sachin AR, Nagarajan S, Brahmananda Rao CVS, Gopakumar G. Insights into the Coordination Behavior of Methyl-Substituted Phosphinic Acids with Actinides. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13047-13057. [PMID: 35942987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and complexation behavior of methyl-substituted phosphinic acids with U(VI) and Pu(IV) were explored by applying quantum chemical methods. In contrast to Ingold's classification, our results indicate that the methyl group is electron-withdrawing, reducing the phosphoryl group electron density in substituted phosphinic acids. The magnitude of the computed complexation energy values increases along with the series, PA → MPA → DMPA, and MP → MMP → MDMP, implying an increasing complexation tendency upon methyl group substitution for both U(VI) and Pu(IV) complexes. One of the nitrate groups in UO2(NO3)2•2L complexes (L = PA, MPA, and DMPA) is in monodentate coordination mode due to the additional stability gained from O2N-O···H hydrogen bonding interactions with the acidic H atoms of respective ligands. The calculation indicates marginally stronger metal-ligand interactions in Pu(IV) complexes compared to that in U(VI), which is supported by the computed complexation energies, M-OP bond lengths, ν(P═O), the extent of metal-ligand charge transfer, and properties of M-OP bond critical points. The energy landscape of substituted phosphinic acid ligands is further analyzed within the framework of the activation strain model to explain the energetic preference of certain conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puchakayala Rajani
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakthinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Aditya Ramesh Sachin
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakthinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sivaraman Nagarajan
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakthinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Cherukuri Venkata Siva Brahmananda Rao
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603102, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakthinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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5
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Sarkar S, Ammath S, Kirubananthan S, Suneesh AS. Investigation of the Phase Splitting Behaviour of U(VI) and Th(IV) loaded Trialkyl Phosphate Solvents in the Absence of Aqueous Phase. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramee Sarkar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603102 India
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
| | - Suresh Ammath
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603102 India
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
| | - Subashree Kirubananthan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603102 India
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
| | - Asokan Sudha Suneesh
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
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6
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Sarkar S, Chandra S, Suneesh A, Ramanathan N, Sundararajan K, Suresh A, Sivaraman N. Elucidating the extraction behaviour of tri-n-alkyl phosphates and tris(2-methylbutyl) phosphate with nitrates of uranyl and tetravalent metal ions from infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering studies: A distinct correlation from conformational changes and variation in size of aggregates. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Does uranyl-TBP complex formation happen at the aqueous-organic interface? Revelation by molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Alexandratos SD, Zhu X, Marianski MR. Binding of Divalent Transition Metal Ions to Immobilized Phosphinic Acid Ligands. Part I. Characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1831238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spiro D. Alexandratos
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mateusz R. Marianski
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Lumetta GJ, Heller FD, Hall GB, Asmussen SE, Sinkov SI. Optical Spectroscopic Investigation of Hexavalent Actinide Ions in n-Dodecane Solutions of Tri-butyl Phosphate. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1805051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J. Lumetta
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States
| | - Forrest D. Heller
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States
| | - Susan E. Asmussen
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States
| | - Sergey I. Sinkov
- Nuclear Chemistry and Engineering Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States
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10
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Berger C, Marie C, Guillaumont D, Tamain C, Dumas T, Dirks T, Boubals N, Acher E, Laszczyk M, Berthon L. Coordination Structures of Uranium(VI) and Plutonium(IV) in Organic Solutions with Amide Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1823-1834. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Berger
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Cécile Marie
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | | | - Christelle Tamain
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Thomas Dirks
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Nathalie Boubals
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Eléonor Acher
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Marjorie Laszczyk
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Laurence Berthon
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Université de Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
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11
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Durain J, Bourgeois D, Bertrand M, Meyer D. Comprehensive Studies on Third Phase Formation: Application to U(VI)/Th(IV) Mixtures Extracted by TBP in N-dodecane. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2019.1656853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Durain
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - D. Bourgeois
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - M. Bertrand
- Département de recherche sur les procédés pour la mine et le recyclage du combustible (DMRC), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives de Marcoule (CEA), Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - D. Meyer
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Marcoule, France
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12
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Dirks T, Dumas T, Solari PL, Charbonnel MC. Ruthenium Nitrosyl Structure in Solvent Extraction Systems: A Comparison of Tributyl Phosphate, Tetrabutyl Urea, N-Methyl, N-Octyl Ethylhexanamide, and N, N, N′, N′-Tetraoctyl Diglycolamide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dirks
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, St Aubin, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
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13
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Su H, Li Z, Zhu Z, Wang L, Qi T. Extraction relationship of Li+ and H+ using tributyl phosphate in the presence of Fe(III). SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1604759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of ProcessEngineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Zhaowu Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of ProcessEngineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of ProcessEngineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of ProcessEngineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Sarkar S, Suresh A, Sivaraman N, Aswal VK. An insight into third-phase formation in the extraction of thorium nitrate by tris(2-methylbutyl) phosphate and tri-n-alkyl phosphates. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1521832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramee Sarkar
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - A. Suresh
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - N. Sivaraman
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinod K Aswal
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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15
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Wang P, Yin L, Wang X, Zhao G, Yu S, Song G, Xie J, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Wang X. l-cysteine intercalated layered double hydroxide for highly efficient capture of U(VI) from aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:468-477. [PMID: 29631236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
l-cysteine intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (Cys-LDH) composites were fabricated and applied for treating the U(VI) contaminated wastewater under various conditions. Interaction mechanisms and adsorption properties were investigated by using batch experiments with spectroscopy analysis. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were fitted perfectly with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The significant maximum adsorption capacity of Cys-LDH (211.58 mg/g) compared to LDH was attributed to the larger number of functional groups on Cys-LDH. The presence of humic acid (HA) decreased U(VI) elimination on Cys-LDH at high pH but increased U(VI) removal at low pH. Typically, the presence of various anions (such as NO3-, Cl-, ClO4- and SO42-) did not obviously affect U(VI) adsorption on Cys-LDH, while the coexisted CO32- significantly affected U(VI) elimination. The predominate adsorption were determined to be the formation of Cys-U(VI)-Cys complexes with cysteine in the Cys-LDH interlayers. The results demonstrated that the Cys-LDH are promising adsorbents for efficient elimination and extraction of radionuclides in actual environmental contamination management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ling Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangxue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Guixia Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Shujun Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Gang Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ahmed Alsaedi
- NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tasawar Hayat
- NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiangke Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Campbell E, Holfeltz VE, Hall GB, Nash KL, Lumetta GJ, Levitskaia TG. Extraction Behavior of Ln(III) Ions by T2EHDGA/n-Dodecane from Nitric Acid and Sodium Nitrate Solutions. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2018.1447261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Campbell
- Actinide Science Team, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Vanessa E. Holfeltz
- Actinide Science Team, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Gabriel B. Hall
- Actinide Science Team, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Kenneth L. Nash
- Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Gregg J. Lumetta
- Actinide Science Team, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
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17
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Li R, Cao X, Zhao H, Liu C, Li Z, Wang J, Zhang L, Li Q. Radiolysis products and degradation mechanism studies on tri-isoamyl phosphate (TiAP). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2017-2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAs an alternate extractant for spent fuel reprocessing, the radiolysis properties of TiAP should be systematically studied to evaluate the feasibility of using it in engineering scale. In this paper, the irradiation stability of TiAP was investigated by using the concept of radiolysis ratio and G value. It is found the extent of radiolysis would be increased with the increasing of absorbed doses, but decreased with the increasing of pre-equilibrium aqueous HNO3concentration. Furthermore, the radiolysis products were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with gas, liquid and ion chromatograph, based on which the possible radiolysis mechanism of TiAP was also concluded.
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18
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Verma PK, Mohapatra PK, Bhattacharyya A, Yadav AK, Jha SN, Bhattacharyya D. Structural investigations on uranium(vi) and thorium(iv) complexation with TBP and DHOA: a spectroscopic study. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04460g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic studies were carried out to understand the complexation of U(vi) and Th(iv) with tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) and N,N-dihexyl octanamide (DHOA) in different non-aqueous solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. K. Verma
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
| | - P. K. Mohapatra
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
| | - A. Bhattacharyya
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
| | - A. K. Yadav
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
| | - S. N. Jha
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
| | - D. Bhattacharyya
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai – 400 085
- India
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19
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Guilbaud P, Berthon L, Louisfrema W, Diat O, Zorz N. Determination of the Structures of Uranyl-Tri-n-butyl-Phosphate Aggregates by Coupling Experimental Results with Molecular Dynamic Simulations. Chemistry 2017; 23:16660-16670. [PMID: 28971546 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The complex structure of a plutonium uranium refining by extraction (PUREX) process organic phase was characterized by combining results from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. For the first time, the molecular interactions between tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and the extracted solutes, as well as TBP aggregation after the extraction of water and/or uranyl nitrate, were described and analyzed concomitantly. Coupling molecular dynamics simulations with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) experiments can lead to simulated organic solutions that are representative of the experimental ones, even for high extractant and solute concentrations. Furthermore, this coupling is well adapted for the interpretation of SWAXS experiments without preliminary hypothesis on the size or shape of aggregates. The results link together previous literature studies obtained for each level of depiction separately (complexation or aggregation). Without uranium, or at low metal concentration, almost no aggregation was observed. At high uranium concentration, organic phases contain small [UO2 (NO3 )2 (TBP)2 ]n polymetallic aggregates (with n=2 to 4), in which the 1:2 U/TBP stoichiometry is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipe Guilbaud
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Research Department, on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes (SPDS/LILA), BP17171, 30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Laurence Berthon
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Research Department, on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes (SPDS/LILA), BP17171, 30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Wilfried Louisfrema
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Research Department, on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes (SPDS/LILA), BP17171, 30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Olivier Diat
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM/ UMR 5257), CEA/CNRS/UM/ENSCM, BP17171, 30206, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Nicole Zorz
- CEA, Nuclear Energy Division, Research Department, on Mining and Fuel Recycling Processes (SPDS/LILA), BP17171, 30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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20
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Lefebvre C, Dumas T, Tamain C, Ducres T, Solari PL, Charbonnel MC. Addressing Ruthenium Speciation in Tri-n-butyl-phosphate Solvent Extraction Process by Fourier Transform Infrared, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, and Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lefebvre
- Nuclear
Energy Division, Research Department on Mining and fuel Recycling
Processes, CEA, BP17171, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- Nuclear
Energy Division, Research Department on Mining and fuel Recycling
Processes, CEA, BP17171, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Christelle Tamain
- Nuclear
Energy Division, Research Department on Mining and fuel Recycling
Processes, CEA, BP17171, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Tracy Ducres
- Nuclear
Energy Division, Research Department on Mining and fuel Recycling
Processes, CEA, BP17171, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron
SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers,
BP 48, St Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Christine Charbonnel
- Nuclear
Energy Division, Research Department on Mining and fuel Recycling
Processes, CEA, BP17171, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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21
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Antonio MR, Demars TJ, Audras M, Ellis RJ. Third phase inversion, red oil formation, and multinuclear speciation of tetravalent cerium in the tri-n-butyl phosphate–n-dodecane solvent extraction system. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1281303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Antonio
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas J. Demars
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthieu Audras
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Ross J. Ellis
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
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22
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Li R, Liu C, Zhao H, He S, Li Z, Li Q, Zhang L. Di-1-methyl heptyl methylphosphonate (DMHMP): A promising extractant in Th-based fuel reprocessing. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Lefebvre C, Dumas T, Charbonnel MC, Solari P. Speciation of Ruthenium in Organic TBP/TPH Organic Phases: A Study about Acidity of Nitric Solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Jiao P, Yang C, Yang L, Deng Z, Shao J, Zeng G, Yan Z. The recovery of gallic acid from wastewater by extraction with tributyl phosphate/4-methyl-2-pentanone/n-hexane, tributyl phosphate/n-octanol/n-hexane and n-hexanol. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13470j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid recovery was investigated using two extraction solvent systems. The three most influential parameters obtained through univariate experiments were further optimized by BBD resulting in an enhancement of the extraction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Jiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Zixi Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Jingjing Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
| | - Zhou Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control
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25
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Das D, Juvekar VA, Roy SB, Bhattacharya R. Co-Extraction of U(VI) and HNO3Using TBP and its Higher Homologues TiAP and TEHP: Comparison of Equilibria, Kinetics, and Rate of Extraction. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.973508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Comparative studies on co-extraction of uranium(VI) and different mineral acid from aqueous feed solutions using TBP, TOPO and TOA. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-2932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Xu C, Wang C, Wang J, Chen J. Third Phase Formation in the Extraction of Zirconium(IV) by TRPO in Kerosene. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.675539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Tkac P, Vandegrift GF, Lumetta GJ, Gelis AV. Study of the Interaction between HDEHP and CMPO and Its Effect on the Extraction of Selected Lanthanides. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tkac
- Chemical Sciences
and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois, United States
| | - George F. Vandegrift
- Chemical Sciences
and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois, United States
| | - Gregg J. Lumetta
- Radiochemical Sciences and Engineering
Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Artem V. Gelis
- Chemical Sciences
and Engineering
Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Illinois, United States
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29
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Rao PRV, Srinivasan TG, Suresh A. Third phase formation in the extraction of thorium nitrate by trialkyl phosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/9/1/012056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Determination of ferrous and ferric iron in aqueous biological solutions. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 663:172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Meridiano Y, Berthon L, Crozes X, Sorel C, Dannus P, Antonio MR, Chiarizia R, Zemb T. Aggregation in Organic Solutions of Malonamides: Consequences for Water Extraction. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290903270148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Formation of super-concentrated hydrochloric acid in the third phase in tertiary amine N235-PtCl 6 2− -HCl system and its influences on the Pt microemulsion extraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Suresh A, Srinivasan TG, Rao PRV. Parameters Influencing Third‐Phase Formation in the Extraction of Th(NO3)4by some Trialkyl Phosphates. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290802674440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Tkac P, Paulenova A, Gable KP. Spectroscopic study of the uranyl-acetohydroxamate adduct with tributyl phosphate. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 61:772-6. [PMID: 17697472 DOI: 10.1366/000370207781393299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies carried out for the system UO2(NO3)/AHA/TBP (uranyl-acetohydroxamate-tributyl phosphate) confirmed the presence of the adduct of UO2(NO3)(AHA) 2TBP with 1:1 stoichiometry for UO2:AHA (acetohydroxamic acid). The spectrum of this complex is identical to the infrared spectrum of the organic phase formed in the uranium distribution experiments with 30% TBP/n-dodecane and AHA present in aqueous phase. Disappearance of the hydroxyl stretching band and a shift in the position of the carbonyl band in the infrared spectra revealed that both the hydroxyl and the carbonyl group of acetohydroxamic acid are involved in the chelate ring with uranium. Also, acetic acid, accrued after acidic hydrolysis of acetohydroxamic acid, was identified in the extraction organic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tkac
- Radiation Center, and Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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35
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Plaue J, Gelis A, Czerwinski K. Plutonium Third Phase Formation in the 30% TBP/Nitric Acid/Hydrogenated Polypropylene Tetramer System. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290600646814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Plaue J, Gelis A, Czerwinski K, Thiyagarajan P, Chiarizia R. Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Plutonium Third Phase Formation in 30% TBP/HNO3/Alkane Diluent Systems. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07366290600646970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Plaue J, Gelis A, Czerwinski K. Actinide Third Phase Formation in 1.1 M TBP/Nitric Acid/Alkane Diluent Systems. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390600745362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Gannaz B, Antonio MR, Chiarizia R, Hill C, Cote G. Structural study of trivalent lanthanide and actinide complexes formed upon solvent extraction. Dalton Trans 2006:4553-62. [PMID: 17016566 DOI: 10.1039/b609492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of the trivalent 4f ions, Ln = Nd3+, Eu3+ and Yb3+, as well as the trivalent 5f ion, Am3+, with diamide and dialkylphosphoric acid extractants, individually and in combination, was studied by use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These studies provide metrical information about the interatomic interactions between the f-ions (M3+) and the ligands, dihexylphosphoric acid (HDHP) and N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dioctylhexylethoxymalonamide (DMDOHEMA), that is of practical relevance to the control of metal-ligand binding in liquid-liquid extraction systems for the separation of trivalent actinide ions, An3+, from trivalent lanthanide ions, Ln3+. Through systematic variations of extraction conditions and extractant combinations, we have found that the HDHP complexes with M3+ involve MO6 coordination and distant M...P interactions, whereas the DMDOHEMA complexes with M3+ involve MO8 coordination. The combination of the EXAFS results with ancillary extraction data and IR results facilitates descriptions of the stoichiometries and structures of the molecular species formed in solution upon liquid-liquid extraction and leads to a new understanding of the binary extraction systems in terms of the strength and selectivity of An3+- vs. Ln3+-ligand interactions. This fundamental structure information affords insight into solvent extraction processes that are of contemporary and practical importance in heavy element chemistry and to environmentally related issues arising from the separation and disposal of radioactive materials, particularly actinides and selected fission products, in the field of nuclear waste reprocessing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Gannaz
- CEA-Valrhô, DEN/VRH/DRCP/SCPS/LCSE, B.P. 17171, 30207, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
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39
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Wang JS, Herman J, Enokida Y, Wai CM. Dissolution of organic acids in supercritical CO2 using a CO2-philic Lewis base carrier. J Supercrit Fluids 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Kedari CS, Coll T, Fortuny A, Sastre A. Third Phase Formation in the Solvent Extraction System Ir(IV)—Cyanex 923. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-200068505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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41
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Chiarizia R, Jensen MP, Borkowski M, Thiyagarajan P, Littrell KC. Interpretation of Third Phase Formation in the Th(IV)–HNO3, TBP–n‐Octane System with Baxter's “Sticky Spheres” Model. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-120030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Miesiac I, Szymanowski J. Separation of Zinc(II) from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions in a Double Lewis Cell. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-120030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Jiang J, Li W, Gao H, Wu J. Extraction of inorganic acids with neutral phosphorus extractants based on a reverse micelle/microemulsion mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 268:208-14. [PMID: 14611790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2003.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of inorganic acids such as HCl, HNO(3), H(2)SO(4), and HClO(4) has been investigated in three neutral phosphorus compound systems, i.e., tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), di-isoamylmethyl phosphonate (DiAMP), and trialkylphosphine oxide (TRPO, C(6)-C(8)), using n-heptane as a diluent. The techniques of electrical conductivity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and dynamic laser scattering (DLS) were selected to characterize the organic phases. The results indicate that the interaction between acids and neutral phosphorus compounds follows a molecule-ion combination mechanism. When the acid in the organic phase reaches a certain concentration, the molecular-ion species have a tendency to self-assemble and form reverse micelles/microemulsions (W/O). The further increase of the acid concentration leads the organic phase to split into two layers. Extractants and acids are mainly located in the down layer, in which aggregations are formed. The tendency to form microemulsions follows TRPO > DiAMP > TBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhun Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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44
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Chiarizia R, Jensen MP, Borkowski M, Ferraro JR, Thiyagarajan P, Littrell KC. Sans Study Of Third Phase Formation In The U(vi)-hno3/tbp-n-dodecane System. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-120022601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Jia Q, Shang Q, Li D, Niu C. Three‐Phase Extraction Study in the Cyanex923‐n‐Heptane/HNO3System. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-120020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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46
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Chiarizia R, Jensen MP, Borkowski M, Ferraro JR, Thiyagarajan P, Littrell KC. Third Phase Formation Revisited: The U(VI), HNO3–TBP,n‐Dodecane System. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/sei-120017545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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