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Mebarek S, Buchet R, Pikula S, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Brizuela L, Corti G, Collacchi F, Anghieri G, Magrini A, Ciancaglini P, Millan JL, Davies O, Bottini M. Do Media Extracellular Vesicles and Extracellular Vesicles Bound to the Extracellular Matrix Represent Distinct Types of Vesicles? Biomolecules 2023; 14:42. [PMID: 38254642 PMCID: PMC10813234 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mineralization-competent cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, mature osteoblasts, and osteogenic-differentiated smooth muscle cells secrete media extracellular vesicles (media vesicles) and extracellular vesicles bound to the extracellular matrix (matrix vesicles). Media vesicles are purified directly from the extracellular medium. On the other hand, matrix vesicles are purified after discarding the extracellular medium and subjecting the cells embedded in the extracellular matrix or bone or cartilage tissues to an enzymatic treatment. Several pieces of experimental evidence indicated that matrix vesicles and media vesicles isolated from the same types of mineralizing cells have distinct lipid and protein composition as well as functions. These findings support the view that matrix vesicles and media vesicles released by mineralizing cells have different functions in mineralized tissues due to their location, which is anchored to the extracellular matrix versus free-floating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Mebarek
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Rene Buchet
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Leyre Brizuela
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Giada Corti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Federica Collacchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Genevieve Anghieri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, UK; (G.A.); (O.D.)
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Jose Luis Millan
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Owen Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, UK; (G.A.); (O.D.)
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (F.C.)
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
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Prabhakaran V, Melchels FP, Murray LM, Paxton JZ. Engineering three-dimensional bone macro-tissues by guided fusion of cell spheroids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1308604. [PMID: 38169965 PMCID: PMC10758461 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1308604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bioassembly techniques for the application of scaffold-free tissue engineering approaches have evolved in recent years toward producing larger tissue equivalents that structurally and functionally mimic native tissues. This study aims to upscale a 3-dimensional bone in-vitro model through bioassembly of differentiated rat osteoblast (dROb) spheroids with the potential to develop and mature into a bone macrotissue. Methods dROb spheroids in control and mineralization media at different seeding densities (1 × 104, 5 × 104, and 1 × 105 cells) were assessed for cell proliferation and viability by trypan blue staining, for necrotic core by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and for extracellular calcium by Alizarin red and Von Kossa staining. Then, a novel approach was developed to bioassemble dROb spheroids in pillar array supports using a customized bioassembly system. Pillar array supports were custom-designed and printed using Formlabs Clear Resin® by Formlabs Form2 printer. These supports were used as temporary frameworks for spheroid bioassembly until fusion occurred. Supports were then removed to allow scaffold-free growth and maturation of fused spheroids. Morphological and molecular analyses were performed to understand their structural and functional aspects. Results Spheroids of all seeding densities proliferated till day 14, and mineralization began with the cessation of proliferation. Necrotic core size increased over time with increased spheroid size. After the bioassembly of spheroids, the morphological assessment revealed the fusion of spheroids over time into a single macrotissue of more than 2.5 mm in size with mineral formation. Molecular assessment at different time points revealed osteogenic maturation based on the presence of osteocalcin, downregulation of Runx2 (p < 0.001), and upregulated alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01). Discussion With the novel bioassembly approach used here, 3D bone macrotissues were successfully fabricated which mimicked physiological osteogenesis both morphologically and molecularly. This biofabrication approach has potential applications in bone tissue engineering, contributing to research related to osteoporosis and other recurrent bone ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinothini Prabhakaran
- Anatomy@Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry P.W. Melchels
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lyndsay M. Murray
- Anatomy@Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Euan McDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Z. Paxton
- Anatomy@Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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3
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Cook J, Greene ES, Ramser A, Mullenix G, Dridi JS, Liyanage R, Wideman R, Dridi S. Comparative- and network-based proteomic analysis of bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis lesions in broiler's proximal tibiae identifies new molecular signatures of lameness. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5947. [PMID: 37045932 PMCID: PMC10097873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO) is a specific cause of lameness in commercial fast-growing broiler (meat-type) chickens and represents significant economic, health, and wellbeing burdens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This study represents the first comprehensive characterization of the proximal tibia proteome from healthy and BCO chickens. Among a total of 547 proteins identified, 222 were differentially expressed (DE) with 158 up- and 64 down-regulated proteins in tibia of BCO vs. normal chickens. Biological function analysis using Ingenuity Pathways showed that the DE proteins were associated with a variety of diseases including cell death, organismal injury, skeletal and muscular disorder, immunological and inflammatory diseases. Canonical pathway and protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that these DE proteins were involved in stress response, unfolded protein response, ribosomal protein dysfunction, and actin cytoskeleton signaling. Further, we identified proteins involved in bone resorption (osteoclast-stimulating factor 1, OSFT1) and bone structural integrity (collagen alpha-2 (I) chain, COL2A1), as potential key proteins involved in bone attrition. These results provide new insights by identifying key protein candidates involved in BCO and will have significant impact in understanding BCO pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cook
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Alison Ramser
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Garrett Mullenix
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jalila S Dridi
- École Universitaire de Kinésithérapie, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45100, Orléans, France
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Robert Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Cai X, Daniels O, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Ectopic models recapitulating morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Ann Anat 2021; 237:151721. [PMID: 33753232 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage is an extremely specialized connective tissue which covers all diarthrodial joints. Implantation of chondrogenic cells without or with additional biomaterial scaffolds in ectopic locationsin vivo generates substitutes of cartilage with structural and functional characteristics that are used in fundamental investigations while also serving as a basis for translational studies. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant ectopic models, among which subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation and elaborates on implanted cells and biomaterial scaffolds and on their use to recapitulate morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Although the absence of a physiological joint environment and biomechanical stimuli is the major limiting factor, ectopic models are an established component for articular cartilage research aiming to generate a bridge between in vitro data and the clinically more relevant translational orthotopic in vivo models when their limitations are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Daniels
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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Pazzaglia UE, Reguzzoni M, Casati L, Sibilia V, Zarattini G, Raspanti M. New morphological evidence of the 'fate' of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes in the general context of endochondral ossification. J Anat 2020; 236:305-316. [PMID: 31820452 PMCID: PMC6956435 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'fate' of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes has been long debated with two opposing theories: cell apoptosis or survival with transformation into osteogenic cells. This study was carried out on the proximal tibial growth plate of rabbits using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We focused particularly on the orientation of the specimens included in order to define the mineral deposition and the vascular invasion lines and obtain histological and ultrastructural images at the corresponding height of the plate. Chondrocyte morphology transformation through the maturation process (characterized by vesicles and then large cytoplasmic lacunae before condensation, fragmentation and disappearance of the nuclear chromatin) did not correspond to that observed in the 'in vitro' apoptosis models. These findings rather suggested the passage of free water from the cartilage matrix into a still live cell (swelling). The level of these changes suggested a close relationship with the mineral deposition line. Furthermore, the study provided evidence that the metaphyseal capillaries could advance inside the columns of stacked hypertrophic chondrocytes (delimited by the intercolumnar septa) without the need for calcified matrix resorption because the thin transverse septa between the stacked chondrocyte (below the mineral deposition line) were not calcified. The zonal distribution of cell types (hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and macrophages) did not reveal osteoclasts or chondroclasts at this level. Morphological and morphometric analysis recorded globular masses of an amorphous, necrotic material in a zone 0-70 μm below the vascular invasion line occasionally surrounded by a membrane (indicated as 'hypertrophic chondrocyte ghosts'). These masses and the same material not bound by a membrane were surrounded by a large number of macrophages and other blood cell precursors, suggesting this could be the cause of macrophage recall and activation. The most recent hypotheses based on genetic and lineage tracing studies stating that hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive and transform into osteoblasts and osteocytes (trans-differentiation) were not confirmed by the ultrastructural morphology or by the zonal comparative counting and distribution of cell types below the vascular invasion line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lavinia Casati
- BIOMETRADepartment of Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Valeria Sibilia
- BIOMETRADepartment of Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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Delgado-Enciso I, Valtierra-Alvarez J, Paz-Garcia J, Preciado-Ramirez J, Soriano-Hernandez AD, Mendoza-Hernandez MA, Guzman-Esquivel J, Cabrera-Licona A, Delgado-Enciso J, Cortes-Bazan JL, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Martinez-Fierro ML, Cabrera-Medina AO, Barajas-Saucedo CE, Paz-Michel B. Patient-reported health outcomes for severe knee osteoarthritis after conservative treatment with an intra-articular cell-free formulation for articular cartilage regeneration combined with usual medical care vs. usual medical care alone: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3351-3360. [PMID: 30988711 PMCID: PMC6447772 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major public health problem characterized by joint pain, fatigue, functional limitation and decreased quality of life of the patient, which results in increased use of healthcare services and high economical costs. A promising novel bioactive cell-free formulation (BIOF2) for cartilage regeneration has recently been tested in pre-clinical and clinical trials, and has demonstrated a success rate similar to that of total joint arthroplasty for the treatment of severe knee OA. The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment with BIOF2, by including it within a conservative regimen of 'usual medical care' of knee OA, and whether its efficacy was affected in subgroups of patients presenting with comorbidities that exacerbate OA. A prospective, randomized, 2-arm parallel group phase III clinical trial was conducted, which included 105 patients in the 'usual medical care' group (paracetamol/NSAIDs and general care provided by the family physician) and 107 patients in the BIOF2 group (usual medical care + intra-articular BIOF2 application at 0, 1 and 2 months). Two aspects were evaluated at 0, 6 and 12 months: i) Minimal clinically important improvement (MCII), based on 30% improvement of pain from the baseline; and ii) the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS), a questionnaire that determines patient well-being thresholds for articular pain and function. Adverse effects and regular NSAID use were registered. At 12 months, BIOF-2 treatment produced MCII in 70% of the patients and >50% achieved PASS. Excluding the patients with class 2 obesity or malalignment conditions (genu varum or genu valgum >20 degrees), the experimental treatment produced MCII and PASS in 100 and 92% of patients, respectively, compared with 25 and 8% in the group of usual medical care (P<0.001). No patient with malalignment and treatment with BIOF2 achieved PASS. Notably, there were no serious adverse effects. To conclude, BIOF2 is a safe therapeutic alternative that is easy to implement together with usual medical care for knee OA. Trial registration: Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials (RPCEC) Database RPCEC00000277. Retrospectively registered June, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28000, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Jose Valtierra-Alvarez
- Department of Traumatology, University Regional Hospital, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28019, Mexico
| | - Juan Paz-Garcia
- Department of Traumatology, Union Hospital Center, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28970, Mexico
| | - Jorge Preciado-Ramirez
- Department of Traumatology, University Regional Hospital, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28019, Mexico
| | - Alejandro D. Soriano-Hernandez
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28000, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | | | - Jose Guzman-Esquivel
- Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico
| | - Ariana Cabrera-Licona
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28000, Mexico
| | - Josuel Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Research, Foundation for Cancer Ethics, Education and Research of The Cancerology State Institute, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Jose L. Cortes-Bazan
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28000, Mexico
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Department of Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico
| | - Ana O. Cabrera-Medina
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28000, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Barajas-Saucedo
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28000, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Brenda Paz-Michel
- Department of Research, Esteripharma Mexico, Mexico City 03100, Mexico
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7
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Bottini M, Mebarek S, Anderson KL, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bozycki L, Simão AMS, Bolean M, Ciancaglini P, Pikula JB, Pikula S, Magne D, Volkmann N, Hanein D, Millán JL, Buchet R. Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:532-546. [PMID: 29108957 PMCID: PMC5801150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix vesicles (MVs) are released from hypertrophic chondrocytes and from mature osteoblasts, the cells responsible for endochondral and membranous ossification. Under pathological conditions, they can also be released from cells of non-skeletal tissues such as vascular smooth muscle cells. MVs are extracellular vesicles of approximately 100-300nm diameter harboring the biochemical machinery needed to induce mineralization. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW The review comprehensively delineates our current knowledge of MV biology and highlights open questions aiming to stimulate further research. The review is constructed as a series of questions addressing issues of MVs ranging from their biogenesis and functions, to biomimetic models. It critically evaluates experimental data including their isolation and characterization methods, like lipidomics, proteomics, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and proteoliposome models mimicking MVs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MVs have a relatively well-defined function as initiators of mineralization. They bind to collagen and their composition reflects the composition of lipid rafts. We call attention to the as yet unclear mechanisms leading to the biogenesis of MVs, and how minerals form and when they are formed. We discuss the prospects of employing upcoming experimental models to deepen our understanding of MV-mediated mineralization and mineralization disorders such as the use of reconstituted lipid vesicles, proteoliposomes and, native sample preparations and high-resolution technologies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MVs have been extensively investigated owing to their roles in skeletal and ectopic mineralization. MVs serve as a model system for lipid raft structures, and for the mechanisms of genesis and release of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bottini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, 00133 Roma, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Karen L Anderson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bozycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Maria Sper Simão
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joanna Bandorowicz Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Magne
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rene Buchet
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; INSA, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; CPE, Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Universite de Lyon, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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8
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Kaur H, Siraki AG, Uludağ H, Dederich DN, Flood P, El-Bialy T. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species during Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Application in MC-3 T3 E1 Pre-osteoblast Cell Culture. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:2699-2712. [PMID: 28807447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) by application of low-intensity ultrasound (LIPUS) to MC-3 T3 E1 pre-osteoblasts. The cells were subjected to one LIPUS application for either 10 or 20 min, and the control group was exposed to a sham transducer. For ROS inhibition, 10 μM diphenylene iodonium (DPI) was added to the cells an hour before LIPUS application. Samples were collected 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after LIPUS application, and cells were evaluated for ROS generation, cell viability, gene expression and MAPK activation by immunoblot analyses. LIPUS caused a significant increase in ROS and cell viability in the non-DPI-treated group. Expression of RUNX2, OCN and OPN mRNA was higher in the LIPUS-treated groups at 1 h in both the DPI-treated and non-DPI-treated groups; RUNX2 and OCN mRNA levels increased at 6 h. ERK1/2 activation was increased in the LIPUS-treated groups. These results indicate that LIPUS activates MAPK by ROS generation in MC-3 T3 E1 pre-osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada.
| | - Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas N Dederich
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Flood
- Department of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tarek El-Bialy
- Department of Dentistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Shakouri-Motlagh A, O'Connor AJ, Brennecke SP, Kalionis B, Heath DE. Native and solubilized decellularized extracellular matrix: A critical assessment of their potential for improving the expansion of mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2017; 55:1-12. [PMID: 28412553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Capturing the promise of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based treatments is currently limited by inefficient production of cells needed for clinical therapies. During conventional ex vivo expansion, a large portion of MSCs lose the properties that make them attractive for use in cell therapies. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has recently emerged as a promising substrate for the improved expansion of MSCs. MSCs cultured on these surfaces exhibit improved proliferation capacity, maintenance of phenotype, and increased differentiation potential. Additionally, these dECMs can be solubilized and used to coat new cell culture surfaces, imparting key biological properties of the native matrices to other surfaces such as tissue engineering scaffolds. Although this technology is still developing, there is potential for an impact in the fields of MSC biology, biomaterials, tissue engineering, and therapeutics. In this article, we review the role of dECM in MSC expansion by first detailing the decellularization methods that have been used to produce the dECM substrates; discussing the shortcomings of current decellularization methods; describing the improved MSC characteristics obtained when the cells are cultured on these surfaces; and considering the effect of the passage number, age of donor, and dECM preparation method on the quality of the dECM. Finally we describe the critical roadblocks that must be addressed before this technology can fulfil its potential, including elucidating the mechanism by which the dECMs improve the expansion of primary MSCs and the identification of a readily available source of dECM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Current mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture methods result in premature cellular senescence or loss of differentiation potential. This creates a major bottleneck in their clinical application, as prolonged expansion is necessary to achieve clinically relevant numbers of cells. Recently, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) produced by primary MSC has emerged as an attractive substrate for the improved expansion of MSC; cells cultured on these surfaces retain their desired stem cell characteristics for prolonged times during culture. This review article describes the inception and development of this dECM-based technology, points out existing challenges that must be addressed, and suggests future directions of research. To our knowledge, this is the first review written on the use of dECM for improved mesenchymal stem cell expansion.
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Javaheri B, Hopkinson M, Poulet B, Pollard AS, Shefelbine SJ, Chang YM, Francis-West P, Bou-Gharios G, Pitsillides AA. Deficiency and Also Transgenic Overexpression of Timp-3 Both Lead to Compromised Bone Mass and Architecture In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159657. [PMID: 27519049 PMCID: PMC4982603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) regulates extracellular matrix via its inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and membrane-bound sheddases. Timp-3 is expressed at multiple sites of extensive tissue remodelling. This extends to bone where its role, however, remains largely unresolved. In this study, we have used Micro-CT to assess bone mass and architecture, histological and histochemical evaluation to characterise the skeletal phenotype of Timp-3 KO mice and have complemented this by also examining similar indices in mice harbouring a Timp-3 transgene driven via a Col-2a-driven promoter to specifically target overexpression to chondrocytes. Our data show that Timp-3 deficiency compromises tibial bone mass and structure in both cortical and trabecular compartments, with corresponding increases in osteoclasts. Transgenic overexpression also generates defects in tibial structure predominantly in the cortical bone along the entire shaft without significant increases in osteoclasts. These alterations in cortical mass significantly compromise predicted tibial load-bearing resistance to torsion in both genotypes. Neither Timp-3 KO nor transgenic mouse growth plates are significantly affected. The impact of Timp-3 deficiency and of transgenic overexpression extends to produce modification in craniofacial bones of both endochondral and intramembranous origins. These data indicate that the levels of Timp-3 are crucial in the attainment of functionally-appropriate bone mass and architecture and that this arises from chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Javaheri
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Hopkinson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea S. Pollard
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Tsang KY, Tsang SW, Chan D, Cheah KSE. The chondrocytic journey in endochondral bone growth and skeletal dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:52-73. [PMID: 24677723 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endochondral bones of the skeleton develop from a cartilage template and grow via a process involving a cascade of chondrocyte differentiation steps culminating in formation of a growth plate and the replacement of cartilage by bone. This process of endochondral ossification, driven by the generation of chondrocytes and their subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix constitute a journey, deviation from which inevitably disrupts bone growth and development, and is the basis of human skeletal dysplasias with a wide range of phenotypic severity, from perinatal lethality to progressively deforming. This highly coordinated journey of chondrocyte specification and fate determination is controlled by a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SOX9 is the master transcription factor that, in concert with varying partners along the way, directs the different phases of the journey from mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Extracellular signals, including bone morphogenetic proteins, wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT), fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are all indispensable for growth plate chondrocytes to align and organize into the appropriate columnar architecture and controls their maturation and transition to hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by dramatic volume increase in phases, is controlled by transcription factors SOX9, Runt-related transcription factor, and FOXA2. Hypertrophic chondrocytes mediate the cartilage to bone transition and concomitantly face a live-or-die situation, a subject of much debate. We review recent insights into the coordination of the phases of the chondrocyte journey, and highlight the need for a systems level understanding of the regulatory networks that will facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Park J, Gebhardt M, Golovchenko S, Perez-Branguli F, Hattori T, Hartmann C, Zhou X, deCrombrugghe B, Stock M, Schneider H, von der Mark K. Dual pathways to endochondral osteoblasts: a novel chondrocyte-derived osteoprogenitor cell identified in hypertrophic cartilage. Biol Open 2015; 4:608-21. [PMID: 25882555 PMCID: PMC4434812 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201411031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the general understanding, the chondrocyte lineage terminates with the elimination of late hypertrophic cells by apoptosis in the growth plate. However, recent cell tracking studies have shown that murine hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive beyond “terminal” differentiation and give rise to a progeny of osteoblasts participating in endochondral bone formation. The question how chondrocytes convert into osteoblasts, however, remained open. Following the cell fate of hypertrophic chondrocytes by genetic lineage tracing using BACCol10;Cre induced YFP-reporter gene expression we show that a progeny of Col10Cre-reporter labelled osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts appears in the primary spongiosa and participates – depending on the developmental stage – substantially in trabecular, endosteal, and cortical bone formation. YFP+ trabecular and endosteal cells isolated by FACS expressed Col1a1, osteocalcin and runx2, thus confirming their osteogenic phenotype. In searching for transitory cells between hypertrophic chondrocytes and trabecular osteoblasts we identified by confocal microscopy a novel, small YFP+Osx+ cell type with mitotic activity in the lower hypertrophic zone at the chondro-osseous junction. When isolated from growth plates by fractional enzymatic digestion, these cells termed CDOP (chondrocyte-derived osteoprogenitor) cells expressed bone typical genes and differentiated into osteoblasts in vitro. We propose the Col10Cre-labeled CDOP cells mark the initiation point of a second pathway giving rise to endochondral osteoblasts, alternative to perichondrium derived osteoprogenitor cells. These findings add to current concepts of chondrocyte-osteocyte lineages and give new insight into the complex cartilage-bone transition process in the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Park
- Dept. Exp. Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gebhardt
- Dept. Exp. Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svitlana Golovchenko
- Dept. Exp. Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesc Perez-Branguli
- Junior Research Group III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Takako Hattori
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City,700-8525, Japan
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Dept. of Bone- and Skeletal Research, Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine (IEMM), University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Xin Zhou
- Dept. Genetics, MDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Michael Stock
- Dept. Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Dept. Exp. Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Tsang KY, Chan D, Cheah KSE. Fate of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes: death or lineage extension? Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:179-92. [PMID: 25714187 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate growth plate is an essential tissue that mediates and controls bone growth. It forms through a multistep differentiation process in which chondrocytes differentiate, proliferate, stop dividing and undergo hypertrophy, which entails a 20-fold increase in size. Hypertrophic chondrocytes are specialized cells considered to be the end state of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway, and are essential for bone growth. They are characterized by expression of type X collagen encoded by the Col10a1 gene, and synthesis of a calcified cartilage matrix. Whether hypertrophy marks a transition preceding osteogenesis, or it is the terminal differentiation stage of chondrocytes with cell death as the ultimate fate has been the subject of debate for over a century. In this review, we revisit this debate in the light of new findings arising from genetic-mediated lineage tracing studies showing that hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive at the chondro-osseous junction and further make the transition to become osteoblasts and osteocytes. The contribution of chondrocytes to the osteoblast lineage has important implications in bone development, disease and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Asatrian G, Pham D, Hardy WR, James AW, Peault B. Stem cell technology for bone regeneration: current status and potential applications. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:39-48. [PMID: 25709479 PMCID: PMC4334288 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s48423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Continued improvements in the understanding and application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have revolutionized tissue engineering. This is particularly true within the field of skeletal regenerative medicine. However, much remains unknown regarding the native origins of MSC, the relative advantages of different MSC populations for bone regeneration, and even the biologic safety of such unpurified, grossly characterized cells. This review will first summarize the initial discovery of MSC, as well as the current and future applications of MSC in bone tissue engineering. Next, the relative advantages and disadvantages of MSC isolated from distinct tissue origins are debated, including the MSC from adipose, bone marrow, and dental pulp, among others. The perivascular origin of MSC is next discussed. Finally, we briefly comment on pluripotent stem cell populations and their possible application in bone tissue engineering. While continually expanding, the field of MSC-based bone tissue engineering and regeneration shows potential to become a clinical reality in the not-so-distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Asatrian
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dalton Pham
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Winters R Hardy
- UCLA/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; UCLA/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA/Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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15
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Ibrahim HR, Tatsumoto S, Ono H, Van Immerseel F, Raspoet R, Miyata T. A novel antibiotic-delivery system by using ovotransferrin as targeting molecule. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 66:59-69. [PMID: 25315410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic antibiotics and antimicrobial agents, such as sulfonamide and triclosan (TCS), have provided new avenues in the treatment of bacterial infections, as they target lethal intracellular pathways. Sulfonamide antibiotics block synthesis of folic acid by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) while TCS block fatty acid synthesis through inhibition of enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI). They are water-insoluble agents and high doses are toxic, limiting their therapeutic efficiency. In this study, an antibiotic drug-targeting strategy based on utilizing ovotransferrin (OTf) as a carrier to allow specific targeting of the drug to microbial or mammalian cells via the transferrin receptor (TfR) is explored, with potential to alleviate insolubility and toxicity problems. Complexation, through non-covalent interaction, with OTf turned sulfa antibiotics or TCS into completely soluble in aqueous solution. OTf complexes showed superior bactericidal activity against several bacterial strains compared to the activity of free agents. Strikingly, a multi-drug resistant Salmonella strain become susceptible to antibiotics-OTf complexes while a tolC-knockout mutant strain become susceptible to OTf and more sensitive to the complexes. The antibiotic bound to OTf was, thus exported through the multi-drug efflux pump TolC in Salmonella wild-type strain. Further, antibiotics-OTf complexes were able to efficiently kill intracellular pathogens after infecting human colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116). The results demonstrate, for the first time, that the TfR mediated endocytosis of OTf can be utilized to specifically target drugs directly to pathogens or intracellularly infected cells and highlights the potency of the antibiotic-OTf complex for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham R Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Tatsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hajime Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Ruth Raspoet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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16
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Soicher MA, Christiansen BA, Stover SM, Leach JK, Yellowley CE, Griffiths LG, Fyhrie DP. Remineralized bone matrix as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 102:4480-90. [PMID: 24616346 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for improved biomaterials for use in treating non-healing bone defects. A number of natural and synthetic biomaterials have been used for the regeneration of bone tissue with mixed results. One approach is to modify native tissue via decellularization or other treatment for use as natural scaffolding for tissue repair. In this study, our goal was to improve on our previously published alternating solution immersion (ASI) method to fabricate a robust, biocompatible, and mechanically competent biomaterial from natural demineralized bone matrix (DBM). The improved method includes an antigen removal (AR) treatment step which improves mineralization and stiffness while removing unwanted proteins. The chemistry of the mineral in the remineralized bone matrix (RBM) was consistent with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (brushite), a material used clinically in bone healing applications. Mass spectrometry identified proteins removed from the matrix with AR treatment to include α-2 HS-glycoprotein and osteopontin, noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) and known inhibitors of biomineralization. Additionally, the RBM supported the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vitro as well or better than other widely used biomaterials including DBM and PLG scaffolds. DNA content increased more than 10-fold on RBM compared to DBM and PLG; likewise, osteogenic gene expression was significantly increased after 1 and 2 weeks. We demonstrated that ASI remineralization has the capacity to fabricate mechanically stiff and biocompatible RBM, a suitable biomaterial for cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Soicher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California
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17
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Serafini M, Sacchetti B, Pievani A, Redaelli D, Remoli C, Biondi A, Riminucci M, Bianco P. Establishment of bone marrow and hematopoietic niches in vivo by reversion of chondrocyte differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 12:659-72. [PMID: 24675053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived "mesenchymal stem cells") can establish the hematopoietic microenvironment within heterotopic ossicles generated by transplantation at non-skeletal sites. Here we show that non-mineralized cartilage pellets formed by hBMSCs ex vivo generate complete ossicles upon heterotopic transplantation in the absence of exogenous scaffolds. These ossicles display a remarkable degree of architectural fidelity, showing that an exogenous conductive scaffold is not an absolute requirement for bone formation by transplanted BMSCs. Marrow cavities within the ossicles include erythroid, myeloid and granulopoietic lineages, clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors and phenotypic HSCs, indicating that complete stem cell niches and hematopoiesis are established. hBMSCs (CD146(+) adventitial reticular cells) are established in the heterotopic chimeric bone marrow through a unique process of endochondral bone marrow formation, distinct from physiological endochondral bone formation. In this process, chondrocytes remain viable and proliferate within the pellet, are released from cartilage, and convert into bone marrow stromal cells. Once explanted in secondary culture, these cells retain phenotype and properties of skeletal stem cells ("MSCs"), including the ability to form secondary cartilage pellets and secondary ossicles upon serial transplantation. Ex vivo, hBMSCs initially induced to form cartilage pellets can be reestablished in adherent culture and can modulate gene expression between cartilage and stromal cell phenotypes. These data show that so-called "cartilage differentiation" of BMSCs in vitro is a reversible phenomenon, which is actually reverted, in vivo, to the effect of generating stromal cells supporting the homing of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serafini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano - Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Benedetto Sacchetti
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Pievani
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano - Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Daniela Redaelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano - Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano - Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Cristina Remoli
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano - Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianco
- Stem Cell Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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18
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Dirckx N, Van Hul M, Maes C. Osteoblast recruitment to sites of bone formation in skeletal development, homeostasis, and regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 99:170-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dirckx
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Christa Maes
- are from the Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE); Department of Development and Regeneration; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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19
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Amanatullah DF, Yamane S, Reddi AH. Distinct patterns of gene expression in the superficial, middle and deep zones of bovine articular cartilage. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:505-14. [PMID: 22777751 DOI: 10.1002/term.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaline articular cartilage will not heal spontaneously, and lesions in hyaline articular cartilage often result in degenerative joint disease. Considerable progress has been made with respect to the responsive stem cells, inductive signals and extracellular scaffolding required for the optimal regeneration of cartilage. However, many challenges remain, such as topographic differences in the functional zones of articular cartilage. We hypothesized that a distinct set of differentially expressed genes define the surface, middle and deep zones of hyaline articular cartilage. Microarray analysis of bovine articular cartilage from the superficial and middle zones revealed 52 genes differentially expressed ≥ 10-fold and 114 additional genes differentially expressed ≥ five-fold. However, no genes were identified with a ≥ five-fold difference in expression when comparing articular cartilage from the middle and deep zones. There are distinct, differential gene expression patterns in the superficial and middle zones of hyaline articular cartilage that highlight the functional differences between these zones. This investigation has implications for the tissue engineering and regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek F Amanatullah
- Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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20
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Simsa-Maziel S, Monsonego-Ornan E. Interleukin-1β promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of chondrocytes through a mechanism involving down-regulation of FGFR-3 and p21. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2296-310. [PMID: 22492305 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β is elevated in many childhood chronic inflammatory diseases as well as obesity and can be associated with growth retardation. Here we show that IL-1β affects bone growth by directly disturbing the normal sequence of events in the growth plate, resulting in increased proliferation and widening of the proliferative zone, whereas the hypertrophic zone becomes disorganized, with impaired matrix structure and increased apoptosis and osteoclast activity. This was also evident in vitro: IL-1β increased proliferation and caused a G1-to-S phase shift in the cell cycle in ATDC5 chondrocytes, accompanied by a reduction in fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) and its downstream gene, the cell-cycle inhibitor p21 and its family member p57, whereas the cell-cycle promoter E2F-2 was increased. The reduction in FGFR-3, p21, and p57 was followed by delayed cell differentiation, manifested by decreases in proteoglycan synthesis, mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the expression of Sox9, RunX2, collagen type II, collagen type X, and other matrix proteins. Taken together, we suggest that IL-1β alters normal chondrogenesis and bone growth through a mechanism involving down-regulation of FGFR-3 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Simsa-Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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21
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Physiological roles of ovotransferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:218-25. [PMID: 21854833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovotransferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein, found in avian egg white and in avian serum, belonging to the family of transferrin iron-binding glycoproteins. All transferrins show high sequence homology. In mammals are presents two different soluble glycoproteins with different functions: i) serum transferrin that is present in plasma and committed to iron transport and iron delivery to cells and ii) lactoferrin that is present in extracellular fluids and in specific granules of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes and committed to the so-called natural immunity. To the contrary, in birds, ovotransferrin remained the only soluble glycoprotein of the transferrin family present both in plasma and egg white. SCOPE OF REVIEW Substantial experimental evidences are summarized, illustrating the multiple physiological roles of ovotransferrin in an attempt to overcome the common belief that ovotransferrin is a protein dedicated only to iron transport and to iron withholding antibacterial activity. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Similarly to the better known family member protein lactoferrin, ovotransferrin appears to be a multi-functional protein with a major role in avian natural immunity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Biotechnological applications of ovotransferrin and ovotransferrin-related peptides could be considered in the near future, stimulating further research on this remarkable protein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Oliveira SM, Amaral IF, Barbosa MA, Teixeira CC. Engineering endochondral bone: in vitro studies. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:625-34. [PMID: 18759672 PMCID: PMC2744199 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan scaffolds have been shown to possess biological and mechanical properties suitable for tissue engineering and clinical applications. In the present work, chitosan sponges were evaluated regarding their ability to support cartilage cell proliferation and maturation, which are the first steps in endochondral bone formation. Chitosan sponges were seeded with chondrocytes isolated from chicken embryo sterna. Chondrocyte/chitosan constructs were cultured for 20 days, and treated with retinoic acid (RA) to induce chondrocyte maturation and matrix synthesis. At different time points, samples were collected for microscopic, histological, biochemical, and mechanical analyses. Results show chondrocyte attachment, proliferation, and abundant matrix synthesis, completely obliterating the pores of the sponges. RA treatment caused chondrocyte hypertrophy, characterized by the presence of type X collagen in the extracellular matrix and increased alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, hypertrophy markedly changed the mechanical properties of the chondrocyte/chitosan constructs. In conclusion, we have developed chitosan sponges with adequate pore structure and mechanical properties to serve as a support for hypertrophic chondrocytes. In parallel studies, we have evaluated the ability of this mature cartilage scaffold to induce endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafim M. Oliveira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ESTV—Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
- Divisão de Biomateriais, INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Isabel F. Amaral
- Divisão de Biomateriais, INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A. Barbosa
- Divisão de Biomateriais, INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C. Teixeira
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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24
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Hasky-Negev M, Simsa S, Tong A, Genina O, Monsonego Ornan E. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases during vascularization and ossification of normal and impaired avian growth plate1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:1306-15. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Simsa S, Ornan EM. Endochondral ossification process of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) during embryonic and juvenile development. Poult Sci 2007; 86:565-71. [PMID: 17297170 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.3.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long bones of the developing skeleton arise from the process of endochondral ossification, which begins during the embryonic stages and resumes later in the growth plates located at the extremities of the long bones. This process includes commitment of cells to the chondrocytic lineage and further differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which subsequently undergo apoptosis and are replaced by osteoblasts laying down the trabecular bone. In this study we characterize, for the first time, the endochondral bone development of the turkey during embryonic and juvenile stages. Turkey tibias were collected on embryonic d 11, 14, and 18; and at 3 and 7 d posthatching, alcian blue and Von Kossa staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, and in situ expression of collagen types II and X were studied in these samples. We showed that the principles of bone development in the turkey follow the known vertebrate pattern, and that the initiation of ossification is related to the perichondrium and compact bone. These results increase the knowledge about this process in the turkey, which is an important animal in the agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simsa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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26
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Simsa S, Genina O, Ornan EM. Matrix metalloproteinase expression and localization in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) during the endochondral ossification process1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:1393-401. [PMID: 17296767 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate long bones are formed by endochondral ossification, a process accompanied by changes in extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling, performed mainly by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The temporal/spatial expression patterns of 5 members of the MMP family known to be important for endochondral ossification were studied, for the first time, in the turkey growth plate during embryonic and juvenile stages. The expression of MMP-2 was detected in the proliferative zone, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 in cells lining the blood vessels; MMP-13 was also detected in hypertrophic chondrocytes. The MMP-16 expression was detected in the reserve zone of the growth plate. These results present a detailed survey of turkey MMP, serving as a data source (atlas) for further studies in this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Giannoni P, Cancedda R. Articular chondrocyte culturing for cell-based cartilage repair: needs and perspectives. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 184:1-15. [PMID: 17190975 DOI: 10.1159/000096946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage displays a limited capacity of self-regeneration after injury. Thus, the biology of this tissue and its cellular components - the chondrocytes - has become the focus of several investigations, driven by tissue engineering and the basic and clinical research fields, aiming to ameliorate the present clinical approaches to cartilage repair. In this work, we present a brief recapitulation of the events that lead to cartilage development during the skeletal embryonal growth. The intrinsic phenotypic plasticity of the mesenchymal precursors and the adult chondrocytes is evaluated, dependent on the cell source, its physiopathological state, and as a function of the donor's age. The phenotypic changes induced by the basic culturing techniques are also taken into account, thus highlighting the phenotypic plasticity of the chondrocyte as the main property which could couple the differentiation process to the repair process. Chondrocyte proliferation and the contemporary maintenance of the chondrogenic differentiation potential are regarded as the two primary goals to be achieved in order to fulfill the quantitative needs of the clinical applications and the qualitative requirements of a properly repaired tissue. In this light, the effects of several growth factors and medium supplements are investigated. Finally, the latest improvements in culturing conditions and their possible clinical applications are presented as well.
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Dravida S, Pal R, Khanna A, Tipnis SP, Ravindran G, Khan F. The transdifferentiation potential of limbal fibroblast-like cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 160:239-51. [PMID: 16253345 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Revised: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification and isolation of limbal fibroblast-like cells from adult corneo-limbal tissue possessing self-renewing capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. The cells form cell aggregates or clusters, which express molecular markers, specific for ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm lineages in vitro. Further, these cells mature into a myriad of cell types including neurons, corneal cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and pancreatic islet cells. Despite originating from a non-embryonic source, they express ESC and other stem cell markers important for maintaining an undifferentiated state. This multipotential capability, relatively easy isolation and high rate of ex vivo proliferation capacity make these cells a promising therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Dravida
- Embryonic and Ocular Stem Cell Group, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, India.
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29
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Ronzière MC, Aubert-Foucher E, Gouttenoire J, Bernaud J, Herbage D, Mallein-Gerin F. Integrin alpha1beta1 mediates collagen induction of MMP-13 expression in MC615 chondrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2005; 1746:55-64. [PMID: 16198011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, type I collagen is synthesized by osteoblasts together with some hypertrophic chondrocytes. Type I collagen has also been reported to be progressively synthesized in degenerative joints. Because Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) plays an active role in remodeling cartilage in fetal development and osteoarthritic cartilage, we investigated whether type I collagen could activate MMP-13 expression in chondrocytes. We used a well-established chondrocytic cell line (MC615) and we found that MMP-13 expression was induced in MC615 cells cultured in type I collagen gel. We also found that alpha1beta1 integrin, a major collagen receptor, was expressed by MC615 cells and we further assessed the role of alpha1beta1 integrin in conducting MMP-13 expression. Induction of MMP-13 expression by collagen was potently and synergistically inhibited by blocking antibodies against alpha1 and beta1 integrin subunits, indicating that alpha1beta1 integrin mediates the MMP-13-inducing cellular signal generated by three-dimensional type I collagen. We also determined that activities of tyrosine kinase and ERK and JNK MAP kinases were required for this collagen-induced MMP-13 expression. Interestingly, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 opposed this induction, an effect that may be related to a role of BMP-2 in the maintenance of cartilage matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Ronzière
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Ingénierie du Cartilage, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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30
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Koudijs MJ, den Broeder MJ, Keijser A, Wienholds E, Houwing S, van Rooijen EMHC, Geisler R, van Eeden FJM. The zebrafish mutants dre, uki, and lep encode negative regulators of the hedgehog signaling pathway. PLoS Genet 2005; 1:e19. [PMID: 16121254 PMCID: PMC1189072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation is one of the basic processes that control embryogenesis. To identify factors involved in the regulation of proliferation, we performed a zebrafish genetic screen in which we used proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression as a readout. Two mutants, hu418B and hu540A, show increased PCNA expression. Morphologically both mutants resembled the dre (dreumes), uki (ukkie), and lep (leprechaun) mutant class and both are shown to be additional uki alleles. Surprisingly, although an increased size is detected of multiple structures in these mutant embryos, adults become dwarfs. We show that these mutations disrupt repressors of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The dre, uki, and lep loci encode Su(fu) (suppressor of fused), Hip (Hedgehog interacting protein), and Ptc2 (Patched2) proteins, respectively. This class of mutants is therefore unique compared to previously described Hh mutants from zebrafish genetic screens, which mainly show loss of Hh signaling. Furthermore, su(fu) and ptc2 mutants have not been described in vertebrate model systems before. Inhibiting Hh activity by cyclopamine rescues uki and lep mutants and confirms the overactivation of the Hh signaling pathway in these mutants. Triple uki/dre/lep mutants show neither an additive increase in PCNA expression nor enhanced embryonic phenotypes, suggesting that other negative regulators, possibly Ptc1, prevent further activation of the Hh signaling pathway. The effects of increased Hh signaling resulting from the genetic alterations in the uki, dre, and lep mutants differ from phenotypes described as a result of Hh overexpression and therefore provide additional insight into the role of Hh signaling during vertebrate development. In a screen aimed at finding genes that control proliferation in the zebrafish embryo, three mutants were identified. Mutants showed an increase in size of several structures including the brain, the retina, and the fins. Surprisingly, although size was increased in the embryos, adults remained small. Cloning of these genes revealed that increased Hedgehog signaling was at the basis of the phenotype, because all three genes encoded known repressors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway: Ptc2, Su(Fu), and Hip. Hedgehog is known to play a role in proliferation. For instance, ectopic Hedgehog signaling can lead to several tumors including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. However, the phenotypes were still a surprise, because earlier experiments in zebrafish embryos suggested that activation should lead to patterning rather than proliferation defects. Current models of the pathway predict that these genes act independently to inhibit the signal but curiously, redundancy amongst these genes was not found, because triple mutants looked like the single mutants. The conclusion is that weak activation of Hedgehog signaling can already lead to stimulation of growth in the absence of patterning defects, and that the Hedgehog signal is probably kept in check by the last inhibitor: Ptc1. A mutant for the ptc1 gene has recently been created and will put the model to the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Koudijs
- Hubrecht Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo J. den Broeder
- Hubrecht Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Keijser
- Hubrecht Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erno Wienholds
- Hubrecht Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Houwing
- Hubrecht Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Geisler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fredericus J. M. van Eeden
- Hubrecht Laboratory, The Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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31
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Ichinose S, Yamagata K, Sekiya I, Muneta T, Tagami M. DETAILED EXAMINATION OF CARTILAGE FORMATION and ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION USING HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 32:561-70. [PMID: 16026516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Cartilage formation is one of the most complex processes in biology. The aim of the present study was to produce a simplified in vitro system to resolve its complexities. 2. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were maintained in alginate beads with a chondrogenesis-induction medium containing 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta3. 3. At days 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 19 of culture, we examined the cells using a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope. We also evaluated the cells using immunocryo-ultramicrotomy. 4. The present study demonstrated that hMSC produced numerous extracellular matrices containing abnormal collagen fibres following their exposure to a chondrogenesis-induction medium in alginate beads. At this time, calcification was detected by alizarin red staining and electron-dense particles, composed of hydroxyapatite, appeared in both the cytoplasm and the extracellular spaces. 5. In addition immunocryo-ultramicrotomy revealed that collagen type II, type X and proteoglycan were prominent and that osteocalcin was detectable at day 2. During 8-16 days of culture, collagen type X maintained its strong expression and the expression of osteocalcin increased markedly. In contrast, the expression of collagen type II and proteoglycan decreased with time. 6. These findings demonstrate that hMSC rapidly differentiate into chondrocytes expressing collagen type II and proteoglycan. 7. The expression of collagen type II and proteoglycan then dropped and the activity of collagen type X was the same as before (4-8 days). As a result, the cells developed into the next cell type, so-called hypertrophic chondrocytes. Finally, both osteocalcin activity and the calcification of cell bodies and extracellular matrices became evident, indicating endochondral ossification. Thus, we conclude that hMSC rapidly differentiate into chondrocytes, followed by the development of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification is the final form in this culture. 8. The findings of the present study indicate that our three-dimensional culture is a convenient in vitro model for the investigation of the regulatory mechanisms of cartilage formation and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuko Ichinose
- Instrumental Analysis Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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32
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Alvarez J, Costales L, López-Muñiz A, López JM. Chondrocytes are released as viable cells during cartilage resorption associated with the formation of intrachondral canals in the rat tibial epiphysis. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 320:501-7. [PMID: 15846519 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of cartilage canals is the first event of the ossification of the epiphyses in mammals. Canal formation differs from vascular invasion during primary ossification, since the former involves resorption of resting cartilage and is uncoupled from bone deposition. To learn more about the fate of resorbed chondrocytes during this process, we have carried out structural, cell proliferation, and in situ hybridization studies during the first stages of ossification of the rat tibial proximal epiphysis. Results concerning the formation of the cartilage canals implied the release of resting chondrocytes from the cartilage matrix to the canal cavity. Released chondrocytes had a well-preserved structure, expressed type-II collagen, and maintained the capacity to divide. All these data suggested that chondrocytes released into the canals remained viable for a specific time. Analysis of the proliferative activity at different regions of the cartilage canals showed that the percentage of proliferative chondrocytes at areas of active cartilage resorption was significantly higher than that in zones of low resorption. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that resting chondrocytes surrounding canals have a role in supplying cells for the development of the secondary ossification center. Since released chondrocytes are at an early stage of differentiation greatly preceding their entry into the apoptotic pathway and are exposed to a specific matrix, cellular, and humoral microenvironment, they might differentiate to other cell types and contribute to the ossification of the epiphysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alvarez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Asturias, Spain
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33
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Garimella R, Bi X, Camacho N, Sipe JB, Anderson HC. Primary culture of rat growth plate chondrocytes: an in vitro model of growth plate histotype, matrix vesicle biogenesis and mineralization. Bone 2004; 34:961-70. [PMID: 15193542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 01/31/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification (EO), cartilage is replaced by bone. Chondrocytes of growth plate undergo proliferation, maturation, hypertrophy, matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and programmed cell death (PCD, apoptosis). The in vitro system presented here provides a potential experimental model for studying in vitro differentiation and MV biogenesis in chondrocyte cultures. Chondrocytes were obtained from collagenase-digested tibial and femoral growth plate cartilage of 7-week-old rachitic rats. The isolated chondrocytes were plated as monolayers at a density of 0.5 x 10(6) cells per 35-mm plate and grown for 17 days in BGJ(b) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 microg/ml ascorbic acid. Light microscopy revealed Sirius red-positive, apparent bone matrix in layers at the surfaces of cartilaginous nodules that developed in the cultures. The central matrix was largely alcian blue staining thus resembling cartilage matrix. Electron microscopy revealed superficial areas of bone like matrix with large banded collagen fibrils, consistent with type I collagen. Most of the central matrix was cartilaginous, with small fibrils, randomly arranged consistent with type II collagen. The presence of peripheral type I and central type II and type X collagen was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemistry with anti-Bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 6 showed that BMP expression is associated with maturing hypertrophic central chondrocytes, many of which were TUNEL positive and undergoing cell death with plasma membrane breaks, hydropic swelling and cell fragmentation. During early mineralization, small radial clusters of hydroxyapatite-like mineral were associated with matrix vesicles. Collagenase digestion-released MVs from the cultures showed a high specific activity for alkaline phosphatase and demonstrated a pattern of AMP-stimulated nonradioactive (40)Calcium deposition comparable to that observed with native MVs. These studies confirm that primary cultures of rat growth plate chondrocytes are a reasonable in vitro model of growth plate histotype, MV biogenesis and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Garimella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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34
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Belovari T, Stević N, Gajović S, Kostović-Knezević L. Differentiation and developmental potential of rat post-implantation embryo without extra-embryonic membranes cultured in vitro or grafted in vivo. Anat Histol Embryol 2004; 33:90-5. [PMID: 15027949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2003.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different experimental systems are used to study developmental processes in mammals. In this study, three experimental models were analysed and correlated: (1) cultivation of rat embryos in vitro; (2) cultivation in vitro and then transplantation in vivo; (3) direct transplantation in vivo. When embryos were cultivated in vitro and then transplanted in vivo, after the initial in vitro restriction, developmental potential was recovered. The in vitro restriction depended on medium used and duration of culture. Pre-cultivation in serum-free medium for 7 days restricted developmental potential for nervous tissue, and for 14 days restricted developmental potential for skeletal muscles, adipose tissue and glandular epithelia. Transferrin addition improved in vitro differentiation of neuroblasts, cartilage and columnar epithelium. In the combined in vitro and in vivo method, transferrin preserved developmental potential in comparable extent to the addition of the serum. Even in serum-free conditions in vitro, the subsequent in vivo wide expression of developmental potential was possible. Therefore, the combination of in vitro and in vivo methods turned to be advantageous than the isolated approaches (in vitro or in vivo only), and enabled testing in more detail the influence of a single substance on developmental course and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Belovari
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
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Holmbeck K, Bianco P, Chrysovergis K, Yamada S, Birkedal-Hansen H. MT1-MMP-dependent, apoptotic remodeling of unmineralized cartilage: a critical process in skeletal growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 163:661-71. [PMID: 14610065 PMCID: PMC2173657 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200307061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal tissues develop either by intramembranous ossification, where bone is formed within a soft connective tissue, or by endochondral ossification. The latter proceeds via cartilage anlagen, which through hypertrophy, mineralization, and partial resorption ultimately provides scaffolding for bone formation. Here, we describe a novel and essential mechanism governing remodeling of unmineralized cartilage anlagen into membranous bone, as well as tendons and ligaments. Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)–dependent dissolution of unmineralized cartilages, coupled with apoptosis of nonhypertrophic chondrocytes, mediates remodeling of these cartilages into other tissues. The MT1-MMP deficiency disrupts this process and uncouples apoptotic demise of chondrocytes and cartilage degradation, resulting in the persistence of “ghost” cartilages with adverse effects on skeletal integrity. Some cells entrapped in these ghost cartilages escape apoptosis, maintain DNA synthesis, and assume phenotypes normally found in the tissues replacing unmineralized cartilages. The coordinated apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase-directed cartilage dissolution is akin to metamorphosis and may thus represent its evolutionary legacy in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenn Holmbeck
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Muraglia A, Corsi A, Riminucci M, Mastrogiacomo M, Cancedda R, Bianco P, Quarto R. Formation of a chondro-osseous rudiment in micromass cultures of human bone-marrow stromal cells. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:2949-55. [PMID: 12783985 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow stromal cells can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages including cartilage and bone. When these cells are seeded in high-density 'pellet culture', they undergo chondrogenesis and form a tissue that is morphologically and biochemically defined as cartilage. Here, we show that dual chondro-osteogenic differentiation can be obtained in the same micromass culture of human bone-marrow stromal cells. Human bone-marrow stromal cells were pellet cultured for 4 weeks in chondro-inductive medium. Cartilage 'beads' resulting from the micromass culture were then subcultured for further 1-3 weeks in osteo-inductive medium. This resulted in the formation of a distinct mineralized bony collar around hyaline cartilage. During the chondrogenesis phase, type I collagen and bone sialoprotein were produced in the outer portion of the cartilage bead, which, upon subsequent exposure to beta-glycerophosphate, mineralized and accumulated extracellular bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin. Our modification of the pellet culture system results in the formation of a chondro-osseous 'organoid' structurally reminiscent of pre-invasion endochondral rudiments, in which a bony collar forms around hyaline cartilage. The transition from a cell culture to an organ culture dimension featured by our system provides a suitable model for the dissection of molecular determinants of endochondral bone formation, which unfolds in a precisely defined spatial and temporal frame
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Muraglia
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Adams CS, Shapiro IM. The fate of the terminally differentiated chondrocyte: evidence for microenvironmental regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 13:465-73. [PMID: 12499240 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes contained within the epiphyseal growth plate promote rapid bone growth. To achieve growth, cells activate a maturation program that results in an increase in chondrocyte number and volume and elaboration of a mineralized matrix; subsequently, the matrix is resorbed and the terminally differentiated cells are deleted from the bone. The major objective of this review is to examine the fate of the epiphyseal chondrocytes in the growing bone. Current studies strongly suggest that the terminally differentiated epiphyseal cells are deleted from the cartilage by apoptosis. Indeed, morphological, biochemical, and end-labeling techniques confirm that death is through the apoptotic pathway. Since the induction of apoptosis is spatially and temporally linked to the removal of the cartilage matrix, current studies have examined the apoptogenic activity of Ca(2+)-, Pi-, and RGD-containing peptides of extracellular matrix proteins. It is observed that all of these molecules are powerful apoptogens. With respect to the molecular mechanism of apoptosis, studies of cell death with Pi as an apoptogen indicate that the anion is transported into the cytosol via a Na(+/)Pi transporter. Subsequently, there is activation of caspases, generation of NO, and a decrease in the thiol reserve. Finally, we examine the notion that chondrocytes transdifferentiate into osteoblasts, and briefly review evidence for, and the rationale of, the transdifferentiation process. It is concluded that specific microenvironments exist in cartilage that can serve to direct chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson Medical College, 1015 Walnut Street, 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Xie H, Huff GR, Huff WE, Balog JM, Rath NC. Effects of ovotransferrin on chicken macrophages and heterophil-granulocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:805-815. [PMID: 12377220 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ovotransferrin (OTF) is an acute phase protein in chickens, serum levels of which increase in inflammation and infections. To understand the significance of OTF in inflammation, we studied its in vitro effects on HD11 cells, a macrophage cell line, and heterophils isolated from blood using a panel of variables indicative of cellular activation. These included the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitrite, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), oxidation of dichlorofluorescein diacetate for respiratory burst and the degranulation of heterophils by the loss of fluorescein isothiocyanate positive cytoplasmic granules. The results show that ovotransferrin stimulates the production of IL-6, nitrite and MMP by HD11 cells and augments phorbol ester-induced respiratory burst. Ovotransferrin stimulated heterophils to produce IL-6, and MMP, but failed to produce nitrite, enhanced respiratory burst activity and degranulation. These results suggest that ovotransferrin can modulate macrophage and heterophil functions in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xie
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Poultry Science Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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39
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Abstract
Stromal cells generated in long-term cultures appear to follow a vascular smooth muscle differentiation pathway. Such a pathway, comprising several steps hallmarked by the expression of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix markers, is found not only for bone marrow stromal cells, but also for stromal cells generated from the different developmental sites of hematopoiesis (yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, fetal liver, and spleen). Factors responsible for this differentiation pathway and its functional significance are discussed. The mesenchymal founder cell might be, at least for bone marrow, a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), giving rise to stromal cells, endothelial cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. A feature that distinguishes the MSC lineage from that of the hematopoietic stem cell lineage is that differentiation pathways are not strictly delineated, since even apparently fully differentiated cells from a given lineage have the potential to convert into another lineage (phenotype "plasticity") and intermediate cell phenotypes are observed. A stochastic Repression/Induction model that would account for this plasticity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Dennis
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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40
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La Russa VF, Schwarzenberger P, Miller A, Agrawal K, Kolls J, Weiner R. Marrow stem cells, mesenchymal progenitor cells, and stromal progeny. Cancer Invest 2002; 20:110-23. [PMID: 11852994 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F La Russa
- Bone Marrow Transplant Laboratory, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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41
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Farjanel J, Schürmann G, Bruckner P. Contacts with fibrils containing collagen I, but not collagens II, IX, and XI, can destabilize the cartilage phenotype of chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002; 9 Suppl A:S55-63. [PMID: 11680689 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2001.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell-matrix interactions are important regulators of cellular functions, including matrix synthesis, proliferation and differentiation. This is well exemplified by the characteristically labile phenotype of chondrocytes that is lost in monolayer culture but is stabilized in suspension under appropriate conditions. We were interested in the role of collagen suprastructures in maintaining or destabilizing the cartilage phenotype of chondrocytes. DESIGN Primary sternal chondrocytes from 17-day-old chick embryos were cultured in gels of fibrils reconstituted from soluble collagen I from various sources. The culture media either contained or lacked FBS. Cells were cultured for up to 28 days and the evolution of the phenotype of the cells was assessed by their collagen expression (collagens II and X for differentiated chondrocytes and hypertrophic chodrocytes, repectively; collagen I for phenotypically modulated cells), or by their secretion of alkaline phosphatase (hypertrophic cartilage phenotype). RESULTS The cells often retained their differentiated phenotype only if cultured with serum. Under serum-free conditions, cartilage characteristics were lost. The cells acquired a fibroblast-like shape and, later, synthesized collagen I instead of cartilage collagens. Shape changes were influenced by beta1-integrin-activity, whereas other matrix receptors were important for alterations of collagen patterns. Heterotypic fibrils reconstituted from collagens II, IX, and XI did not provoke this phenotypic instability. CONCLUSIONS Chondrocytes sensitively recognize the suprastructures of collagen fibrils in their environment. Cellular interactions with fibrils with appropriate molecular organizations, such as that in cartilage fibrils, result in the maintenance of the differentiated cartilage phenotype. However, other suprastructures, e.g. in reconstituted fibrils mainly containing collagen I, lead to cell-matrix interactions incompatible with the cartilage phenotype. The maintenance of the differentiated traits of chondrocytes is pivotal for the normal function of, e.g., articular cartilage. If pathologically altered matrix suprastructures lead to a dysregulation of collagen production also in vivo compromised cartilage functions inevitably will be propagated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farjanel
- Institut de Biologie et de Chimie des Protéines, Lyon, France
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42
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Xie H, Newberry L, Clark FD, Huff WE, Huff GR, Balog JM, Rath NC. Changes in serum ovotransferrin levels in chickens with experimentally induced inflammation and diseases. Avian Dis 2002; 46:122-31. [PMID: 11922323 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0122:cisoli]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A competitive enzyme immunoassay was developed to measure the changes in serum levels of ovotransferrin (OTF) during inflammation and infectious diseases in chickens. The assay is based on the competition of serum OTF with a fixed concentration of biotin-labeled OTF to bind to a rabbit anti-chicken transferrin antibody immobilized on microtiter wells. After several washing steps, the antibody-bound biotinylated OTF is probed with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (HRP) followed by a colorimetric detection of the HRP activity. The relative changes in the optical density of color are plotted against the competing concentrations of OTF with logarithmic regression to generate a standard curve that is used to determine the concentrations of OTF in unknown samples. Serum had no effect on the measurement of OTE By this method, the time course changes of serum OTF levels in 4-wk-old male broiler chickens that were subjected to inflammation by croton oil injection were measured. The results showed croton oil-induced inflammation elevated serum OTF levels at 16 hr postinjection. OTF levels reached a peak by 72 hr, remained high through 120 hr, and returned to a basal level of olive oil-injected controls by 240 hr. There were no changes in serum OTF levels at any of the above time points in olive oil-injected control chickens. For studies with poultry diseases, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) male chickens were challenged with known bacterial and viral pathogens, and serum was collected at the height of the infection, i.e., 7 days after the challenge. Compared with uninjected controls, the SPF chickens challenged with Escherichia coli, fowl poxvirus, respiratory enteric orphan virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, or infectious laryngotracheitis virus had higher levels of OTF in serum. Inflammation-induced changes in serum OTF levels were also evident in the changes in the density of a 65-kD band protein corresponding to OTF. These results demonstrate that serum OTF may be a nonspecific clinical marker of inflammation associated with traumatic or infectious avian diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xie
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
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43
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Jiménez MJ, Balbín M, Alvarez J, Komori T, Bianco P, Holmbeck K, Birkedal-Hansen H, López JM, López-Otín C. A regulatory cascade involving retinoic acid, Cbfa1, and matrix metalloproteinases is coupled to the development of a process of perichondrial invasion and osteogenic differentiation during bone formation. J Cell Biol 2001; 155:1333-44. [PMID: 11748248 PMCID: PMC2199331 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200106147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-remodeling processes are largely mediated by members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of endopeptidases whose expression is strictly controlled both spatially and temporally. In this article, we have examined the molecular mechanisms that could contribute to modulate the expression of MMPs like collagenase-3 and MT1-MMP during bone formation. We have found that all-trans retinoic acid (RA), which usually downregulates MMPs, strongly induces collagenase-3 expression in cultures of embryonic metatarsal cartilage rudiments and in chondrocytic cells. This effect is dose and time dependent, requires the de novo synthesis of proteins, and is mediated by RAR-RXR heterodimers. Analysis of the signal transduction mechanisms underlying the upregulating effect of RA on collagenase-3 expression demonstrated that this factor acts through a signaling pathway involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. RA treatment of chondrocytic cells also induces the production of MT1-MMP, a membrane-bound metalloproteinase essential for skeletal formation, which participates in a proteolytic cascade with collagenase-3. The production of these MMPs is concomitant with the development of an RA-induced differentiation program characterized by formation of a mineralized bone matrix, downregulation of chondrocyte markers like type II collagen, and upregulation of osteoblastic markers such as osteocalcin. These effects are attenuated in metatarsal rudiments in which RA induces the invasion of perichondrial osteogenic cells from the perichondrium into the cartilage rudiment. RA treatment also resulted in the upregulation of Cbfa1, a transcription factor responsible for collagenase-3 and osteocalcin induction in osteoblastic cells. The dynamics of Cbfa1, MMPs, and osteocalcin expression is consistent with the fact that these genes could be part of a regulatory cascade initiated by RA and leading to the induction of Cbfa1, which in turn would upregulate the expression of some of their target genes like collagenase-3 and osteocalcin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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44
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Meyer U, Meyer T, Wiesmann HP, Kruse-Lösler B, Vollmer D, Stratmann U, Joos U. Mechanical tension in distraction osteogenesis regulates chondrocytic differentiation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 30:522-30. [PMID: 11829235 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2001.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of chondrocytes to cells of osteoblastic phenotype occurs during an interim period of bone development, fracture repair and distraction osteogenesis. To study the relationship between tension-stress and chondrogenesis, uniaxial strains (0 microstrains, 2000 microstrains, 20000 microstrains, 200000 microstrains, 300000 microstrains) were applied in a rabbit model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis. The results demonstrated that cell differentiation, apoptosis and tissue development in the newly formed gap tissue showed a correlation to the applied strain magnitudes. Only strains of 20000 microstrains resulted in a statistically significant (P<0.05) formation of cartilage struts with embedded chondrocyte-like cells. However, chondrocyte-like cells were rarely detected in samples distracted at lower or higher strain magnitudes. Osteoblasts appeared to replace cartilaginous matrix by mineralized bone matrix. The phenotypic change from chondrocytes to osteoblasts was accompanied by a decreased proteoglycan synthesis. a change in the expression from type II collagen towards type I and involved asymmetric cell divisions and apoptotic cell death. Therefore, we suggest that mechanical strain is an external stimulus responsible for phenotypic cell alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meyer
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Biomineralisation Research Unit, University of Münster, Germany.
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45
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Bianco P, Riminucci M, Gronthos S, Robey PG. Bone marrow stromal stem cells: nature, biology, and potential applications. Stem Cells 2001; 19:180-92. [PMID: 11359943 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.19-3-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1319] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells are progenitors of skeletal tissue components such as bone, cartilage, the hematopoiesis-supporting stroma, and adipocytes. In addition, they may be experimentally induced to undergo unorthodox differentiation, possibly forming neural and myogenic cells. As such, they represent an important paradigm of post-natal nonhematopoietic stem cells, and an easy source for potential therapeutic use. Along with an overview of the basics of their biology, we discuss here their potential nature as components of the vascular wall, and the prospects for their use in local and systemic transplantation and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bianco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Universita' La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
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46
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Zerega B, Camardella L, Cermelli S, Sala R, Cancedda R, Descalzi Cancedda F. Avidin expression during chick chondrocyte and myoblast development in vitro and in vivo: regulation of cell proliferation. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:1473-82. [PMID: 11282023 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.8.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avidin is a major [(35)S]methionine-labeled protein induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in cultured chick embryo myoblasts and chondrocytes. It was identified by N-terminal sequencing of the protein purified from conditioned culture medium of LPS-stimulated myoblasts. In addition, avidin was secreted by unstimulated myoblasts and chondrocytes during in vitro differentiation; maximal expression being observed in differentiated myofibers and hypertrophic chondrocytes. In developing chick embryos, immunohistochemistry revealed avidin in skeletal muscles and growth plate hypertrophic cartilage. Avidin was secreted into culture as a biologically active tetramer. Exogenous avidin added to the medium of proliferating chondrocytes progressively inhibited cell proliferation, whereas addition of avidin to differentiating chondrocytes in suspension allowed full cell differentiation. No toxic effects for the cells were observed in both culture conditions. Western blots of samples from cytosolic extracts using alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin showed three biotin-containing proteins. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase was identified by specific antibodies. Based on these data, we propose that avidin binds extracellular biotin and regulates cell proliferation by interfering with fatty acid biosynthesis during terminal cell differentiation and/or in response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zerega
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Genova, Italy
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47
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Stover ML, Wang CK, McKinstry MB, Kalajzic I, Gronowicz G, Clark SH, Rowe DW, Lichtler AC. Bone-directed expression of Col1a1 promoter-driven self-inactivating retroviral vector in bone marrow cells and transgenic mice. Mol Ther 2001; 3:543-50. [PMID: 11319916 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy of bone would benefit from the availability of vectors that provide stable, osteoblast-specific expression. This would allow bone-specific expression of Col1a1 cDNAs for treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta. In addition, such a vector would restrict expression of secreted therapeutic proteins to the bone-synthesizing regions of the bone marrow after ex vivo transduction of marrow stromal cells and reintroduction of the cells into patients. Retrovirus vectors stably integrate into target cell genomes; however, long-term regulated expression from internal cellular promoters has not been consistently achieved. In some cases this is due to a stem cell-specific mechanism for transcriptional repression of retroviruses. We evaluated the ability of self-inactivating ROSA-derived vectors containing a bone-directed 2.3-kb rat Col1a1 promoter to display osteoblast-specific expression. In vitro expression was examined in bone marrow stromal cell cultures induced to undergo osteoblastic differentiation. In vivo expression was evaluated in chimeric mice derived from transduced embryonic stem cells. The results indicate that self-inactivating retrovirus vectors containing the Col1a1 promoter are not permanently inactivated in embryonic stem cells and are specifically expressed in osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro. Thus these vectors should be useful for bone-directed gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Stover
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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48
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Specchia N, Pagnotta A, Gigante A, Logroscino G, Toesca A. Characterization of cultured human ligamentum flavum cells in lumbar spine stenosis. J Orthop Res 2001; 19:294-300. [PMID: 11347704 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(00)00026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the pathogenesis of the degenerative changes of the ligamentum flavum occurring in lumbar spine stenosis, yellow ligament cells from patients with lumbar spine stenosis were cultured for the first time and subjected to biochemical, histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Stenotic ligamentum flavum (SLF) cells were seen to express high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and to produce a matrix rich in type I and III collagen, fibronectin and osteonectin. The matrix mineralized only following beta-glycerophosphate (betaGP) and ascorbic acid supplementation. Stimulation with human parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased intracellular cAMP concentration. These findings indicate that there was significant evidence of osteoblast-like activity in these cells. SLF cells also stained for S100 protein, type II and type X collagen, and co-localized type II collagen and ALP labelling, reflecting the presence of hypertrophic chondrocyte-like cells. Cultures from control patients showed neither osteoblastic nor chondrocytic features: they expressed type I and type III collagen and fibronectin, but did not stain for osteonectin, nor were bone-like calcifications observed in presence or absence of betaGP. Normal ligamentum flavum (NLF) cells did not synthesized S100 protein or type II or type X collagen, and showed a weaker response to PTH stimulation. Our data demonstrated the presence of hypertrophic chondrocytes with an osteoblast-like activity in the ligamentum flavum of patients with spinal stenosis suggesting that they could have a role in the pathophysiology of the heterotopic ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) in lumbar spine stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Specchia
- Department of Orthopedics, Istituto di Patologia dell' Apparato Locomotore, University of Ancona, Italy.
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49
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Rada JA, Huang Y, Rada KG. Identification of choroidal ovotransferrin as a potential ocular growth regulator. Curr Eye Res 2001; 22:121-32. [PMID: 11402389 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.22.2.121.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In an effort to identify choroidal factors potentially involved in the regulation of ocular growth, proteins released into culture medium of organ-cultured choroids were compared between control eyes and eyes recovering from form deprivation myopia. METHODS The choroids were obtained from the posterior poles of control and recovering chick eyes, and placed into organ culture containing ( 35)S-methionine/(35)S-cysteine. Culture medium was collected after 24 hours and proteins were separated and identified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), fluorography, immunoprecipitation, western blot analysis and by amino acid sequencing. Choroidal proteins were tested for their effect on scleral proteoglycan synthesis by measuring (35)SO( 4) incorporation into scleral glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in vitro. Choroidal thickness and axial elongation were measured in control and recovering eyes using high frequency A-scan ultrasound. RESULTS The synthesis of an 80 kD protein was greatly increased in the choroids of recovering eyes compared with those of control eyes. Amino acid sequencing and immunoprecipitation indicated that the newly synthesized 80 kD protein was ovotransferrin (transferrin, conalbumin). Ovotransferrin release into the culture medium by isolated recovering choroids was associated with a decrease in the rate of axial elongation in recovering eyes. When tested in vitro, ovotransferrin (500 ng/micro) inhibited scleral proteoglycan synthesis in the sclera by 62% in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Chick choroids of recovering eyes synthesize and release ovotransferrin during the recovery from form deprivation myopia. Ovotransferrin significantly inhibited proteoglycan synthesis by the sclera, indicating that ovotransferrin may play a role in slowing the rate of vitreous chamber elongation and facilitating the recovery from induced myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA.
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50
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Descalzi Cancedda F, Dozin B, Zerega B, Cermelli S, Cancedda R. Ex-FABP: a fatty acid binding lipocalin developmentally regulated in chicken endochondral bone formation and myogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1482:127-35. [PMID: 11058755 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular fatty acid binding protein (Ex-FABP) is a 21 kDa lipocalin specifically binding fatty acids, expressed during chicken embryo development in hypertrophic cartilage, in muscle fibers and in blood granulocytes. In chondrocyte and myoblast cultures Ex-FABP expression is increased by inflammatory agents and repressed by anti-inflammatory agents. In adult cartilage Ex-FABP is expressed only in pathological conditions such as in dyschondroplastic and osteoarthritic chickens. The possible mammalian counterpart is the Neu-related lipocalin (NRL), a lipocalin overexpressed in rat mammary cancer; NRL is homologous to the human neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) expressed in granulocytes and in epithelial cells in inflammation and malignancy and to the Sip24 (super-inducible protein 24), an acute phase lipocalin expressed in mouse after turpentine injection. Immunolocalization and in situ hybridization showed that NRL/NGAL is expressed in hypertrophic cartilage, in forming skeletal muscle fibers and in developing heart. In adult cartilage NRL/NGAL was expressed in articular cartilage from osteoarthritic patients and in chondrosarcoma. Moreover, NRL was induced in chondrocyte and myoblast cultures by an inflammatory agent. We propose that these lipocalins (Ex-FABP, NRL/NGAL, Sip24) represent stress proteins physiologically expressed in tissues where active remodeling is taking place during development and also present in tissues characterized by an acute phase response due to pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Descalzi Cancedda
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy.
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