1
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Surma M, Anbarasu K, Das A. Arp2/3 mediated dynamic lamellipodia of the hPSC colony edges promote liposome-based DNA delivery. Stem Cells 2024; 42:607-622. [PMID: 38717908 PMCID: PMC11228622 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Cationic liposome-mediated delivery of drugs, DNA, or RNA plays a pivotal role in small molecule therapy, gene editing, and immunization. However, our current knowledge regarding the cellular structures that facilitate this process remains limited. Here, we used human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which form compact colonies consisting of dynamically active cells at the periphery and epithelial-like cells at the core. We discovered that cells at the colony edges selectively got transfected by cationic liposomes through actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) dependent dynamic lamellipodia, which is augmented by myosin II inhibition. Conversely, cells at the core establish tight junctions at their apical surfaces, impeding liposomal access to the basal lamellipodia and thereby inhibiting transfection. In contrast, liposomes incorporating mannosylated lipids are internalized throughout the entire colony via receptor-mediated endocytosis. These findings contribute a novel mechanistic insight into enhancing therapeutic delivery via liposomes, particularly in cell types characterized by dynamic lamellipodia, such as immune cells or those comprising the epithelial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Surma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Kavitha Anbarasu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Arupratan Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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2
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Velle KB, Fritz-Laylin LK. Evolutionary cell biology: New roles for Arp2/3 complex evolution in eukaryotic diversification. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1284-R1286. [PMID: 38113837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a protein polymer system that underlies a wide variety of eukaryotic phenotypes. A new study reports that diversity in a key actin regulator, the Arp2/3 complex, drives species-specific sperm development within the Drosophila lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina B Velle
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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3
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Kramer DA, Narvaez-Ortiz HY, Patel U, Shi R, Shen K, Nolen BJ, Roche J, Chen B. The intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic tail of a dendrite branching receptor uses two distinct mechanisms to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. eLife 2023; 12:e88492. [PMID: 37555826 PMCID: PMC10411975 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite morphogenesis is essential for neural circuit formation, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying complex dendrite branching remain elusive. Previous studies on the highly branched Caenorhabditis elegans PVD sensory neuron identified a membrane co-receptor complex that links extracellular signals to intracellular actin remodeling machinery, promoting high-order dendrite branching. In this complex, the claudin-like transmembrane protein HPO-30 recruits the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) to dendrite branching sites, stimulating the Arp2/3 complex to polymerize actin. We report here our biochemical and structural analysis of this interaction, revealing that the intracellular domain (ICD) of HPO-30 is intrinsically disordered and employs two distinct mechanisms to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. First, HPO-30 ICD binding to the WRC requires dimerization and involves the entire ICD sequence, rather than a short linear peptide motif. This interaction enhances WRC activation by the GTPase Rac1. Second, HPO-30 ICD directly binds to the sides and barbed end of actin filaments. Binding to the barbed end requires ICD dimerization and inhibits both actin polymerization and depolymerization, resembling the actin capping protein CapZ. These dual functions provide an intriguing model of how membrane proteins can integrate distinct mechanisms to fine-tune local actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
| | - Heidy Y Narvaez-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Urval Patel
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
| | - Rebecca Shi
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Neurosciences IDP, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Brad J Nolen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Julien Roche
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmesUnited States
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4
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Schurr Y, Reil L, Spindler M, Nieswandt B, Machesky LM, Bender M. The WASH-complex subunit Strumpellin regulates integrin αIIbβ3 trafficking in murine platelets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9526. [PMID: 37308549 PMCID: PMC10260982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The platelet specific integrin αIIbβ3 mediates platelet adhesion, aggregation and plays a central role in thrombosis and hemostasis. In resting platelets, αIIbβ3 is expressed on the membrane surface and in intracellular compartments. Upon activation, the number of surface-expressed αIIbβ3 is increased by the translocation of internal granule pools to the plasma membrane. The WASH complex is the major endosomal actin polymerization-promoting complex and has been implicated in the generation of actin networks involved in endocytic trafficking of integrins in other cell types. The role of the WASH complex and its subunit Strumpellin in platelet function is still unknown. Here, we report that Strumpellin-deficient murine platelets display an approximately 20% reduction in integrin αIIbβ3 surface expression. While exposure of the internal αIIbβ3 pool after platelet activation was unaffected, the uptake of the αIIbβ3 ligand fibrinogen was delayed. The number of platelet α-granules was slightly but significantly increased in Strumpellin-deficient platelets. Quantitative proteome analysis of isolated αIIbβ3-positive vesicular structures revealed an enrichment of protein markers, which are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and early endosomes in Strumpellin-deficient platelets. These results point to a so far unidentified role of the WASH complex subunit Strumpellin in integrin αIIbβ3 trafficking in murine platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Schurr
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lucy Reil
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Spindler
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura M Machesky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine-Chair I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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5
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Li D, Yang Y, Lv C, Wang Y, Chao X, Huang J, Singh SP, Yuan Y, Zhang C, Lou J, Gao P, Huang S, Li B, Cai H. GxcM-Fbp17/RacC-WASP signaling regulates polarized cortex assembly in migrating cells via Arp2/3. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208151. [PMID: 37010470 PMCID: PMC10072221 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin-rich cortex plays a fundamental role in many cellular processes. Its architecture and molecular composition vary across cell types and physiological states. The full complement of actin assembly factors driving cortex formation and how their activities are spatiotemporally regulated remain to be fully elucidated. Using Dictyostelium as a model for polarized and rapidly migrating cells, we show that GxcM, a RhoGEF localized specifically in the rear of migrating cells, functions together with F-BAR protein Fbp17, a small GTPase RacC, and the actin nucleation-promoting factor WASP to coordinately promote Arp2/3 complex-mediated cortical actin assembly. Overactivation of this signaling cascade leads to excessive actin polymerization in the rear cortex, whereas its disruption causes defects in cortical integrity and function. Therefore, apart from its well-defined role in the formation of the protrusions at the cell front, the Arp2/3 complex-based actin carries out a previously unappreciated function in building the rear cortical subcompartment in rapidly migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglin Lv
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ye Yuan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Gao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Moustafa A, Hashemi S, Brar G, Grigull J, Ng SHS, Williams D, Schmitt-Ulms G, McDermott JC. The MEF2A transcription factor interactome in cardiomyocytes. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:240. [PMID: 37019881 PMCID: PMC10076289 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulators encoded by the Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 (MEF2) gene family play a fundamental role in cardiac development, homeostasis and pathology. Previous studies indicate that MEF2A protein-protein interactions serve as a network hub in several cardiomyocyte cellular processes. Based on the idea that interactions with regulatory protein partners underly the diverse roles of MEF2A in cardiomyocyte gene expression, we undertook a systematic unbiased screen of the MEF2A protein interactome in primary cardiomyocytes using an affinity purification-based quantitative mass spectrometry approach. Bioinformatic processing of the MEF2A interactome revealed protein networks involved in the regulation of programmed cell death, inflammatory responses, actin dynamics and stress signaling in primary cardiomyocytes. Further biochemical and functional confirmation of specific protein-protein interactions documented a dynamic interaction between MEF2A and STAT3 proteins. Integration of transcriptome level data from MEF2A and STAT3-depleted cardiomyocytes reveals that the balance between MEF2A and STAT3 activity exerts a level of executive control over the inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte cell survival and experimentally ameliorates Phenylephrine induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Lastly, we identified several MEF2A/STAT3 co-regulated genes, including the MMP9 gene. Herein, we document the cardiomyocyte MEF2A interactome, which furthers our understanding of protein networks involved in the hierarchical control of normal and pathophysiological cardiomyocyte gene expression in the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Moustafa
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sara Hashemi
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
- Seneca College, School of Health Sciences, King City, ON, L7B 1B3, Canada
| | - Gurnoor Brar
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jörg Grigull
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Siemon H S Ng
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
- Analytical Development, Notch Therapeutics, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Declan Williams
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - John C McDermott
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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7
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Spencer WJ, Schneider NF, Lewis TR, Castillo CM, Skiba NP, Arshavsky VY. The WAVE complex drives the morphogenesis of the photoreceptor outer segment cilium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215011120. [PMID: 36917665 PMCID: PMC10041111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215011120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoreceptor outer segment is a modified cilium filled with hundreds of flattened "disc" membranes responsible for efficient light capture. To maintain photoreceptor health and functionality, outer segments are continuously renewed through the addition of new discs at their base. This process is driven by branched actin polymerization nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex. To induce actin polymerization, Arp2/3 requires a nucleation promoting factor. Here, we show that the nucleation promoting factor driving disc morphogenesis is the pentameric WAVE complex and identify all protein subunits of this complex. We further demonstrate that the knockout of one of them, WASF3, abolishes actin polymerization at the site of disc morphogenesis leading to formation of disorganized membrane lamellae emanating from the photoreceptor cilium instead of an outer segment. These data establish that, despite the intrinsic ability of photoreceptor ciliary membranes to form lamellar structures, WAVE-dependent actin polymerization is essential for organizing these membranes into a proper outer segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Spencer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY13210
| | | | - Tylor R. Lewis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Carson M. Castillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Nikolai P. Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
| | - Vadim Y. Arshavsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710
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8
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Campellone KG, Lebek NM, King VL. Branching out in different directions: Emerging cellular functions for the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family actin nucleation factors. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151301. [PMID: 36907023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton impacts practically every function of a eukaryotic cell. Historically, the best-characterized cytoskeletal activities are in cell morphogenesis, motility, and division. The structural and dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton are also crucial for establishing, maintaining, and changing the organization of membrane-bound organelles and other intracellular structures. Such activities are important in nearly all animal cells and tissues, although distinct anatomical regions and physiological systems rely on different regulatory factors. Recent work indicates that the Arp2/3 complex, a broadly expressed actin nucleator, drives actin assembly during several intracellular stress response pathways. These newly described Arp2/3-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements are coordinated by members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family of actin nucleation-promoting factors. Thus, the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family proteins are emerging as crucial players in cytoplasmic and nuclear activities including autophagy, apoptosis, chromatin dynamics, and DNA repair. Characterizations of the functions of the actin assembly machinery in such stress response mechanisms are advancing our understanding of both normal and pathogenic processes, and hold great promise for providing insights into organismal development and interventions for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Nadine M Lebek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Virginia L King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
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9
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Rosenbloom AD, Pollard TD. The proline-rich domain of fission yeast WASp (Wsp1p) interacts with actin filaments and inhibits actin polymerization. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:672-681. [PMID: 36650956 PMCID: PMC10023459 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) family activate Arp2/3 complex (actin-related proteins 2 and 3 complex) to form actin filament branches. The proline-rich domain (PRD) of WASp contributes to branching nucleation, and the PRD of budding yeast Las17 binds actin filaments [Urbanek AN et al. (2013) Curr Biol 23, 196-203]. Biochemical assays showed the recombinant PRD of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Wsp1p binds actin filaments with micromolar affinity. Recombinant PRDs of both Wsp1p and Las17p slowed the elongation of actin filaments by Mg-ATP-actin monomers by half and slowed the spontaneous polymerization of Mg-ATP-actin monomers modestly. The affinity of PRDs of WASp-family proteins for actin filaments is high enough to contribute to the reported stimulation of actin filament branching by Arp2/3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Rosenbloom
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 USA
| | - Thomas D. Pollard
- Departments of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and of Cell Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103 USA
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10
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Chen YH, Chen H, Lin TT, Zhu JM, Chen JY, Dong RN, Chen SH, Lin F, Ke ZB, Huang JB, Wei Y, Zheng QS, Xue XY, Xu N. ARPC1A correlates with poor prognosis in prostate cancer and is up-regulated by glutamine metabolism to promote tumor cell migration, invasion and cytoskeletal changes. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 36814338 PMCID: PMC9945620 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for prostate cancer (PCa) progression and metastasis, and to discern their biological functions. METHODS Bioinformatics methods were used to screen for hub genes. The expression level of key hub genes in PCa was determined and their prognostic significance was examined. A series of functional assays were performed to investigate the function of the highest-ranking hub gene. RESULTS Actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A (ARPC1A) was identified as the hub gene. ARPC1A was highly expressed in PCa tissues and cell lines, and was an independent prognostic factor for predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and overall survival of PCa patients. Knockdown of ARPC1A inhibited PCa cell migration, invasion and cytoskeleton formation, but had no impact on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. In vivo, ARPC1A overexpression promoted lung metastasis of PCa, but had no efffect on tumor growth. Additionally, glutamine metabolism was identified as an upstream regulator of ARPC1A, and promoted migration, invasion and cytoskeletal changes of PCa cell through ARPC1A. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that ARPC1A, which correlates with poor prognosis in PCa, functions downstream of glutamine metabolism to regulate cytoskeletal changes, cellular migration and cellular invasion in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Hui Chen
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Hang Chen
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Ting-Ting Lin
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Jun-Ming Zhu
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Ru-Nan Dong
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Shao-Hao Chen
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Fei Lin
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ke
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Jin-Bei Huang
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Yong Wei
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Qing-Shui Zheng
- grid.256112.30000 0004 1797 9307Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005 China
| | - Xue-Yi Xue
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Urology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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11
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Garcia G, Bar‐Ziv R, Averbukh M, Dasgupta N, Dutta N, Zhang H, Fan W, Moaddeli D, Tsui CK, Castro Torres T, Alcala A, Moehle EA, Hoang S, Shalem O, Adams PD, Thorwald MA, Higuchi‐Sanabria R. Large-scale genetic screens identify BET-1 as a cytoskeleton regulator promoting actin function and life span. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13742. [PMID: 36404134 PMCID: PMC9835578 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a three-dimensional scaffold of proteins that is a regulatory, energyconsuming network with dynamic properties to shape the structure and function of the cell. Proper actin function is required for many cellular pathways, including cell division, autophagy, chaperone function, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Deterioration of these processes manifests during aging and exposure to stress, which is in part due to the breakdown of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in preservation of cytoskeletal form and function are not well-understood. Here, we performed a multipronged, cross-organismal screen combining a whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 screen in human fibroblasts with in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans synthetic lethality screening. We identified the bromodomain protein, BET-1, as a key regulator of actin function and longevity. Overexpression of bet-1 preserves actin function at late age and promotes life span and healthspan in C. elegans. These beneficial effects are mediated through actin preservation by the transcriptional regulator function of BET-1. Together, our discovery assigns a key role for BET-1 in cytoskeletal health, highlighting regulatory cellular networks promoting cytoskeletal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Garcia
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Raz Bar‐Ziv
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteThe University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maxim Averbukh
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nirmalya Dasgupta
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno‐oncology ProgramSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Naibedya Dutta
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteThe University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wudi Fan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteThe University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Darius Moaddeli
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - C. Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteThe University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Toni Castro Torres
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Athena Alcala
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Erica A. Moehle
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteThe University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sally Hoang
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ophir Shalem
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter D. Adams
- Aging, Cancer and Immuno‐oncology ProgramSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Max A. Thorwald
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ryo Higuchi‐Sanabria
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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12
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Cornelius J, Haak S, Rothkegel M, Korte M, Michaelsen-Preusse K. Phosphorylation of the actin-binding protein profilin2a at S137 modulates bidirectional structural plasticity at dendritic spines. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1107380. [PMID: 36875774 PMCID: PMC9975505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1107380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Synaptic plasticity requires constant adaptation of functional and structural features at individual synaptic connections. Rapid re-modulation of the synaptic actin cytoskeleton provides the scaffold orchestrating both morphological and functional modifications. A major regulator of actin polymerization not only in neurons but also in various other cell types is the actin-binding protein profilin. While profilin is known to mediate the ADP to ATP exchange at actin monomers through its direct interaction with G-actin, it additionally is able to influence actin dynamics by binding to membrane-bound phospholipids as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) as well as several other proteins containing poly-L-proline motifs including actin modulators like Ena/VASP, WAVE/WASP or formins. Notably, these interactions are proposed to be mediated by a fine-tuned regulation of post-translational phosphorylation of profilin. However, while phosphorylation sites of the ubiquitously expressed isoform profilin1 have been described and analyzed previously, there is still only little known about the phosphorylation of the profilin2a isoform predominantly expressed in neurons. Methods: Here, utilizing a knock-down/knock-in approach, we replaced endogenously expressed profilin2a by (de)phospho-mutants of S137 known to alter actin-, PIP2 and PLP-binding properties of profilin2a and analyzed their effect on general actin dynamics as well as activity-dependent structural plasticity. Results and Discussion: Our findings suggest that a precisely timed regulation of profilin2a phosphorylation at S137 is needed to mediate actin dynamics and structural plasticity bidirectionally during long-term potentiation and long-term depression, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cornelius
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Haak
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Rothkegel
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Research group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Schwan C, Lang AE, Schlosser A, Fujita-Becker S, AlHaj A, Schröder RR, Faix J, Aktories K, Mannherz HG. Inhibition of Arp2/3 Complex after ADP-Ribosylation of Arp2 by Binary Clostridioides Toxins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223661. [PMID: 36429089 PMCID: PMC9688287 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides bacteria are responsible for life threatening infections. Here, we show that in addition to actin, the binary toxins CDT, C2I, and Iota from Clostridioides difficile, botulinum, and perfrigens, respectively, ADP-ribosylate the actin-related protein Arp2 of Arp2/3 complex and its additional components ArpC1, ArpC2, and ArpC4/5. The Arp2/3 complex is composed of seven subunits and stimulates the formation of branched actin filament networks. This activity is inhibited after ADP-ribosylation of Arp2. Translocation of the ADP-ribosyltransferase component of CDT toxin into human colon carcinoma Caco2 cells led to ADP-ribosylation of cellular Arp2 and actin followed by a collapse of the lamellipodial extensions and F-actin network. Exposure of isolated mouse colon pieces to CDT toxin induced the dissolution of the enterocytes leading to luminal aggregation of cellular debris and the collapse of the mucosal organization. Thus, we identify the Arp2/3 complex as hitherto unknown target of clostridial ADP-ribosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander E. Lang
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center of Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Abdulatif AlHaj
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, BioQuant, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Georg Mannherz
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr-University, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology and of Cellular Physiology, Ruhr-University, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-3223164; Fax: +49-234-321447
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14
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Lopes dos Santos R, Campillo C. Studying actin-induced cell shape changes using Giant Unilamellar Vesicles and reconstituted actin networks. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1527-1539. [PMID: 36111807 PMCID: PMC9704537 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell shape changes that are fuelled by the dynamics of the actomyosin cytoskeleton control cellular processes such as motility and division. However, the mechanisms of interplay between cell membranes and actomyosin are complicated to decipher in the complex environment of the cytoplasm. Using biomimetic systems offers an alternative approach to studying cell shape changes in assays with controlled biochemical composition. Biomimetic systems allow quantitative experiments that can help to build physical models describing the processes of cell shape changes. This article reviews works in which actin networks are reconstructed inside or outside cell-sized Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs), which are models of cell membranes. We show how various actin networks affect the shape and mechanics of GUVs and how some cell shape changes can be reproduced in vitro using these minimal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Lopes dos Santos
- LAMBE, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Clément Campillo
- LAMBE, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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15
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Bellinvia E, García-González J, Cifrová P, Martinek J, Sikorová L, Havelková L, Schwarzerová K. CRISPR-Cas9 Arabidopsis mutants of genes for ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits of ARP2/3 complex reveal differential roles of complex subunits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18205. [PMID: 36307477 PMCID: PMC9616901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein complex Arp2/3 has a conserved role in the nucleation of branched actin filaments. It is constituted of seven subunits, including actin-like subunits ARP2 and ARP3 plus five other subunits called Arp2/3 Complex Component 1 to 5, which are not related to actin. Knock-out plant mutants lacking individual plant ARP2/3 subunits have a typical phenotype of distorted trichomes, altered pavement cells shape and defects in cell adhesion. While knock-out mutant Arabidopsis plants for most ARP2/3 subunits have been characterized before, Arabidopsis plant mutants missing ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits have not yet been described. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated knock-out mutants lacking ARPC1 and ARPC3 subunits. We confirmed that the loss of ARPC1 subunits results in the typical ARP2/3 mutant phenotype. However, the mutants lacking ARPC3 subunits resulted in plants with surprisingly different phenotypes. Our results suggest that plant ARP2/3 complex function in trichome shaping does not require ARPC3 subunit, while the fully assembled complex is necessary for the establishment of correct cell adhesion in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bellinvia
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinek
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Havelková
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Kramer DA, Piper HK, Chen B. WASP family proteins: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151244. [PMID: 35667337 PMCID: PMC9357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family play a central role in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Genetic mutations or misregulation of these proteins are tightly associated with many diseases. The WASP-family proteins act by transmitting various upstream signals to their conserved WH2-Central-Acidic (WCA) peptide sequence at the C-terminus, which in turn binds to the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate the formation of branched actin networks at membranes. Despite this common feature, the regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of distinct WASP-family proteins are very different. Here, we summarize and clarify our current understanding of WASP-family proteins and how disruption of their functions is related to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hannah K Piper
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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17
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The Actin Cytoskeleton Responds to Inflammatory Cues and Alters Macrophage Activation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111806. [PMID: 35681501 PMCID: PMC9180445 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms underlying a class of human disorders called actinopathies. These genetic disorders are characterized by loss-of-function mutations in actin-associated proteins that affect immune cells, leading to human immunopathology. However, much remains to be learned about how cytoskeletal dysregulation promotes immunological dysfunction. The current study reveals that the macrophage actin cytoskeleton responds to LPS/IFNγ stimulation in a biphasic manner that involves cellular contraction followed by cellular spreading. Myosin II inhibition by blebbistatin blocks the initial contraction phase and lowers iNOS protein levels and nitric oxide secretion. Conversely, conditional deletion of Arp2/3 complex in macrophages attenuates spreading and increases nitric oxide secretion. However, iNOS transcription is not altered by loss of myosin II or Arp2/3 function, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of iNOS by the cytoskeleton. Consistent with this idea, proteasome inhibition reverses the effects of blebbistatin and rescues iNOS protein levels. Arp2/3-deficient macrophages demonstrate two additional phenotypes: defective MHCII surface localization, and depressed secretion of the T cell chemokine CCL22. These data suggest that interplay between myosin II and Arp2/3 influences macrophage activity, and potentially impacts adaptive-innate immune coordination. Disrupting this balance could have detrimental impacts, particularly in the context of Arp2/3-associated actinopathies.
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18
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Sun J, Zhong X, Fu X, Miller H, Lee P, Yu B, Liu C. The Actin Regulators Involved in the Function and Related Diseases of Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:799309. [PMID: 35371070 PMCID: PMC8965893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.799309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is an important cytoskeletal protein involved in signal transduction, cell structure and motility. Actin regulators include actin-monomer-binding proteins, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) family of proteins, nucleation proteins, actin filament polymerases and severing proteins. This group of proteins regulate the dynamic changes in actin assembly/disassembly, thus playing an important role in cell motility, intracellular transport, cell division and other basic cellular activities. Lymphocytes are important components of the human immune system, consisting of T-lymphocytes (T cells), B-lymphocytes (B cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells). Lymphocytes are indispensable for both innate and adaptive immunity and cannot function normally without various actin regulators. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structure and fundamental functions of a variety of well-known and newly discovered actin regulators, then we highlight the role of actin regulators in T cell, B cell and NK cell, and finally provide a landscape of various diseases associated with them. This review provides new directions in exploring actin regulators and promotes more precise and effective treatments for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyu Zhong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Zhao AJ, Montes-Laing J, Perry WMG, Shiratori M, Merfeld E, Rogers SL, Applewhite DA. The Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop regulates focal adhesion dynamics by crosslinking microtubules and actin. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar19. [PMID: 35235367 PMCID: PMC9282009 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectraplakin family of proteins includes ACF7/MACF1 and BPAG1/dystonin in mammals, VAB-10 in Caenorhabditis elegans, Magellan in zebrafish, and Short stop (Shot), the sole Drosophila member. Spectraplakins are giant cytoskeletal proteins that cross-link actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, coordinating the activity of the entire cytoskeleton. We examined the role of Shot during cell migration using two systems: the in vitro migration of Drosophila tissue culture cells and in vivo through border cell migration. RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of Shot increases the rate of random cell migration in Drosophila tissue culture cells as well as the rate of wound closure during scratch-wound assays. This increase in cell migration prompted us to analyze focal adhesion dynamics. We found that the rates of focal adhesion assembly and disassembly were faster in Shot-depleted cells, leading to faster adhesion turnover that could underlie the increased migration speeds. This regulation of focal adhesion dynamics may be dependent on Shot being in an open confirmation. Using Drosophila border cells as an in vivo model for cell migration, we found that RNAi depletion led to precocious border cell migration. Collectively, these results suggest that spectraplakins not only function to cross-link the cytoskeleton but may regulate cell–matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Zhao
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Julia Montes-Laing
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Mari Shiratori
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Emily Merfeld
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
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20
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Cytoskeleton regulation: Distinct steps in Arp2/3 complex activation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R220-R222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Identification and characterization of profilin gene family in rice. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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22
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The Role of WAVE2 Signaling in Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091217. [PMID: 34572403 PMCID: PMC8464821 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and WASP family verprolin-homologous protein (WAVE)—WAVE1, WAVE2 and WAVE3 regulate rapid reorganization of cortical actin filaments and have been shown to form a key link between small GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Upon receiving upstream signals from Rho-family GTPases, the WASP and WAVE family proteins play a significant role in polymerization of actin cytoskeleton through activation of actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3). The Arp2/3 complex, once activated, forms actin-based membrane protrusions essential for cell migration and cancer cell invasion. Thus, by activation of Arp2/3 complex, the WAVE and WASP family proteins, as part of the WAVE regulatory complex (WRC), have been shown to play a critical role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, drawing significant research interest over recent years. Several studies have highlighted the potential for targeting the genes encoding either part of or a complete protein from the WASP/WAVE family as therapeutic strategies for preventing the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. WAVE2 is well documented to be associated with the pathogenesis of several human cancers, including lung, liver, pancreatic, prostate, colorectal and breast cancer, as well as other hematologic malignancies. This review focuses mainly on the role of WAVE2 in the development, invasion and metastasis of different types of cancer. This review also summarizes the molecular mechanisms that regulate the activity of WAVE2, as well as those oncogenic pathways that are regulated by WAVE2 to promote the cancer phenotype. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies that target WAVE2 or the WAVE regulatory complex, aimed at preventing or inhibiting cancer invasion and metastasis.
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23
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Galloni C, Carra D, Abella JV, Kjær S, Singaravelu P, Barry DJ, Kogata N, Guérin C, Blanchoin L, Way M. MICAL2 enhances branched actin network disassembly by oxidizing Arp3B-containing Arp2/3 complexes. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202102043. [PMID: 34106209 PMCID: PMC8193582 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the disassembly of branched actin networks formed by the Arp2/3 complex still remain to be fully elucidated. In addition, the impact of Arp3 isoforms on the properties of Arp2/3 are also unexplored. We now demonstrate that Arp3 and Arp3B isocomplexes promote actin assembly equally efficiently but generate branched actin networks with different disassembly rates. Arp3B dissociates significantly faster than Arp3 from the network, and its depletion increases actin stability. This difference is due to the oxidation of Arp3B, but not Arp3, by the methionine monooxygenase MICAL2, which is recruited to the actin network by coronin 1C. Substitution of Arp3B Met293 by threonine, the corresponding residue in Arp3, increases actin network stability. Conversely, replacing Arp3 Thr293 with glutamine to mimic Met oxidation promotes disassembly. The ability of MICAL2 to enhance network disassembly also depends on cortactin. Our observations demonstrate that coronin 1C, cortactin, and MICAL2 act together to promote disassembly of branched actin networks by oxidizing Arp3B-containing Arp2/3 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galloni
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Davide Carra
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jasmine V.G. Abella
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Svend Kjær
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pavithra Singaravelu
- CytoMorpho Lab, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Grenoble, France
- CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, University of Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - David J. Barry
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Naoko Kogata
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christophe Guérin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Grenoble, France
- CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, University of Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytoMorpho Lab, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Grenoble, France
- CytoMorpho Lab, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, University of Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Paris, France
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
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24
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Kühn S, Bergqvist J, Gil M, Valenzuela C, Barrio L, Lebreton S, Zurzolo C, Enninga J. Actin Assembly around the Shigella-Containing Vacuole Promotes Successful Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107638. [PMID: 32402280 PMCID: PMC7225751 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteroinvasive bacterium Shigella flexneri forces its uptake into non-phagocytic host cells through the translocation of T3SS effectors that subvert the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we report de novo actin polymerization after cellular entry around the bacterium-containing vacuole (BCV) leading to the formation of a dynamic actin cocoon. This cocoon is thicker than any described cellular actin structure and functions as a gatekeeper for the cytosolic access of the pathogen. Host CDC42, TOCA-1, N-WASP, WIP, the Arp2/3 complex, cortactin, coronin, and cofilin are recruited to the actin cocoon. They are subverted by T3SS effectors, such as IpgD, IpgB1, and IcsB. IcsB immobilizes components of the actin polymerization machinery at the BCV dependent on its fatty acyltransferase activity. This represents a unique microbial subversion strategy through localized entrapment of host actin regulators causing massive actin assembly. We propose that the cocoon promotes subsequent invasion steps for successful Shigella infection. A thick actin cocoon forms de novo around the Shigella-containing vacuole upon entry The effector IcsB entraps host actin regulators at the vacuole by lipidation Cdc42, N-WASP, and the Arp2/3 complex are major actin cocoon regulators Cocoon formation promotes subsequent Shigella niche formation and dissemination
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John Bergqvist
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Gil
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Camila Valenzuela
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Barrio
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Lebreton
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Trafficking and Pathogenesis Unit, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Trafficking and Pathogenesis Unit, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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25
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Abstract
Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen of a substantial global health concern. In order to identify key players involved in Salmonella infection, we performed a global host phosphoproteome analysis subsequent to bacterial infection. Thereby, we identified the kinase SIK2 as a central component of the host defense machinery upon Salmonella infection. SIK2 depletion favors the escape of bacteria from the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and impairs Xenophagy, resulting in a hyperproliferative phenotype. Mechanistically, SIK2 associates with actin filaments under basal conditions; however, during bacterial infection, SIK2 is recruited to the SCV together with the elements of the actin polymerization machinery (Arp2/3 complex and Formins). Notably, SIK2 depletion results in a severe pathological cellular actin nucleation and polymerization defect upon Salmonella infection. We propose that SIK2 controls the formation of a protective SCV actin shield shortly after invasion and orchestrates the actin cytoskeleton architecture in its entirety to control an acute Salmonella infection after bacterial invasion.
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26
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The multiple roles of actin-binding proteins at invadopodia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33962752 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that facilitate cancer cell dissemination by focusing on proteolytic activity and clearing paths for migration through physical barriers, such as basement membranes, dense extracellular matrices, and endothelial cell junctions. Invadopodium formation and activity require spatially and temporally regulated changes in actin filament organization and dynamics. About three decades of research have led to a remarkable understanding of how these changes are orchestrated by sequential recruitment and coordinated activity of different sets of actin-binding proteins. In this chapter, we provide an update on the roles of the actin cytoskeleton during the main stages of invadopodium development with a particular focus on actin polymerization machineries and production of pushing forces driving extracellular matrix remodeling.
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27
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Tur-Gracia S, Martinez-Quiles N. Emerging functions of cytoskeletal proteins in immune diseases. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/3/jcs253534. [PMID: 33558442 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are especially dependent on the proper functioning of the actin cytoskeleton, and both innate and adaptive responses rely on it. Leukocytes need to adhere not only to substrates but also to cells in order to form synapses that pass on instructions or kill infected cells. Neutrophils literally squeeze their cell body during blood extravasation and efficiently migrate to the inflammatory focus. Moreover, the development of immune cells requires the remodeling of their cytoskeleton as it depends on, among other processes, adhesive contacts and migration. In recent years, the number of reports describing cytoskeletal defects that compromise the immune system has increased immensely. Furthermore, a new emerging paradigm points toward a role for the cellular actin content as an essential component of the so-called homeostasis-altering molecular processes that induce the activation of innate immune signaling pathways. Here, we review the role of critical actin-cytoskeleton-remodeling proteins, including the Arp2/3 complex, cofilin, coronin and WD40-repeat containing protein 1 (WDR1), in immune pathophysiology, with a special focus on autoimmune and autoinflammatory traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tur-Gracia
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Narcisa Martinez-Quiles
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain .,Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Abstract
As multi-cellular organisms evolved from small clusters of cells to complex metazoans, biological tubes became essential for life. Tubes are typically thought of as mainly playing a role in transport, with the hollow space (lumen) acting as a conduit to distribute nutrients and waste, or for gas exchange. However, biological tubes also provide a platform for physiological, mechanical, and structural functions. Indeed, tubulogenesis is often a critical aspect of morphogenesis and organogenesis. C. elegans is made up of tubes that provide structural support and protection (the epidermis), perform the mechanical and enzymatic processes of digestion (the buccal cavity, pharynx, intestine, and rectum), transport fluids for osmoregulation (the excretory system), and execute the functions necessary for reproduction (the germline, spermatheca, uterus and vulva). Here we review our current understanding of the genetic regulation, molecular processes, and physical forces involved in tubulogenesis and morphogenesis of the epidermal, digestive and excretory systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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29
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Papalazarou V, Machesky LM. The cell pushes back: The Arp2/3 complex is a key orchestrator of cellular responses to environmental forces. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 68:37-44. [PMID: 32977244 PMCID: PMC7938217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex orchestrates the formation of branched actin networks at the interface between the cytoplasm and membranes. Although it is widely appreciated that these networks are useful for scaffolding, creating pushing forces and delineating zones at the membrane interface, it has only recently come to light that branched actin networks are mechanosensitive, giving them special properties. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how Arp2/3-generated actin networks respond to load forces and thus allow cells to create pushing forces in responsive and tuneable ways to effect cellular processes such as migration, invasion, phagocytosis, adhesion and even nuclear and DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Papalazarou
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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30
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Liu HK, Li YJ, Wang SJ, Yuan TL, Huang WJ, Dong X, Pei JQ, Zhang D, McCormick S, Tang WH. Kinase Partner Protein Plays a Key Role in Controlling the Speed and Shape of Pollen Tube Growth in Tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1853-1869. [PMID: 33020251 PMCID: PMC7723124 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and responsive growth of a pollen tube requires delicate coordination of membrane receptor signaling, Rho-of-Plants (ROP) GTPase activity switching, and actin cytoskeleton assembly. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) kinase partner protein (KPP), is a ROP guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates ROP GTPases and interacts with the tomato pollen receptor kinases LePRK1 and LePRK2. It remains unclear how KPP relays signals from plasma membrane-localized LePRKs to ROP switches and other cellular machineries to modulate pollen tube growth. Here, we biochemically verified KPP's activity on ROP4 and showed that KPP RNA interference transgenic pollen tubes grew slower while KPP-overexpressing pollen tubes grew faster, suggesting that KPP functions as a rheostat for speed control in LePRK2-mediated pollen tube growth. The N terminus of KPP is required for self-inhibition of its ROPGEF activity, and expression of truncated KPP lacking the N terminus caused pollen tube tip enlargement. The C-terminus of KPP is required for its interaction with LePRK1 and LePRK2, and the expression of a truncated KPP lacking the C-terminus triggered pollen tube bifurcation. Furthermore, coexpression assays showed that self-associated KPP recruited actin-nucleating Actin-Related Protein2/3 (ARP2/3) complexes to the tip membrane. Interfering with ARP2/3 activity reduced the pollen tube abnormalities caused by overexpressing KPP fragments. In conclusion, KPP plays a key role in pollen tube speed and shape control by recruiting the branched actin nucleator ARP2/3 complex and an actin bundler to the membrane-localized receptors LePRK1 and LePRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Kuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Jie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shu-Jie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting-Lu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Jie Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia-Qi Pei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheila McCormick
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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31
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Papalazarou V, Swaminathan K, Jaber-Hijazi F, Spence H, Lahmann I, Nixon C, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Arnold HH, Rottner K, Machesky LM. The Arp2/3 complex is crucial for colonisation of the mouse skin by melanoblasts. Development 2020; 147:dev194555. [PMID: 33028610 PMCID: PMC7687863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is essential for the assembly of branched filamentous actin, but its role in physiology and development is surprisingly little understood. Melanoblasts deriving from the neural crest migrate along the developing embryo and traverse the dermis to reach the epidermis, colonising the skin and eventually homing within the hair follicles. We have previously established that Rac1 and Cdc42 direct melanoblast migration in vivo We hypothesised that the Arp2/3 complex might be the main downstream effector of these small GTPases. Arp3 depletion in the melanocyte lineage results in severe pigmentation defects in dorsal and ventral regions of the mouse skin. Arp3 null melanoblasts demonstrate proliferation and migration defects and fail to elongate as their wild-type counterparts. Conditional deletion of Arp3 in primary melanocytes causes improper proliferation, spreading, migration and adhesion to extracellular matrix. Collectively, our results suggest that the Arp2/3 complex is absolutely indispensable in the melanocyte lineage in mouse development, and indicate a significant role in developmental processes that require tight regulation of actin-mediated motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Papalazarou
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heather Spence
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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32
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Schroeder CM, Valenzuela JR, Mejia Natividad I, Hocky GM, Malik HS. A Burst of Genetic Innovation in Drosophila Actin-Related Proteins for Testis-Specific Function. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:757-772. [PMID: 31697328 PMCID: PMC7038667 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cytoskeletal proteins perform fundamental biological processes and are evolutionarily ancient. For example, the superfamily of actin-related proteins (Arps) specialized early in eukaryotic evolution for diverse cellular roles in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Despite its strict conservation across eukaryotes, we find that the Arp superfamily has undergone dramatic lineage-specific diversification in Drosophila. Our phylogenomic analyses reveal four independent Arp gene duplications that occurred in the common ancestor of the obscura group of Drosophila and have been mostly preserved in this lineage. All four obscura-specific Arp paralogs are predominantly expressed in the male germline and have evolved under positive selection. We focus our analyses on the divergent Arp2D paralog, which arose via a retroduplication event from Arp2, a component of the Arp2/3 complex that polymerizes branched actin networks. Computational modeling analyses suggest that Arp2D can replace Arp2 in the Arp2/3 complex and bind actin monomers. Together with the signature of positive selection, our findings suggest that Arp2D may augment Arp2's functions in the male germline. Indeed, we find that Arp2D is expressed during and following male meiosis, where it localizes to distinct locations such as actin cones-specialized cytoskeletal structures that separate bundled spermatids into individual mature sperm. We hypothesize that this unprecedented burst of genetic innovation in cytoskeletal proteins may have been driven by the evolution of sperm heteromorphism in the obscura group of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Valenzuela
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Isabel Mejia Natividad
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA
| | - Glen M Hocky
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Harmit S Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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33
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Augoff K, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Tabola R. Invadopodia: clearing the way for cancer cell invasion. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:902. [PMID: 32793746 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The invasive nature of many cancer cells involves the formation of F-actin-based, lipid-raft-enriched membrane protrusions known as invadopodia or, more broadly, invadosomes. Invadopodia are specialized adhesive structures arising from ventral cell surface within cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts and concentrate high proteolytic activities that allow cells to overcome the dense scaffold of local microenvironment, comprising a natural barrier to cell spreading. This degradative activity distinguishes invadopodia from other adhesive structures like focal adhesions, lamellipodia or filopodia, and is believed to drive cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Augoff
- Department of Surgical Education, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Renata Tabola
- Second Department and Clinic of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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34
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Svitkina TM. Actin Cell Cortex: Structure and Molecular Organization. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:556-565. [PMID: 32278656 PMCID: PMC7566779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton consists of structurally and biochemically different actin filament arrays. Among them, the actin cortex is thought to have key roles in cell mechanics, but remains a poorly characterized part of the actin cytoskeleton. The cell cortex is typically defined as a thin layer of actin meshwork that uniformly underlies the plasma membrane of the entire cell. However, this definition applies only to specific cases. In general, the cortex structure and subcellular distribution vary significantly across cell types and physiological states of the cell. In this review, I focus on our current knowledge of the structure and molecular composition of the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana M Svitkina
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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35
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Oliveira MMS, Westerberg LS. Cytoskeletal regulation of dendritic cells: An intricate balance between migration and presentation for tumor therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1051-1065. [PMID: 32557835 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0520-014rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main players in many approaches for cancer therapy. The idea with DC tumor therapy is to promote activation of tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T cells that kill tumor cells. This requires that DCs take up tumor Ag and present peptides on MHC class I molecules in a process called cross-presentation. For this process to be efficient, DCs have to migrate to the tumor draining lymph node and there activate the machinery for cross-presentation. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in understanding the role of actin regulators for control of DC migration and Ag presentation. The potential to target actin regulators for better DC-based tumor therapy will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Kühn S, Enninga J. The actin comet guides the way: How
Listeria
actin subversion has impacted cell biology, infection biology and structural biology. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13190. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Unit of Dynamics of Host‐Pathogen InteractionsInstitut Pasteur Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS‐UMR3691) Paris France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Unit of Dynamics of Host‐Pathogen InteractionsInstitut Pasteur Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS‐UMR3691) Paris France
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37
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Yeast as a Model to Understand Actin-Mediated Cellular Functions in Mammals-Illustrated with Four Actin Cytoskeleton Proteins. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030672. [PMID: 32164332 PMCID: PMC7140605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an actin cytoskeleton that comprises a set of protein components analogous to those found in the actin cytoskeletons of higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, the actin cytoskeletons of S. cerevisiae and of higher eukaryotes have some similar physiological roles. The genetic tractability of budding yeast and the availability of a stable haploid cell type facilitates the application of molecular genetic approaches to assign functions to the various actin cytoskeleton components. This has provided information that is in general complementary to that provided by studies of the equivalent proteins of higher eukaryotes and hence has enabled a more complete view of the role of these proteins. Several human functional homologues of yeast actin effectors are implicated in diseases. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of these proteins is critical to develop improved therapeutic strategies. In this article we chose as examples four evolutionarily conserved proteins that associate with the actin cytoskeleton: (1) yeast Hof1p/mammalian PSTPIP1, (2) yeast Rvs167p/mammalian BIN1, (3) yeast eEF1A/eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 and (4) yeast Yih1p/mammalian IMPACT. We compare the knowledge on the functions of these actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins that has arisen from studies of their homologues in yeast with information that has been obtained from in vivo studies using live animals or in vitro studies using cultured animal cell lines.
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38
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Holliday LS, de Faria LP, Rody WJ. Actin and Actin-Associated Proteins in Extracellular Vesicles Shed by Osteoclasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010158. [PMID: 31881680 PMCID: PMC6981389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed by all eukaryotic cells and have emerged as important intercellular regulators. EVs released by osteoclasts were recently identified as important coupling factors in bone remodeling. They are shed as osteoclasts resorb bone and stimulate osteoblasts to form bone to replace the bone resorbed. We reported the proteomic content of osteoclast EVs with data from two-dimensional, high resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. In this article, we examine in detail the actin and actin-associated proteins found in osteoclast EVs. Like EVs from other cell types, actin and various actin-associated proteins were abundant. These include components of the polymerization machinery, myosin mechanoenzymes, proteins that stabilize or depolymerize microfilaments, and actin-associated proteins that are involved in regulating integrins. The selective incorporation of actin-associated proteins into osteoclast EVs suggests that they have roles in the formation of EVs and/or the regulatory signaling functions of the EVs. Regulating integrins so that they bind extracellular matrix tightly, in order to attach EVs to the extracellular matrix at specific locations in organs and tissues, is one potential active role for actin-associated proteins in EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Shannon Holliday
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Lorraine Perciliano de Faria
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01000, Brazil;
| | - Wellington J. Rody
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Stony Brook University School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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40
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Merino F, Pospich S, Raunser S. Towards a structural understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:51-64. [PMID: 31836290 PMCID: PMC7221352 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Actin filaments (F-actin) are a key component of eukaryotic cells. Whether serving as a scaffold for myosin or using their polymerization to push onto cellular components, their function is always related to force generation. To control and fine-tune force production, cells have a large array of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) dedicated to control every aspect of actin polymerization, filament localization, and their overall mechanical properties. Although great advances have been made in our biochemical understanding of the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, the structural basis of this process is still being deciphered. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of this process. We outline how ABPs control the nucleation and disassembly, and how these processes are affected by the nucleotide state of the filaments. In addition, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of actomyosin force generation, and describe recent advances brought forward by the developments of electron cryomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pospich
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.
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41
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Abstract
Actin polymerization is essential for cells to migrate, as well as for various cell biological processes such as cytokinesis and vesicle traffic. This brief review describes the mechanisms underlying its different roles and recent advances in our understanding. Actin usually requires "nuclei"-preformed actin filaments-to start polymerizing, but, once initiated, polymerization continues constitutively. The field therefore has a strong focus on nucleators, in particular the Arp2/3 complex and formins. These have different functions, are controlled by contrasting mechanisms, and generate alternate geometries of actin networks. The Arp2/3 complex functions only when activated by nucleation-promoting factors such as WASP, Scar/WAVE, WASH, and WHAMM and when binding to a pre-existing filament. Formins can be individually active but are usually autoinhibited. Each is controlled by different mechanisms and is involved in different biological roles. We also describe the processes leading to actin disassembly and their regulation and conclude with four questions whose answers are important for understanding actin dynamics but are currently unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Buracco
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sophie Claydon
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1BD, UK
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42
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Mechanism of synergistic actin filament pointed end depolymerization by cyclase-associated protein and cofilin. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5320. [PMID: 31757941 PMCID: PMC6876575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to generate forces through actin filament turnover was an early adaptation in evolution. While much is known about how actin filaments grow, mechanisms of their disassembly are incompletely understood. The best-characterized actin disassembly factors are the cofilin family proteins, which increase cytoskeletal dynamics by severing actin filaments. However, the mechanism by which severed actin filaments are recycled back to monomeric form has remained enigmatic. We report that cyclase-associated-protein (CAP) works in synergy with cofilin to accelerate actin filament depolymerization by nearly 100-fold. Structural work uncovers the molecular mechanism by which CAP interacts with actin filament pointed end to destabilize the interface between terminal actin subunits, and subsequently recycles the newly-depolymerized actin monomer for the next round of filament assembly. These findings establish CAP as a molecular machine promoting rapid actin filament depolymerization and monomer recycling, and explain why CAP is critical for actin-dependent processes in all eukaryotes. The cofilin family proteins are actin disassembly factors but the disassembly mechanism is poorly understood. Here authors show that cyclase-associated-protein (CAP) works in synergy with cofilin to accelerate actin filament depolymerization by nearly 100-fold and reveal how CAP destabilizes the interface between terminal actin subunits.
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43
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Sun G, Feng C, Guo J, Zhang A, Xu Y, Wang Y, Day B, Ma Q. The tomato Arp2/3 complex is required for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2664-2680. [PMID: 31038756 PMCID: PMC7747227 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex), a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, has been linked to multiple cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, the Solanum habrochaites ARPC3 gene, encoding a subunit protein of the Arp2/3 complex, was identified and characterized. ShARPC3 encodes a 174-amino acid protein possessing a conserved P21-Arc domain. Silencing of ShARPC3 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (On-Lz), demonstrating a role for ShARPC3 in defence signalling. Interestingly, a loss of ShARPC3 coincided with enhanced susceptibility to On-Lz, a process that we hypothesize is the result of a block in the activity of SA-mediated defence signalling. Conversely, overexpression of ShARPC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by inoculation with On-Lz, showed enhanced resistance, including the rapid induction of hypersensitive cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen. Heterologous expression of ShARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (i.e., ∆arc18) resulted in complementation of stress-induced phenotypes, including high-temperature tolerance. Taken together, these data support a role for ShARPC3 in tomato through positive regulation of plant immunity in response to O. neolycopersici pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chanjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuanliu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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44
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Pollard TD. Cell Motility and Cytokinesis: From Mysteries to Molecular Mechanisms in Five Decades. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:1-28. [PMID: 31394047 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This is the story of someone who has been fortunate to work in a field of research where essentially nothing was known at the outset but that blossomed with the discovery of profound insights about two basic biological processes: cell motility and cytokinesis. The field started with no molecules, just a few people, and primitive methods. Over time, technological advances in biophysics, biochemistry, and microscopy allowed the combined efforts of scientists in hundreds of laboratories to explain mysterious processes with molecular mechanisms that can be embodied in mathematical equations and simulated by computers. The success of this field is a tribute to the power of the reductionist strategy for understanding biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry; and Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
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45
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Upadhyay AK, Arora S, Pandey DK, Chaudhary B. Interspersed 5'cis-regulatory elements ascertain the spatio-temporal transcription of cytoskeletal profilin gene family in Arabidopsis. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 80:177-186. [PMID: 30974345 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Spatio-temporal expression patterns of cytoskeleton-associated profilin (PRF) family proteins in response to varied environmental stimuli are tightly regulated. Functional analyses of PRFs have revealed their crucial roles in varied developmental and stress related traits, but very little is implicit pertaining to cis-acting regulatory elements that regulate such intricate expression patterns. Here, we identified cis-elements with their varying distribution frequencies by scanning 1.5kbp upstream sequences of 5'regulatory regions of PRFs of dicot and monocot plant species. Predicted cis-elements in the regulatory sub-regions of Arabidopsis PRFs (AtPRFs) were predominantly associated with development-responsive motifs (DREs), light responsive elements (LREs), hormonal responsive elements (HREs), core motifs and stress-responsive elements (SREs). Interestingly, DREs, LREs and core promoter motifs, were extensively distributed up to the distal end of 5'regulatory regions on contrary to HREs present closer to the translational start site in Arabidopsis. The evolutionary footprints of predicted orthologous cis-elements were conserved, and preferably located in the proximal regions of 5'regulatory regions of evolutionarily diverged plant species. We also explored comprehensive tissue-specific global gene expression levels of PRFs under diverse hormonal and abiotic stress regimes. In response, the PRFs exhibited large transcriptional biases in a time- and organ-dependent manner. Further, the methodical elucidation of spatial expression analysis of predicted cis-elements binding transcription factors and relevant PRFs showed notable correlation. Results indicate that binding transcription factors' expression data is largely informative for envisaging their precise roles in the spatial regulation of target PRFs. These results highlight the importance of PRFs during plant development; and establish a relationship between their spatial expression patterns and presence of respective regulatory motifs in their promoter sequences. This information could be employed in future studies and field-utilization of cell wall structural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav K Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Sakshi Arora
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Dhananjay K Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Bhupendra Chaudhary
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201310, India.
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46
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Garajová M, Mrva M, Vaškovicová N, Martinka M, Melicherová J, Valigurová A. Cellulose fibrils formation and organisation of cytoskeleton during encystment are essential for Acanthamoeba cyst wall architecture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4466. [PMID: 30872791 PMCID: PMC6418277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoebae success as human pathogens is largely due to the highly resistant cysts which represent a crucial problem in treatment of Acanthamoeba infections. Hence, the study of cyst wall composition and encystment play an important role in finding new therapeutic strategies. For the first time, we detected high activity of cytoskeletal elements - microtubular networks and filamentous actin, in late phases of encystment. Cellulose fibrils - the main components of endocyst were demonstrated in inter-cystic space, and finally in the ectocyst, hereby proving the presence of cellulose in both layers of the cyst wall. We detected clustering of intramembranous particles (IMPs) and their density alterations in cytoplasmic membrane during encystment. We propose a hypothesis that in the phase of endocyst formation, the IMP clusters represent cellulose microfibril terminal complexes involved in cellulose synthesis that after cyst wall completion are reduced. Cyst wall impermeability, due largely to a complex polysaccharide (glycans, mainly cellulose) has been shown to be responsible for Acanthamoeba biocide resistance and cellulose biosynthesis pathway is suggested to be a potential target in treatment of Acanthamoeba infections. Disruption of this pathway would affect the synthesis of cyst wall and reduce considerably the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Garajová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martin Mrva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Naděžda Vaškovicová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Janka Melicherová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Valigurová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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47
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Cohen J, Raviv S, Adir O, Padmanabhan K, Soffer A, Luxenburg C. The Wave complex controls epidermal morphogenesis and proliferation by suppressing Wnt-Sox9 signaling. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1390-1406. [PMID: 30867227 PMCID: PMC6446834 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wave complex promotes Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. Cohen et al. show that Wave complex activity regulates epidermal shape and growth. Without Wave complex activity, F-actin content is down-regulated and ectopic activity of the Wnt/β-catenin–SOX9 pathway is triggered. This activity induces epidermal hyperproliferation and disrupts tissue architecture. Development of the skin epidermis requires tight spatiotemporal control over the activity of several signaling pathways; however, the mechanisms that orchestrate these events remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a key role for the Wave complex proteins ABI1 and Wave2 in regulating signals that control epidermal shape and growth. In utero RNAi-mediated silencing of Abi1 or Wasf2 induced cellular hyperproliferation and defects in architecture of the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and delayed hair follicle growth. Unexpectedly, SOX9, a hair follicle growth regulator, was aberrantly expressed throughout the IFE of the mutant embryos, and its forced overexpression mimicked the Wave complex loss-of-function phenotype. Moreover, Wnt signaling, which regulates SOX9+ cell specification, was up-regulated in Wave complex loss-of-function IFE. Importantly, we show that the Wave complex regulates filamentous actin content and that a decrease in actin levels is sufficient to elevate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our results identify a novel role for Wave complex– and actin-regulated signaling via Wnt and SOX9 in skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Raviv
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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48
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Pollard TD. Evolution of research on cellular motility over five decades. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1503-1508. [PMID: 30377975 PMCID: PMC6297086 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This short review traces how our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cellular movements originated and developed over the past 50 years. Work on actin-based and microtubule-based movements developed in different ways, but in both fields, the discovery of the key proteins drove progress. Starting from an inventory of zero molecules in 1960, both fields matured spectacularly, so we now know the atomic structures of the important proteins, understand the kinetics and thermodynamics of their interactions, have documented how the molecules behave in cells, and can test theories with molecularly explicit computer simulations of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Departments of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA.
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA.
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49
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Aydin F, Katkar HH, Voth GA. Multiscale simulation of actin filaments and actin-associated proteins. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1521-1535. [PMID: 30382557 PMCID: PMC6297090 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is an important cytoskeletal protein that serves as a building block to form filament networks that span across the cell. These networks are orchestrated by a myriad of other cytoskeletal entities including the unbranched filament-forming protein formin and branched network-forming protein complex Arp2/3. Computational models have been able to provide insights into many important structural transitions that are involved in forming these networks, and into the nature of interactions essential for actin filament formation and for regulating the behavior of actin-associated proteins. In this review, we summarize a subset of such models that focus on the atomistic features and those that can integrate atomistic features into a larger picture in a multiscale fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Aydin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Dynamics, and James Frank Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harshwardhan H Katkar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Dynamics, and James Frank Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Dynamics, and James Frank Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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50
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Higgs HN. A fruitful tree: developing the dendritic nucleation model of actin-based cell motility. Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMCID: PMC6333179 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in cell biology concerns how cells move, and this has been the subject of intense research for decades. In the 1990s, a major leap forward was made in our understanding of cell motility, with the proposal of the dendritic nucleation model. This essay describes the events leading to the development of the model, including findings from many laboratories and scientific disciplines. The story is an excellent example of the scientific process in action, with the combination of multiple perspectives leading to robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry N. Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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