1
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Jansen RLM, de Boer R, de Lange EMF, Koster J, Vlijm R, Waterham HR, van der Klei IJ. Overexpression of PEX14 results in mistargeting to mitochondria, accompanied by organelle fragmentation and clustering in human embryonic kidney cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119754. [PMID: 38762172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in biogenesis and maintenance of peroxisomes. However, mitochondria are also often affected in these diseases. Peroxisomal membrane proteins, including PEX14, have been found to mislocalise to mitochondria in cells lacking peroxisomes. Recent studies indicated that this mislocalisation contributes to mitochondrial abnormalities in PEX3-deficient patient fibroblasts cells. Here, we studied whether mitochondrial morphology is also affected in PEX3-deficient HEK293 cells and whether PEX14 mislocalises to mitochondria in these cells. Using high-resolution imaging techniques, we show that although endogenous PEX14 mislocalises to mitochondria, mitochondrial morphology was normal in PEX3-KO HEK293 cells. However, we discovered that overexpression of tagged PEX14 in wild-type HEK293 cells resulted in its mitochondrial localisation, accompanied by altered mitochondrial morphology. Our data indicate that overexpression of tagged PEX14 alone directly or indirectly cause mitochondrial abnormalities in cells containing peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate L M Jansen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline M F de Lange
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases & Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases & Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Germain K, So RWL, DiGiovanni LF, Watts JC, Bandsma RHJ, Kim PK. Upregulated pexophagy limits the capacity of selective autophagy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:375. [PMID: 38195640 PMCID: PMC10776696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy is an essential process to maintain cellular homeostasis through the constant recycling of damaged or superfluous components. Over a dozen selective autophagy pathways mediate the degradation of diverse cellular substrates, but whether these pathways can influence one another remains unknown. We address this question using pexophagy, the autophagic degradation of peroxisomes, as a model. We show in cells that upregulated pexophagy impairs the selective autophagy of both mitochondria and protein aggregates by exhausting the autophagy initiation factor, ULK1. We confirm this finding in cell models of the pexophagy-mediated form of Zellweger Spectrum Disorder, a disease characterized by peroxisome dysfunction. Further, we extend the generalizability of limited selective autophagy by determining that increased protein aggregate degradation reciprocally reduces pexophagy using cell models of Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease. Our findings suggest that the degradative capacity of selective autophagy can become limited by an increase in one substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla Germain
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Raphaella W L So
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Laura F DiGiovanni
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Robert H J Bandsma
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.
| | - Peter K Kim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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3
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König T, McBride HM. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles in metabolism, disease, and aging. Cell Metab 2024; 36:21-35. [PMID: 38171335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central hubs of cellular metabolism and are tightly connected to signaling pathways. The dynamic plasticity of mitochondria to fuse, divide, and contact other organelles to flux metabolites is central to their function. To ensure bona fide functionality and signaling interconnectivity, diverse molecular mechanisms evolved. An ancient and long-overlooked mechanism is the generation of mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) that shuttle selected mitochondrial cargoes to target organelles. Just recently, we gained significant insight into the mechanisms and functions of MDV transport, ranging from their role in mitochondrial quality control to immune signaling, thus demonstrating unexpected and diverse physiological aspects of MDV transport. This review highlights the origin of MDVs, their biogenesis, and their cargo selection, with a specific focus on the contribution of MDV transport to signaling across cell and organ barriers. Additionally, the implications of MDVs in peroxisome biogenesis, neurodegeneration, metabolism, aging, and cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim König
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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4
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Wu CC, Chen WC, Hsiao WP, Huang KF, Liao YS, Lin HB, Wu YJ, Kao CH, Chen SL. Reciprocal Regulation of Peroxisome Biogenesis and Myogenic Factors Is Critical for Myogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12262. [PMID: 37569637 PMCID: PMC10419124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria (MITO) and peroxisomes (PEXO) are the major organelles involved in the oxidative metabolism of cells, but detailed examination of their dynamics and functional adaptations during skeletal muscle (SKM) development (myogenesis) is still lacking. In this study, we found that during myogenesis, MITO DNA, ROS level, and redox ratio increased in myotubes, but the membrane potential (Δψm) and ATP content reduced, implying that the MITO efficiency might reduce during myogenesis. The PEXO number and density both increased during myogenesis, which probably resulted from the accumulation and increased biogenesis of PEXO. The expression of PEXO biogenesis factors was induced during myogenesis in vitro and in utero, and their promoters were also activated by MyoD. Knockdown of the biogenesis factors Pex3 repressed not only the PEXO density and functions but also the levels of MITO genes and functions, suggesting a close coupling between PEXO biogenesis and MITO functions. Surprisingly, Pex3 knockdown by the CRISPRi system repressed myogenic differentiation, indicating critical involvement of PEXO biogenesis in myogenesis. Taken together, these observations suggest that the dynamics and functions of both MITO and PEXO are coupled with each other and with the metabolic changes that occur during myogenesis, and these metabolic couplings are critical to myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shen-Liang Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (W.-C.C.); (W.-P.H.); (K.-F.H.); (Y.-S.L.); (H.-B.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (C.-H.K.)
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5
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Nuebel E, Morgan JT, Fogarty S, Winter JM, Lettlova S, Berg JA, Chen YC, Kidwell CU, Maschek JA, Clowers KJ, Argyriou C, Chen L, Wittig I, Cox JE, Roh-Johnson M, Braverman N, Bonkowsky J, Gygi SP, Rutter J. The biochemical basis of mitochondrial dysfunction in Zellweger Spectrum Disorder. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51991. [PMID: 34351705 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are genetic disorders of peroxisome biogenesis and metabolism that are characterized by profound developmental and neurological phenotypes. The most severe class of PBDs-Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD)-is caused by mutations in peroxin genes that result in both non-functional peroxisomes and mitochondrial dysfunction. It is unclear, however, how defective peroxisomes contribute to mitochondrial impairment. In order to understand the molecular basis of this inter-organellar relationship, we investigated the fate of peroxisomal mRNAs and proteins in ZSD model systems. We found that peroxins were still expressed and a subset of them accumulated on the mitochondrial membrane, which resulted in gross mitochondrial abnormalities and impaired mitochondrial metabolic function. We showed that overexpression of ATAD1, a mitochondrial quality control factor, was sufficient to rescue several aspects of mitochondrial function in human ZSD fibroblasts. Together, these data suggest that aberrant peroxisomal protein localization is necessary and sufficient for the devastating mitochondrial morphological and metabolic phenotypes in ZSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nuebel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Morgan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah Fogarty
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob M Winter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sandra Lettlova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jordan A Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yu-Chan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chelsea U Kidwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Research Facilities, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katie J Clowers
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lingxiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Research Facilities, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nancy Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Bonkowsky
- Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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6
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Jiang H. Quality control pathways of tail-anchored proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118922. [PMID: 33285177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tail-anchored (TA) proteins have an N-terminal domain in the cytosol and a C-terminal transmembrane domain anchored to a variety of organelle membranes. TA proteins are recognized by targeting factors at the transmembrane domain and C-terminal sequence and are guided to distinct membranes. The promiscuity of targeting sequences and the dysfunction of targeting pathways cause mistargeting of TA proteins. TA proteins are under surveillance by quality control pathways. For resident TA proteins at mitochondrial and ER membranes, intrinsic instability or stimuli induced degrons of the cytosolic and transmembrane domains are sensed by quality control factors to initiate degradation of TA proteins. These pathways are summarized as TA protein degradation-Cytosol (TAD-C) and TAD-Membrane (TAD-M) pathways. For mistargeted and a subset of solitary TA proteins at mitochondrial and peroxisomal membranes, a unique pathway has been revealed in recent years. Msp1/ATAD1 is an AAA-ATPase dually-localized to mitochondrial and peroxisomal membranes. It directly recognizes mistargeted and solitary TA proteins and dislocates them out of membrane. Dislocated substrates are subsequently ubiquitinated by the ER-resident Doa10 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex for degradation. We summarize and discuss the substrate recognition, dislocation and degradation mechanisms of the Msp1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Biology for Animal Aging, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China.
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7
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Lin TK, Lin KJ, Lin KL, Liou CW, Chen SD, Chuang YC, Wang PW, Chuang JH, Wang TJ. When Friendship Turns Sour: Effective Communication Between Mitochondria and Intracellular Organelles in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607392. [PMID: 33330511 PMCID: PMC7733999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with pathological hallmarks including progressive neuronal loss from the substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein intraneuronal inclusions, known as Lewy bodies. Although the etiology of PD remains elusive, mitochondrial damage has been established to take center stage in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondria are critical to cellular energy production, metabolism, homeostasis, and stress responses; the association with PD emphasizes the importance of maintenance of mitochondrial network integrity. To accomplish the pleiotropic functions, mitochondria are dynamic not only within their own network but also in orchestrated coordination with other organelles in the cellular community. Through physical contact sites, signal transduction, and vesicle transport, mitochondria and intracellular organelles achieve the goals of calcium homeostasis, redox homeostasis, protein homeostasis, autophagy, and apoptosis. Herein, we review the finely tuned interactions between mitochondria and surrounding intracellular organelles, with focus on the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes. Participants that may contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of PD will be highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Mast FD, Rachubinski RA, Aitchison JD. Peroxisome prognostications: Exploring the birth, life, and death of an organelle. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133827. [PMID: 32211898 PMCID: PMC7054992 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a central role in human health and have biochemical properties that promote their use in many biotechnology settings. With a primary role in lipid metabolism, peroxisomes share a niche with lipid droplets within the endomembrane-secretory system. Notably, factors in the ER required for the biogenesis of peroxisomes also impact the formation of lipid droplets. The dynamic interface between peroxisomes and lipid droplets, and also between these organelles and the ER and mitochondria, controls their metabolic flux and their dynamics. Here, we review our understanding of peroxisome biogenesis to propose and reframe models for understanding how peroxisomes are formed in cells. To more fully understand the roles of peroxisomes and to take advantage of their many properties that may prove useful in novel therapeutics or biotechnology applications, we recast mechanisms controlling peroxisome biogenesis in a framework that integrates inference from these models with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA
| | | | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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9
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Okumoto K, Tamura S, Honsho M, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:3-17. [PMID: 33417203 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome is an organelle conserved in almost all eukaryotic cells with a variety of functions in cellular metabolism, including fatty acid β-oxidation, synthesis of ether glycerolipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Such metabolic functions and the exclusive importance of peroxisomes have been highlighted in fatal human genetic disease called peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Recent advances in this field have identified over 30 PEX genes encoding peroxins as essential factors for peroxisome biogenesis in various species from yeast to humans. Functional delineation of the peroxins has revealed that peroxisome biogenesis comprises the processes, involving peroxisomal membrane assembly, matrix protein import, division, and proliferation. Catalase, the most abundant peroxisomal enzyme, catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisome plays pivotal roles in the cellular redox homeostasis and the response to oxidative stresses, depending on intracellular localization of catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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10
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Burkhart SE, Llinas RJ, Bartel B. PEX16 contributions to peroxisome import and metabolism revealed by viable Arabidopsis pex16 mutants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:853-870. [PMID: 30761735 PMCID: PMC6613983 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes rely on peroxins (PEX proteins) for biogenesis, importing membrane and matrix proteins, and fission. PEX16, which is implicated in peroxisomal membrane protein targeting and forming nascent peroxisomes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is unusual among peroxins because it is inserted co-translationally into the ER and localizes to both ER and peroxisomal membranes. PEX16 mutations in humans, yeast, and plants confer some common peroxisomal defects; however, apparent functional differences have impeded the development of a unified model for PEX16 action. The only reported pex16 mutant in plants, the Arabidopsis shrunken seed1 mutant, is inviable, complicating analysis of PEX16 function after embryogenesis. Here, we characterized two viable Arabidopsis pex16 alleles that accumulate negligible PEX16 protein levels. Both mutants displayed impaired peroxisome function - slowed consumption of stored oil bodies, decreased import of matrix proteins, and increased peroxisome size. Moreover, one pex16 allele exhibited reduced growth that could be alleviated by an external fixed carbon source, decreased responsiveness to peroxisomally processed hormone precursors, and worsened or improved peroxisome function in combination with other pex mutants. Because the mutations impact different regions of the PEX16 gene, these viable pex16 alleles allow assessment of the importance of Arabidopsis PEX16 and its functional domains.
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11
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are considered to form either by growth and division of existing peroxisomes or de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum. A recent study now demonstrates that mitochondria-derived vesicles are also required for de novo peroxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Rm. 19.9708, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.
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12
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Joshi AS, Cohen S. Lipid Droplet and Peroxisome Biogenesis: Do They Go Hand-in-Hand? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:92. [PMID: 31214588 PMCID: PMC6554619 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound structures called organelles. Each organelle has specific composition and function. Some of the organelles are generated de novo in a cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major contributor of proteins and membranes for most of the organelles. In this mini review, we discuss de novo biogenesis of two such organelles, peroxisomes and lipid droplets (LDs), that are formed in the ER membrane. LDs and peroxisomes are highly conserved ubiquitously present membrane-bound organelles. Both these organelles play vital roles in lipid metabolism and human health. Here, we discuss the current understanding of de novo biogenesis of LDs and peroxisomes, recent advances on how biogenesis of both the organelles might be linked, physical interaction between LDs and peroxisomes and other organelles, and their physiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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13
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Farré JC, Mahalingam SS, Proietto M, Subramani S. Peroxisome biogenesis, membrane contact sites, and quality control. EMBO Rep 2018; 20:embr.201846864. [PMID: 30530632 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are conserved organelles of eukaryotic cells with important roles in cellular metabolism, human health, redox homeostasis, as well as intracellular metabolite transfer and signaling. We review here the current status of the different co-existing modes of biogenesis of peroxisomal membrane proteins demonstrating the fascinating adaptability in their targeting and sorting pathways. While earlier studies focused on peroxisomes as autonomous organelles, the necessity of the ER and potentially even mitochondria as sources of peroxisomal membrane proteins and lipids has come to light in recent years. Additionally, the intimate physical juxtaposition of peroxisomes with other organelles has transitioned from being viewed as random encounters to a growing appreciation of the expanding roles of such inter-organellar membrane contact sites in metabolic and regulatory functions. Peroxisomal quality control mechanisms have also come of age with a variety of mechanisms operating both during biogenesis and in the cellular response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Farré
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shanmuga S Mahalingam
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marco Proietto
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Coyaud E, Ranadheera C, Cheng D, Gonçalves J, Dyakov BJA, Laurent EMN, St-Germain J, Pelletier L, Gingras AC, Brumell JH, Kim PK, Safronetz D, Raught B. Global Interactomics Uncovers Extensive Organellar Targeting by Zika Virus. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2242-2255. [PMID: 30037810 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.tir118.000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a membrane enveloped Flavivirus with a positive strand RNA genome, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The geographical range of ZIKV has dramatically expanded in recent decades resulting in increasing numbers of infected individuals, and the spike in ZIKV infections has been linked to significant increases in both Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Although a large number of host proteins have been physically and/or functionally linked to other Flaviviruses, very little is known about the virus-host protein interactions established by ZIKV. Here we map host cell protein interaction profiles for each of the ten polypeptides encoded in the ZIKV genome, generating a protein topology network comprising 3033 interactions among 1224 unique human polypeptides. The interactome is enriched in proteins with roles in polypeptide processing and quality control, vesicle trafficking, RNA processing and lipid metabolism. >60% of the network components have been previously implicated in other types of viral infections; the remaining interactors comprise hundreds of new putative ZIKV functional partners. Mining this rich data set, we highlight several examples of how ZIKV may usurp or disrupt the function of host cell organelles, and uncover an important role for peroxisomes in ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Coyaud
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlene Ranadheera
- §Public Health Agency of Canada, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derrick Cheng
- ¶Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‖Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - João Gonçalves
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris J A Dyakov
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- ¶Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,§§Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,¶¶Sick Kids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- ¶Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‖Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- §Public Health Agency of Canada, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,‖‖Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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15
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Mast FD, Herricks T, Strehler KM, Miller LR, Saleem RA, Rachubinski RA, Aitchison JD. ESCRT-III is required for scissioning new peroxisomes from the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2087-2102. [PMID: 29588378 PMCID: PMC5987711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic control of peroxisome proliferation is integral to the peroxisome's many functions. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a source of preperoxisomal vesicles (PPVs) that mature into peroxisomes during de novo peroxisome biogenesis and support growth and division of existing peroxisomes. However, the mechanism of PPV formation and release from the ER remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-III are required to release PPVs budding from the ER into the cytosol. Absence of ESCRT-III proteins impedes de novo peroxisome formation and results in an aberrant peroxisome population in vivo. Using a cell-free PPV budding assay, we show that ESCRT-III proteins Vps20 and Snf7 are necessary to release PPVs from the ER. ESCRT-III is therefore a positive effector of membrane scission for vesicles budding both away from and toward the cytosol. These findings have important implications for the evolutionary timing of emergence of peroxisomes and the rest of the internal membrane architecture of the eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Thurston Herricks
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen M Strehler
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Leslie R Miller
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | - Ramsey A Saleem
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA
| | | | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Joshi AS, Zhang H, Prinz WA. Organelle biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:876-882. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites, including Trypanosoma and Leishmania, are the causative agents of lethal diseases threatening millions of people around the world. These organisms compartmentalize glycolysis in essential, specialized peroxisomes called glycosomes. Peroxisome proliferation can occur through growth and division of existing organelles and de novo biogenesis from the endoplasmic reticulum. The level that each pathway contributes is debated. Current evidence supports the concerted contribution of both mechanisms in an equilibrium that can vary depending on environmental conditions and metabolic requirements of the cell. Homologs of a number of peroxins, the proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and matrix protein import, have been identified in T. brucei. Based on these findings, it is widely accepted that glycosomes proliferate through growth and division of existing organelles; however, to our knowledge, a de novo mechanism of biogenesis has not been directly demonstrated. Here, we review recent findings that provide support for the existence of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived de novo pathway of glycosome biogenesis in T. brucei. Two studies recently identified PEX13.1, a peroxin involved in matrix protein import, in the ER of procyclic form T. brucei. In other eukaryotes, peroxins including PEX13 have been found in the ER of cells undergoing de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes. In addition, PEX16 and PEX19 have been characterized in T. brucei, both of which are important for de novo biogenesis in other eukaryotes. Because glycosomes are rapidly remodeled via autophagy during life cycle differentiation, de novo biogenesis could provide a method of restoring glycosome populations following turnover. Together, the findings we summarize provide support for the hypothesis that glycosome proliferation occurs through growth and division of pre-existing organelles and de novo biogenesis of new organelles from the ER and that the level each mechanism contributes is influenced by glucose availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bauer
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Meredith T. Morris
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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18
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Newly born peroxisomes are a hybrid of mitochondrial and ER-derived pre-peroxisomes. Nature 2017; 542:251-254. [PMID: 28146471 DOI: 10.1038/nature21375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes function together with mitochondria in a number of essential biochemical pathways, from bile acid synthesis to fatty acid oxidation. Peroxisomes grow and divide from pre-existing organelles, but can also emerge de novo in the cell. The physiological regulation of de novo peroxisome biogenesis remains unclear, and it is thought that peroxisomes emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in both mammalian and yeast cells. However, in contrast to the yeast system, a number of integral peroxisomal membrane proteins are imported into mitochondria in mammalian cells in the absence of peroxisomes, including Pex3, Pex12, Pex13, Pex14, Pex26, PMP34 and ALDP. Overall, the mitochondrial localization of peroxisomal membrane proteins in mammalian cells has largely been considered a mis-targeting artefact in which de novo biogenesis occurs exclusively from endoplasmic reticulum-targeted peroxins. Here, in following the generation of new peroxisomes within human patient fibroblasts lacking peroxisomes, we show that the essential import receptors Pex3 and Pex14 target mitochondria, where they are selectively released into vesicular pre-peroxisomal structures. Maturation of pre-peroxisomes containing Pex3 and Pex14 requires fusion with endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles carrying Pex16, thereby providing full import competence. These findings demonstrate the hybrid nature of newly born peroxisomes, expanding their functional links to mitochondria.
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19
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Yofe I, Soliman K, Chuartzman SG, Morgan B, Weill U, Yifrach E, Dick TP, Cooper SJ, Ejsing CS, Schuldiner M, Zalckvar E, Thoms S. Pex35 is a regulator of peroxisome abundance. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:791-804. [PMID: 28049721 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are cellular organelles with vital functions in lipid, amino acid and redox metabolism. The cellular formation and dynamics of peroxisomes are governed by PEX genes; however, the regulation of peroxisome abundance is still poorly understood. Here, we use a high-content microscopy screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify new regulators of peroxisome size and abundance. Our screen led to the identification of a previously uncharacterized gene, which we term PEX35, which affects peroxisome abundance. PEX35 encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein, a remote homolog to several curvature-generating human proteins. We systematically characterized the genetic and physical interactome as well as the metabolome of mutants in PEX35, and we found that Pex35 functionally interacts with the vesicle-budding-inducer Arf1. Our results highlight the functional interaction between peroxisomes and the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Yofe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Kareem Soliman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Silvia G Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany.,Division of Redox Regulation, ZMBH-DKFZ Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69121, Germany
| | - Uri Weill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eden Yifrach
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, ZMBH-DKFZ Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69121, Germany
| | - Sara J Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Einat Zalckvar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sven Thoms
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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20
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Hua R, Kim PK. Multiple paths to peroxisomes: Mechanism of peroxisome maintenance in mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:881-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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FUJIKI Y. Peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome-deficiency disorders. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:463-477. [PMID: 27941306 PMCID: PMC5328784 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome is a single-membrane-bounded ubiquitous organelle containing a hundred different enzymes that catalyze various metabolic pathways such as β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and synthesis of plasmalogens. To investigate peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) including Zellweger syndrome, more than a dozen different complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants impaired in peroxisome biogenesis are isolated as a model experimental system. By taking advantage of rapid functional complementation assay of the CHO cell mutants, successful cloning of PEX genes encoding peroxins required for peroxisome assembly invaluably contributed to the accomplishment of cloning of pathogenic genes responsible for PBDs. Peroxins are divided into three groups: 1) peroxins including Pex3p, Pex16p and Pex19p, are responsible for peroxisome membrane biogenesis via Pex19p- and Pex3p-dependent class I and Pex19p- and Pex16p-dependent class II pathways; 2) peroxins that function in matrix protein import; 3) those such as Pex11pβ are involved in peroxisome division where DLP1, Mff, and Fis1 coordinately function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio FUJIKI
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Fujiki, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
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22
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Targeting and insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins: ER trafficking versus direct delivery to peroxisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:870-80. [PMID: 26392202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of peroxisomes is highlighted by severe inherited human disorders linked to impaired peroxisomal biogenesis. Besides the simple architecture of these ubiquitous and dynamic organelles, their biogenesis is surprisingly complex and involves specialized proteins, termed peroxins, which mediate targeting and insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) into the peroxisomal bilayer, and the import of soluble proteins into the protein-dense matrix of the organelle. The long-standing paradigm that all peroxisomal proteins are imported directly into preexisting peroxisomes has been challenged by the detection of PMPs inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). New models propose that the ER originates peroxisomal biogenesis by mediating PMP trafficking to the peroxisomes via budding vesicles. However, the relative contribution of this ER-derived pathway to the total peroxisome population in vivo, and the detailed mechanisms of ER entry and exit of PMPs are controversially discussed. This review aims to summarize present knowledge about how PMPs are targeted to the ER, instead of being inserted directly into preexisting peroxisomes. Moreover, molecular mechanisms that facilitate bilayer insertion of PMPs among different species are discussed.
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23
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Yuan W, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. The birth of yeast peroxisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:902-10. [PMID: 26367802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This contribution describes the phenotypic differences of yeast peroxisome-deficient mutants (pex mutants). In some cases different phenotypes were reported for yeast mutants deleted in the same PEX gene. These differences are most likely related to the marker proteins and methods used to detect peroxisomal remnants. This is especially evident for pex3 and pex19 mutants, where the localization of receptor docking proteins (Pex13, Pex14) resulted in the identification of peroxisomal membrane remnants, which do not contain other peroxisomal membrane proteins, such as the ring proteins Pex2, Pex10 and Pex12. These structures in pex3 and pex19 cells are the template for peroxisome formation upon introduction of the missing gene. Taken together, these data suggest that in all yeast pex mutants analyzed so far peroxisomes are not formed de novo but use membrane remnant structures as a template for peroxisome formation upon reintroduction of the missing gene. The relevance of this model for peroxisomal membrane protein and lipid sorting to peroxisomes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marten Veenhuis
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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24
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Hua R, Gidda SK, Aranovich A, Mullen RT, Kim PK. Multiple Domains in PEX16 Mediate Its Trafficking and Recruitment of Peroxisomal Proteins to the ER. Traffic 2015; 16:832-52. [PMID: 25903784 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes rely on a diverse array of mechanisms to ensure the specific targeting of their protein constituents. Peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs), for instance, are targeted by at least two distinct pathways: directly to peroxisomes from their sites of synthesis in the cytosol or indirectly via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the extent to which each PMP targeting pathway is involved in the maintenance of pre-existing peroxisomes is unclear. Recently, we showed that human PEX16 plays a critical role in the ER-dependent targeting of PMPs by mediating the recruitment of two other PMPs, PEX3 and PMP34, to the ER. Here, we extend these results by carrying out a comprehensive mutational analysis of PEX16 aimed at gaining insights into the molecular targeting signals responsible for its ER-to-peroxisome trafficking and the domain(s) involved in PMP recruitment function at the ER. We also show that the recruitment of PMPs to the ER by PEX16 is conserved in plants. The implications of these results in terms of the function of PEX16 and the role of the ER in peroxisome maintenance in general are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hua
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1A8
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Alexander Aranovich
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 0A4.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1A8
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25
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Sugiura A, McLelland GL, Fon EA, McBride HM. A new pathway for mitochondrial quality control: mitochondrial-derived vesicles. EMBO J 2014; 33:2142-56. [PMID: 25107473 PMCID: PMC4282503 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has been marked by tremendous progress in our understanding of the cell biology of mitochondria, with the identification of molecules and mechanisms that regulate their fusion, fission, motility, and the architectural transitions within the inner membrane. More importantly, the manipulation of these machineries in tissues has provided links between mitochondrial dynamics and physiology. Indeed, just as the proteins required for fusion and fission were identified, they were quickly linked to both rare and common human diseases. This highlighted the critical importance of this emerging field to medicine, with new hopes of finding drugable targets for numerous pathologies, from neurodegenerative diseases to inflammation and cancer. In the midst of these exciting new discoveries, an unexpected new aspect of mitochondrial cell biology has been uncovered; the generation of small vesicular carriers that transport mitochondrial proteins and lipids to other intracellular organelles. These mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) were first found to transport a mitochondrial outer membrane protein MAPL to a subpopulation of peroxisomes. However, other MDVs did not target peroxisomes and instead fused with the late endosome, or multivesicular body. The Parkinson's disease-associated proteins Vps35, Parkin, and PINK1 are involved in the biogenesis of a subset of these MDVs, linking this novel trafficking pathway to human disease. In this review, we outline what has been learned about the mechanisms and functional importance of MDV transport and speculate on the greater impact of these pathways in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Sugiura
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Edward A Fon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heidi M McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Mukai S, Honsho M, Tamura S. Peroxisome biogenesis in mammalian cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:307. [PMID: 25177298 PMCID: PMC4133648 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate peroxisome assembly and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) such as Zellweger syndrome, thirteen different complementation groups (CGs) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants defective in peroxisome biogenesis have been isolated and established as a model research system. Successful gene-cloning studies by a forward genetic approach utilized a rapid functional complementation assay of CHO cell mutants led to isolation of human peroxin (PEX) genes. Search for pathogenic genes responsible for PBDs of all 14 CGs is now completed together with the homology search by screening the human expressed sequence tag database using yeast PEX genes. Peroxins are divided into three groups: (1) peroxins including Pex3p, Pex16p, and Pex19p, are responsible for peroxisome membrane biogenesis via classes I and II pathways; (2) peroxins that function in matrix protein import; (3) those such as three forms of Pex11p, Pex11pα, Pex11pβ, and Pex11pγ, are involved in peroxisome proliferation where DLP1, Mff, and Fis1 coordinately function. In membrane assembly, Pex19p forms complexes in the cytosol with newly synthesized PMPs including Pex16p and transports them to the receptor Pex3p, whereby peroxisomal membrane is formed (Class I pathway). Pex19p likewise forms a complex with newly made Pex3p and translocates it to the Pex3p receptor, Pex16p (Class II pathway). In matrix protein import, newly synthesized proteins harboring peroxisome targeting signal type 1 or 2 are recognized by Pex5p or Pex7p in the cytoplasm and are imported to peroxisomes via translocation machinery. In regard to peroxisome-cytoplasmic shuttling of Pex5p, Pex5p initially targets to an 800-kDa docking complex consisting of Pex14p and Pex13p and then translocates to a 500-kDa RING translocation complex. At the terminal step, Pex1p and Pex6p of the AAA family mediate the export of Pex5p, where Cys-ubiquitination of Pex5p is essential for the Pex5p exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Mukai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Tamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Aranovich A, Hua R, Rutenberg AD, Kim PK. PEX16 contributes to peroxisome maintenance by constantly trafficking PEX3 via the ER. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3675-86. [PMID: 25002403 PMCID: PMC4172262 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.146282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is required for the de novo biogenesis of peroxisomes in mammalian cells. However, its role in peroxisome maintenance is unclear. To explore ER involvement in the maintenance of peroxisomes, we redirect a peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), PEX3, to directly target to the ER using the N-terminal ER signal sequence from preprolactin. Using biochemical techniques and fluorescent imaging, we find that ER-targeting PEX3 (ssPEX3) is continuously imported into pre-existing peroxisomes. This suggests that the ER constitutively provides membrane proteins and associated lipids to pre-existing peroxisomes. Using quantitative time-lapse live-cell fluorescence microscopy applied to cells that were either depleted of or exogenously expressing PEX16, we find that PEX16 mediates the peroxisomal trafficking of two distinct peroxisomal membrane proteins, PEX3 and PMP34, via the ER. These results not only provide insight into peroxisome maintenance and PMP trafficking in mammalian cells but also highlight important similarities and differences in the mechanisms of PMP import between the mammalian and yeast systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aranovich
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Rong Hua
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrew D Rutenberg
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1Z9, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Faust JE, Manisundaram A, Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Summerville JB, Brown HA, Wangler M, Stern M, McNew JA. Peroxisomes are required for lipid metabolism and muscle function in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100213. [PMID: 24945818 PMCID: PMC4063865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles that perform lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Defects in peroxisome biogenesis cause peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). The most severe PBD, Zellweger syndrome, is characterized in part by neuronal dysfunction, craniofacial malformations, and low muscle tone (hypotonia). These devastating diseases lack effective therapies and the development of animal models may reveal new drug targets. We have generated Drosophila mutants with impaired peroxisome biogenesis by disrupting the early peroxin gene pex3, which participates in budding of pre-peroxisomes from the ER and peroxisomal membrane protein localization. pex3 deletion mutants lack detectible peroxisomes and die before or during pupariation. At earlier stages of development, larvae lacking Pex3 display reduced size and impaired lipid metabolism. Selective loss of peroxisomes in muscles impairs muscle function and results in flightless animals. Although, hypotonia in PBD patients is thought to be a secondary effect of neuronal dysfunction, our results suggest that peroxisome loss directly affects muscle physiology, possibly by disrupting energy metabolism. Understanding the role of peroxisomes in Drosophila physiology, specifically in muscle cells may reveal novel aspects of PBD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Faust
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arvind Manisundaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pavlina T. Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Milne
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James B. Summerville
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - H. Alex Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James A. McNew
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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29
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Knoops K, Manivannan S, Cepinska MN, Krikken AM, Kram AM, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. Preperoxisomal vesicles can form in the absence of Pex3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:659-68. [PMID: 24590171 PMCID: PMC3941047 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to earlier findings, preperoxisomal membrane structures form in yeast cells lacking the peroxin Pex3 and are competent to mature into functional peroxisomes upon Pex3 reintroduction. We demonstrate that the peroxin Pex3 is not required for the formation of peroxisomal membrane structures in yeast pex3 mutant cells. Notably, pex3 mutant cells already contain reticular and vesicular structures that harbor key proteins of the peroxisomal receptor docking complex—Pex13 and Pex14—as well as the matrix proteins Pex8 and alcohol oxidase. Other peroxisomal membrane proteins in these cells are unstable and transiently localized to the cytosol (Pex10, Pmp47) or endoplasmic reticulum (Pex11). These reticular and vesicular structures are more abundant in cells of a pex3 atg1 double deletion strain, as the absence of Pex3 may render them susceptible to autophagic degradation, which is blocked in this double mutant. Contrary to earlier suggestions, peroxisomes are not formed de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum when the PEX3 gene is reintroduced in pex3 cells. Instead, we find that reintroduced Pex3 sorts to the preperoxisomal structures in pex3 cells, after which these structures mature into normal peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kèvin Knoops
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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30
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Cohen Y, Klug YA, Dimitrov L, Erez Z, Chuartzman SG, Elinger D, Yofe I, Soliman K, Gärtner J, Thoms S, Schekman R, Elbaz-Alon Y, Zalckvar E, Schuldiner M. Peroxisomes are juxtaposed to strategic sites on mitochondria. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1742-8. [PMID: 24722918 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous and dynamic organelles that house many important pathways of cellular metabolism. In recent years it has been demonstrated that mitochondria are tightly connected with peroxisomes and are defective in several peroxisomal diseases. Indeed, these two organelles share metabolic routes as well as resident proteins and, at least in mammals, are connected via a vesicular transport pathway. However the exact extent of cross-talk between peroxisomes and mitochondria remains unclear. Here we used a combination of high throughput genetic manipulations of yeast libraries alongside high content screens to systematically unravel proteins that affect the transport of peroxisomal proteins and peroxisome biogenesis. Follow up work on the effector proteins that were identified revealed that peroxisomes are not randomly distributed in cells but are rather localized to specific mitochondrial subdomains such as mitochondria-ER junctions and sites of acetyl-CoA synthesis. Our approach highlights the intricate geography of the cell and suggests an additional layer of organization as a possible way to enable efficient metabolism. Our findings pave the way for further studying the machinery aligning mitochondria and peroxisomes, the role of the juxtaposition, as well as its regulation during various metabolic conditions. More broadly, the approaches used here can be easily applied to study any organelle of choice, facilitating the discovery of new aspects in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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31
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Abstract
Peroxisomes carry out various oxidative reactions that are tightly regulated to adapt to the changing needs of the cell and varying external environments. Accordingly, they are remarkably fluid and can change dramatically in abundance, size, shape and content in response to numerous cues. These dynamics are controlled by multiple aspects of peroxisome biogenesis that are coordinately regulated with each other and with other cellular processes. Ongoing studies are deciphering the diverse molecular mechanisms that underlie biogenesis and how they cooperate to dynamically control peroxisome utility. These important challenges should lead to an understanding of peroxisome dynamics that can be capitalized upon for bioengineering and the development of therapies to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Smith
- 1] Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, 98109-5240, USA. [2] Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109-5219, USA
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32
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Agrawal G, Subramani S. Emerging role of the endoplasmic reticulum in peroxisome biogenesis. Front Physiol 2013; 4:286. [PMID: 24115935 PMCID: PMC3792350 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past few years, we have witnessed a paradigm shift in our long-standing concept of peroxisome biogenesis. Recent biochemical and morphological studies have revealed a primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the de novo formation of peroxisomes, thus challenging the prevalent model invoking growth and division of pre-existing peroxisomes. Importantly, a novel sorting process has been recently defined at the ER that segregates and assembles specific sets of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) into distinct pre-peroxisomal vesicular carriers (ppVs) that later undergo heterotypic fusion to form mature peroxisomes. Consequently, the emerging model has redefined the function of many peroxins (most notably Pex3, Pex19, and Pex25) and assigned them novel roles in vesicular budding and subsequent peroxisome assembly. These advances establish a novel intracellular membrane trafficking route between the ER and peroxisomes, but the components remain elusive. This review will provide a historical perspective and focus on recent developments in the emerging role of the ER in peroxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agrawal
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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33
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Mohanty A, McBride HM. Emerging roles of mitochondria in the evolution, biogenesis, and function of peroxisomes. Front Physiol 2013; 4:268. [PMID: 24133452 PMCID: PMC3783979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century peroxisomes were thought to have an endosymbiotic origin. Along with mitochondria and chloroplasts, peroxisomes primarily regulate their numbers through the growth and division of pre-existing organelles, and they house specific machinery for protein import. These features were considered unique to endosymbiotic organelles, prompting the idea that peroxisomes were key cellular elements that helped facilitate the evolution of multicellular organisms. The functional similarities to mitochondria within mammalian systems expanded these ideas, as both organelles scavenge peroxide and reactive oxygen species, both organelles oxidize fatty acids, and at least in higher eukaryotes, the biogenesis of both organelles is controlled by common nuclear transcription factors of the PPAR family. Over the last decade it has been demonstrated that the fission machinery of both organelles is also shared, and that both organelles act as critical signaling platforms for innate immunity and other pathways. Taken together it is clear that the mitochondria and peroxisomes are functionally coupled, regulating cellular metabolism and signaling through a number of common mechanisms. However, recent work has focused primarily on the role of the ER in the biogenesis of peroxisomes, potentially overshadowing the critical importance of the mitochondria as a functional partner. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of functional coupling of the peroxisomes to the mitochondria/ER networks, providing some new perspectives on the potential contribution of the mitochondria to peroxisomal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mohanty
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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34
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Kim PK, Mullen RT. PEX16: a multifaceted regulator of peroxisome biogenesis. Front Physiol 2013; 4:241. [PMID: 24027535 PMCID: PMC3759792 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are formed by two distinct pathways: the growth and fission of mature peroxisomes and de novo synthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). While many of the molecular mechanisms underlying these two pathways remain to be elucidated, it is generally accepted that their relative contribution to peroxisome formation may vary depending on the species, cell type and/or physiological status of the organism. One pertinent example of the apparent differences in the regulation of peroxisome biogenesis among evolutionarily diverse species is the involvement of the peroxin PEX16. In Yarrowia lipolytica, for instance, PEX16 is an intraperoxisomal peripheral membrane protein that participates in peroxisomal fission. By contrast, Human PEX16 is an integral membrane protein that is thought to function at the ER during the early stages of de novo peroxisome formation and also recruits peroxisomal membrane proteins directly to mature peroxisomes. Similarly, PEX16 in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana is speculated to be a PMP receptor at the ER and peroxisomes, and is also required for the formation of other ER-derived organelles, such as oil and protein bodies. Here we briefly review the current knowledge of Y. lipolytica, human and A. thaliana PEX16 in the context of our overall understanding of peroxisome biogenesis and the role of the ER in this process in these three divergent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Fakieh MH, Drake PJM, Lacey J, Munck JM, Motley AM, Hettema EH. Intra-ER sorting of the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex3 relies on its luminal domain. Biol Open 2013; 2:829-37. [PMID: 23951409 PMCID: PMC3744075 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex3 is an evolutionarily conserved type III peroxisomal membrane protein required for peroxisome formation. It is inserted into the ER membrane and sorted via an ER subdomain (the peroxisomal ER, or pER) to peroxisomes. By constructing chimeras between Pex3 and the type III ER membrane protein Sec66, we have been able to separate the signals that mediate insertion of Pex3 into the ER from those that mediate sorting within the ER to the pER subdomain. The N-terminal 17-amino acid segment of Pex3 contains two signals that are each sufficient for sorting to the pER: a chimeric protein containing the N-terminal domain of Pex3 fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic segments of Sec66 sorts to the pER in wild type cells, and does not colocalise with peroxisomes. Subsequent transport to existing peroxisomes requires the Pex3 transmembrane segment. When expressed in Drosophila S2R+ cells, ScPex3 targeting to peroxisomes is dependent on the intra-ER sorting signals in the N-terminal segment. The N-terminal segments of both human and Drosophila Pex3 contain intra-ER sorting information and can replace that of ScPex3. Our analysis has uncovered the signals within Pex3 required for the various steps of its transport to peroxisomes. Our generation of versions of Pex3 that are blocked at each stage along its transport pathway provides a tool to dissect the mechanism, as well as the molecular machinery required at each step of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Fakieh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield , Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
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36
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Abstract
PMPs (peroxisome membrane proteins) play essential roles in organelle biogenesis and in co-ordinating peroxisomal metabolism with pathways in other subcellular compartments through transport of metabolites and the operation of redox shuttles. Although the import of soluble proteins into the peroxisome matrix has been well studied, much less is known about the trafficking of PMPs. Pex3 and Pex19 (and Pex16 in mammals) were identified over a decade ago as critical components of PMP import; however, it has proved surprisingly difficult to produce a unified model for their function in PMP import and peroxisome biogenesis. It has become apparent that each of these peroxins has multiple functions and in the present review we focus on both the classical and the more recently identified roles of Pex19 and Pex3 as informed by structural, biochemical and live cell imaging studies. We consider the different models proposed for peroxisome biogenesis and the role of PMP import within them, and propose that the differences may be more perceived than real and may reflect the highly dynamic nature of peroxisomes.
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37
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Dimitrov L, Lam SK, Schekman R. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in peroxisome biogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a013243. [PMID: 23637287 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential cellular organelles involved in lipid metabolism. Patients affected by severe peroxisome biogenesis disorders rarely survive their first year. Genetic screens in several model organisms have identified more than 30 PEX genes that are required for the formation of functional peroxisomes. Despite significant work on the PEX genes, the biogenic origin of peroxisomes remains controversial. For at least two decades, the prevailing model postulated that peroxisomes propagate by growth and fission of preexisting peroxisomes. In this review, we focus on the recent evidence supporting a new, semiautonomous model of peroxisomal biogenesis. According to this model, peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the peroxisome by a vesicular budding, targeting, and fusion process while peroxisomal matrix proteins are imported into the organelle by an autonomous, posttranslational mechanism. We highlight the contradictory conclusions reached to answer the question of how PMPs are inserted into the ER. We then review what we know and what still remains to be elucidated about the mechanism of PMP exit from the ER and the contribution of preperoxisomal vesicles to mature peroxisomes. Finally, we discuss discrepancies in our understanding of de novo peroxisome biogenesis in wild-type cells. We anticipate that resolving these key issues will lead to a more complete picture of peroxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Dimitrov
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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38
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are remarkably versatile cell organelles whose size, shape, number, and protein content can vary greatly depending on the organism, the developmental stage of the organism’s life cycle, and the environment in which the organism lives. The main functions usually associated with peroxisomes include the metabolism of lipids and reactive oxygen species. However, in recent years, it has become clear that these organelles may also act as intracellular signaling platforms that mediate developmental decisions by modulating extraperoxisomal concentrations of several second messengers. To fulfill their functions, peroxisomes physically and functionally interact with other cell organelles, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Defects in peroxisome dynamics can lead to organelle dysfunction and have been associated with various human disorders. The purpose of this paper is to thoroughly summarize and discuss the current concepts underlying peroxisome formation, multiplication, and degradation. In addition, this paper will briefly highlight what is known about the interplay between peroxisomes and other cell organelles and explore the physiological and pathological implications of this interorganellar crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fransen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 601, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Abstract
This article focuses on drug targeting to specific cellular organelles for therapeutic purposes. Drugs can be delivered to all major organelles of the cell (cytosol, endosome/lysosome, nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes and proteasomes) where they exert specific effects in those particular subcellular compartments. Delivery can be achieved by chemical (e.g., polymeric) or biological (e.g., signal sequences) means. Unidirectional targeting to individual organelles has proven to be immensely successful for drug therapy. Newer technologies that accommodate multiple signals (e.g., protein switch and virus-like delivery systems) mimic nature and allow for a more sophisticated approach to drug delivery. Harnessing different methods of targeting multiple organelles in a cell will lead to better drug delivery and improvements in disease therapy.
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40
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Fujiki Y, Yagita Y, Matsuzaki T. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: molecular basis for impaired peroxisomal membrane assembly: in metabolic functions and biogenesis of peroxisomes in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1337-42. [PMID: 22705440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome is a single-membrane organelle in eukaryotes. The functional importance of peroxisomes in humans is highlighted by peroxisome-deficient peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) such as Zellweger syndrome (ZS). Gene defects of peroxins required for both membrane assembly and matrix protein import are identified: ten mammalian pathogenic peroxins for ten complementation groups of PBDs, are required for matrix protein import; three, Pex3p, Pex16p and Pex19p, are shown to be essential for peroxisome membrane assembly and responsible for the most severe ZS in PBDs of three complementation groups 12, 9, and 14, respectively. Patients with severe ZS with defects of PEX3, PEX16, and PEX19 tend to carry severe mutation such as nonsense mutations, frameshifts and deletions. With respect to the function of these three peroxins in membrane biogenesis, two distinct pathways have been proposed for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in mammalian cells: a Pex19p- and Pex3p-dependent class I pathway and a Pex19p- and Pex16p-dependent class II pathway. In class II pathway, Pex19p also forms a soluble complex with newly synthesized Pex3p as the chaperone for Pex3p in the cytosol and directly translocates it to peroxisomes. Pex16p functions as the peroxisomal membrane receptor that is specific to the Pex3p-Pex19p complexes. A model for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins is suggested, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of peroxisomes and its regulation involving Pex3p, Pex19p, and Pex16p. Another model suggests that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae peroxisomes likely emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan.
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41
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Ebberink MS, Mooijer PAW, Gootjes J, Koster J, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Genetic classification and mutational spectrum of more than 600 patients with a Zellweger syndrome spectrum disorder. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:59-69. [PMID: 21031596 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal recessive Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) disorders comprise a main subgroup of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders and can be caused by mutations in any of 12 different currently identified PEX genes resulting in severe multisystemic disorders. To get insight into the spectrum of PEX gene defects among ZSS disorders and to investigate if additional human PEX genes are required for functional peroxisome biogenesis, we assigned over 600 ZSS fibroblast cell lines to different genetic complementation groups. These fibroblast cell lines were subjected to a complementation assay involving fusion by means of polyethylene glycol or a PEX cDNA transfection assay specifically developed for this purpose. In a majority of the cell lines we subsequently determined the underlying mutations by sequence analysis of the implicated PEX genes. The PEX cDNA transfection assay allows for the rapid identification of PEX genes defective in ZSS patients. The assignment of over 600 fibroblast cell lines to different genetic complementation groups provides the most comprehensive and representative overview of the frequency distribution of the different PEX gene defects. We did not identify any novel genetic complementation group, suggesting that all PEX gene defects resulting in peroxisome deficiency are currently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel S Ebberink
- Academic Medical Centre at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Nuttall JM, Motley A, Hettema EH. Peroxisome biogenesis: recent advances. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:421-6. [PMID: 21689915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that peroxisomes form part of the endomembrane system. Peroxisomes can form from the ER via a maturation process and they can multiply by growth and division, whereby the ER provides membrane for growth and ongoing fission (Figure 1). Until very recently, it was widely accepted that most peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) insert directly into peroxisomes, whereas a small subset of PMPs traffic via the ER. In this minireview, we focus mainly on PMP biogenesis, and highlight recent advances in peroxisomal matrix protein import, fission and segregation in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Nuttall
- Dept. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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43
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Sec16B is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum export of the peroxisomal membrane biogenesis factor peroxin 16 (Pex16) in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12746-51. [PMID: 21768384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103283108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sec16 plays a key role in the formation of coat protein II vesicles, which mediate protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. Mammals have two Sec16 isoforms: Sec16A, which is a longer primary ortholog of yeast Sec16, and Sec16B, which is a shorter distant ortholog. Previous studies have shown that Sec16B, as well as Sec16A, defines ER exit sites, where coat protein II vesicles are formed in mammalian cells. Here, we reveal an unexpected role of Sec16B in the biogenesis of mammalian peroxisomes. When overexpressed, Sec16B was targeted to the entire ER, whereas Sec16A was mostly cytosolic. Concomitant with the overexpression of Sec16B, peroxisomal membrane biogenesis factors peroxin 3 (Pex3) and Pex16 were redistributed from peroxisomes to Sec16B-positive ER membranes. Knockdown of Sec16B but not Sec16A by RNAi affected the morphology of peroxisomes, inhibited the transport of Pex16 from the ER to peroxisomes, and suppressed expression of Pex3. These phenotypes were significantly reversed by the expression of RNAi-resistant Sec16B. Together, our results support the view that peroxisomes are formed, at least partly, from the ER and identify a factor responsible for this process.
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44
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Lynes EM, Simmen T. Urban planning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): how diverse mechanisms segregate the many functions of the ER. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1893-905. [PMID: 21756943 PMCID: PMC7172674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the biggest organelle in most cell types, but its characterization as an organelle with a continuous membrane belies the fact that the ER is actually an assembly of several, distinct membrane domains that execute diverse functions. Almost 20 years ago, an essay by Sitia and Meldolesi first listed what was known at the time about domain formation within the ER. In the time that has passed since, additional ER domains have been discovered and characterized. These include the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM), the ER quality control compartment (ERQC), where ER-associated degradation (ERAD) occurs, and the plasma membrane-associated membrane (PAM). Insight has been gained into the separation of nuclear envelope proteins from the remainder of the ER. Research has also shown that the biogenesis of peroxisomes and lipid droplets occurs on specialized membranes of the ER. Several studies have shown the existence of specific marker proteins found on all these domains and how they are targeted there. Moreover, a first set of cytosolic ER-associated sorting proteins, including phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS-2) and Rab32 have been identified. Intra-ER targeting mechanisms appear to be superimposed onto ER retention mechanisms and rely on transmembrane and cytosolic sequences. The crucial roles of ER domain formation for cell physiology are highlighted with the specific targeting of the tumor metastasis regulator gp78 to ERAD-mediating membranes or of the promyelocytic leukemia protein to the MAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Lynes
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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45
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Tani K, Tagaya M, Yonekawa S, Baba T. Dual function of Sec16B: Endoplasmic reticulum-derived protein secretion and peroxisome biogenesis in mammalian cells. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2011; 1:164-167. [PMID: 22279616 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.4.18341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The origin of peroxisomes has long been disputed. However, recent evidence suggests that peroxisomes can be formed de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in yeast and higher eukaryotes. Sec16A and Sec16B, mammalian orthologs of yeast Sec16, are scaffold proteins that organize ER exit sites by interacting with COPII components. We recently demonstrated that Sec16B, but not Sec16A, regulates the transport of peroxisomal biogenesis factors from the ER to peroxisomes in mammalian cells. The C-terminal region of Sec16B, which is not conserved in Sec16A, is required for this function. The data suggest that Sec16B in ER areas other than ER exit sites plays this role. Our findings provide an unexpected connection between at least part of the COPII machinery and the formation of preperoxisomal vesicles at the ER, and offer an explanation of how secretory and peroxisomal trafficking from the ER are distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuko Tani
- School of Life Sciences; Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Hachioji, Tokyo Japan
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46
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Cell-free sorting of peroxisomal membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9113-8. [PMID: 21576455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018749108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several yeast and mammalian peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) are delivered to peroxisomes via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Fluorescence microscopy showed a focused assembly of PMPs in a specialized domain of the ER, referred to as the preperoxisomal ER. It is proposed that preperoxisomal vesicles containing PMPs bud from this domain to either fuse with preexisting peroxisomes or to mature into functional peroxisomes by uptake of peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins. However, such vesicular entities are not identified nor are the biochemical requirements for the budding process known. We developed an in vitro cell-free ER-budding assay using Pichia pastoris and followed two endogenous PMPs, Pex11p and Pex3p during their ER exit. Both the PMPs were copackaged in the ER-budded vesicles that float on a Nycodenz gradient. PMP budding from the ER was dependent on ATP, temperature, cytosol, and Pex19p and generated preperoxisomal vesicles with an incomplete complement of PMPs. Surprisingly, Pex11p budding was independent of Pex3p; however, the budded vesicles were devoid of most of the PMPs otherwise present in the wild-type vesicles and might represent peroxisomal remnants. Our findings provide a biochemical platform to uncover the mechanism of PMP budding from the ER.
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47
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Mast FD, Fagarasanu A, Knoblach B, Rachubinski RA. Peroxisome biogenesis: something old, something new, something borrowed. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 25:347-56. [PMID: 21186279 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00025.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their varied complement of organelles. One set of membrane-bound, usually spherical compartments are commonly grouped together under the term peroxisomes. Peroxisomes function in regulating the synthesis and availability of many diverse lipids by harnessing the power of oxidative reactions and contribute to a number of metabolic processes essential for cellular differentiation and organismal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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48
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Schmidt F, Treiber N, Zocher G, Bjelic S, Steinmetz MO, Kalbacher H, Stehle T, Dodt G. Insights into peroxisome function from the structure of PEX3 in complex with a soluble fragment of PEX19. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25410-7. [PMID: 20554521 PMCID: PMC2919104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.138503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human peroxins PEX3 and PEX19 play a central role in peroxisomal membrane biogenesis. The membrane-anchored PEX3 serves as the receptor for cytosolic PEX19, which in turn recognizes newly synthesized peroxisomal membrane proteins. After delivering these proteins to the peroxisomal membrane, PEX19 is recycled to the cytosol. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not well understood. Here, we report the crystal structure of the cytosolic domain of PEX3 in complex with a PEX19-derived peptide. PEX3 adopts a novel fold that is best described as a large helical bundle. A hydrophobic groove at the membrane-distal end of PEX3 engages the PEX19 peptide with nanomolar affinity. Mutagenesis experiments identify phenylalanine 29 in PEX19 as critical for this interaction. Because key PEX3 residues involved in complex formation are highly conserved across species, the observed binding mechanism is of general biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Schmidt
- From the Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nora Treiber
- the Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Zocher
- From the Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sasa Bjelic
- the Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Structural Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, and
| | - Michel O. Steinmetz
- the Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Structural Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, and
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- From the Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- From the Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Gabriele Dodt
- From the Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Rucktäschel R, Halbach A, Girzalsky W, Rottensteiner H, Erdmann R. De novo synthesis of peroxisomes upon mitochondrial targeting of Pex3p. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:947-54. [PMID: 20655617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes can form either by growth and division of pre-existing peroxisomes or by de novo synthesis from the endoplasmic reticulum. Pex3p is the key component for both pathways and its targeting to the ER is thought to initiate the de novo formation of peroxisomes. Here, we addressed the question whether Pex3p also can induce peroxisome formation from mitochondrial membranes. Pex3p was targeted to mitochondria by fusion with the mitochondrial targeting signal of Tom20p. The Tom20p-Pex3p-fusion protein was expressed in Pex3p-deficient cells, which are characterized by the lack of peroxisomal membranes. De novo formation of import-competent peroxisomes was observed upon expression of the mitochondrial Pex3p in the mutant cells. This de novo synthesis is independent of the GTPases Vps1p and Dnm1p, two proteins required for peroxisome fission. We conclude that natural or artificial targeting of Pex3p to any endomembrane may initiate peroxisome formation and that also Pex3p-containing mitochondria can serve as source for the de novo synthesis of peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rucktäschel
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung für Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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50
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Toro AA, Araya CA, Córdova GJ, Arredondo CA, Cárdenas HG, Moreno RE, Venegas A, Koenig CS, Cancino J, Gonzalez A, Santos MJ. Pex3p-dependent peroxisomal biogenesis initiates in the endoplasmic reticulum of human fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:1083-96. [PMID: 19479899 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of peroxisomal biogenesis remain incompletely understood, specially regarding the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in human cells, where genetic disorders of peroxisome biogenesis lead to Zellweger syndrome (ZS). The Pex3p peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP) required for early steps of peroxisome biogenesis has been detected in the ER in yeast but not in mammalian cells. Here, we show that Pex3p-GFP expressed in a new ZS cell line (MR), which lacks peroxisomes due to a mutation in the PEX3 gene, localizes first in the ER and subsequently in newly formed peroxisomes. Pex3p bearing an artificial N-glycosylation site shows an electrophoretic shift indicative of ER targeting while en route to preformed peroxisomes in normal fibroblast. A signal peptide that forces its entry into the ER does not eliminate its capability to drive peroxisome biogenesis in ZS cells. Thus, Pex3p is able to drive peroxisome biogenesis from the ER and its ER pathway is not privative of ZS cells. Cross-expression experiments of Pex3p in GM623 cells lacking Pex16p or Pex16p in MR cells lacking Pex3p, showed evidence that Pex3p requires Pex16p for ER location but is dispensable for the ER location of Pex16p. These results indicate that Pex3p follows the ER-to-peroxisomal route in mammalian cells and provides new clues to understand its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Toro
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and MIFAB, Chile
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