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Zeng Y, Ren X, Jin P, Fan Z, Liu M, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhuo M, Wang J, Li Z, Wu M. Inhibitors and PROTACs of CDK2: challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38994606 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2376655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abundant evidence suggests that the overexpression of CDK2-cyclin A/E complex disrupts normal cell cycle regulation, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells. Thus, CDK2 has become a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In recent years, insights into the structures of the CDK2 catalytic site and allosteric pockets have provided notable opportunities for developing more effective clinical candidates of CDK2 inhibitors. AREA COVERED This article reviews the latest CDK2 inhibitors that have entered clinical trials and discusses the design and discovery of the most promising new preclinical CDK2 inhibitors in recent years. Additionally, it summarizes the development of allosteric CDK2 inhibitors and CDK2-targeting PROTACs. The review encompasses strategies for inhibitor and PROTAC design, structure-activity relationships, as well as in vitro and in vivo biological assessments. EXPERT OPINION Despite considerable effort, no CDK2 inhibitor has yet received FDA approval for marketing due to poor selectivity and observed toxicity in clinical settings. Future research must prioritize the optimization of the selectivity, potency, and pharmacokinetics of CDK2 inhibitors and PROTACs. Moreover, exploring combination therapies incorporating CDK2 inhibitors with other targeted agents, or the design of multi-target inhibitors, presents significant promise for advancing cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Zeng
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengyao Jin
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhida Fan
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Yali Zhang
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Linzhao Li
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Zhuo
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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2
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Audrey A, Kok YP, Yu S, de Haan L, van de Kooij B, van den Tempel N, Chen M, de Boer HR, van der Vegt B, van Vugt MATM. RAD52-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis is required for genome stability in Cyclin E1-overexpressing cells. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114116. [PMID: 38625790 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Cyclin E1 perturbs DNA replication, resulting in DNA lesions and genomic instability. Consequently, Cyclin E1-overexpressing cancer cells increasingly rely on DNA repair, including RAD52-mediated break-induced replication during interphase. We show that not all DNA lesions induced by Cyclin E1 overexpression are resolved during interphase. While DNA lesions upon Cyclin E1 overexpression are induced in S phase, a significant fraction of these lesions is transmitted into mitosis. Cyclin E1 overexpression triggers mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) in a RAD52-dependent fashion. Chemical or genetic inactivation of MiDAS enhances mitotic aberrations and persistent DNA damage. Mitosis-specific degradation of RAD52 prevents Cyclin E1-induced MiDAS and reduces the viability of Cyclin E1-overexpressing cells, underscoring the relevance of RAD52 during mitosis to maintain genomic integrity. Finally, analysis of breast cancer samples reveals a positive correlation between Cyclin E1 amplification and RAD52 expression. These findings demonstrate the importance of suppressing mitotic defects in Cyclin E1-overexpressing cells through RAD52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Audrey
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick P Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shibo Yu
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lauren de Haan
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert van de Kooij
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van den Tempel
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mengting Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Rudolf de Boer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Advani D, Kumar P. Uncovering Cell Cycle Dysregulations and Associated Mechanisms in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Glimpse of Hope for Repurposed Drugs. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04130-7. [PMID: 38532240 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The cell cycle is the sequence of events orchestrated by a complex network of cell cycle proteins. Unlike normal cells, mature neurons subsist in a quiescent state of the cell cycle, and aberrant cell cycle activation triggers neuronal death accompanied by neurodegeneration. The periodicity of cell cycle events is choreographed by various mechanisms, including DNA damage repair, oxidative stress, neurotrophin activity, and ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Given the relevance of cell cycle processes in cancer and neurodegeneration, this review delineates the overlapping cell cycle events, signaling pathways, and mechanisms associated with cell cycle aberrations in cancer and the major neurodegenerative disorders. We suggest that dysregulation of some common fundamental signaling processes triggers anomalous cell cycle activation in cancer cells and neurons. We discussed the possible use of cell cycle inhibitors for neurodegenerative disorders and described the associated challenges. We propose that a greater understanding of the common mechanisms driving cell cycle aberrations in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders will open a new avenue for the development of repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia Advani
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110042, India.
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4
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Brown VE, Moore SL, Chen M, House N, Ramsden P, Wu HJ, Ribich S, Grassian AR, Choi YJ. CDK2 regulates collapsed replication fork repair in CCNE1-amplified ovarian cancer cells via homologous recombination. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcad039. [PMID: 37519629 PMCID: PMC10373114 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CCNE1 amplification is a common alteration in high-grade serous ovarian cancer and occurs in 15-20% of these tumors. These amplifications are mutually exclusive with homologous recombination deficiency, and, as they have intact homologous recombination, are intrinsically resistant to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors or chemotherapy agents. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that lead to this mutual exclusivity may reveal therapeutic vulnerabilities that could be leveraged in the clinic in this still underserved patient population. Here, we demonstrate that CCNE1-amplified high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells rely on homologous recombination to repair collapsed replication forks. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, the canonical partner of cyclin E1, uniquely regulates homologous recombination in this genetic context, and as such cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibition synergizes with DNA damaging agents in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that combining a selective cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor with a DNA damaging agent could be a powerful tool in the clinic for high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Brown
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 617 374 7580;
| | - Sydney L Moore
- Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Maxine Chen
- Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Molano-Fernández M, Hickson ID, Herranz H. Cyclin E overexpression in the Drosophila accessory gland induces tissue dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:992253. [PMID: 36704199 PMCID: PMC9871066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.992253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the cell division cycle is governed by a complex network of factors that together ensure that growing or proliferating cells maintain a stable genome. Defects in this system can lead to genomic instability that can affect tissue homeostasis and thus compromise human health. Variations in ploidy and cell heterogeneity are observed frequently in human cancers. Here, we examine the consequences of upregulating the cell cycle regulator Cyclin E in the Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland. The accessory gland is the functional analog of the human prostate. This organ is composed of a postmitotic epithelium that is emerging as a powerful in vivo system for modelling different aspects of tumor initiation and progression. We show that Cyclin E upregulation in this model is sufficient to drive tissue dysplasia. Cyclin E overexpression drives endoreplication and affects DNA integrity, which results in heterogeneous nuclear and cellular composition and variable degrees of DNA damage. We present evidence showing that, despite the presence of genotoxic stress, those cells are resistant to apoptosis and thus defective cells are not eliminated from the tissue. We also show that Cyclin E-expressing cells in the accessory gland display mitochondrial DNA aggregates that colocalize with Cyclin E protein. Together, the findings presented here show that Cyclin E upregulation in postmitotic cells of the accessory gland organ causes cellular defects such as genomic instability and mitochondrial defects, eventually leading to tissue dysplasia. This study highlights novel mechanisms by which Cyclin E might contribute to disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Molano-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian D. Hickson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Héctor Herranz,
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6
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Hänle-Kreidler S, Richter KT, Hoffmann I. The SCF-FBXW7 E3 ubiquitin ligase triggers degradation of histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase complex component WDR5 to prevent mitotic slippage. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102703. [PMID: 36395886 PMCID: PMC9764181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During prolonged mitotic arrest induced by antimicrotubule drugs, cell fate decision is determined by two alternative pathways, one leading to cell death and the other inducing premature escape from mitosis by mitotic slippage. FBWX7, a member of the F-box family of proteins and substrate-targeting subunit of the SKP1-CUL1-F-Box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, promotes mitotic cell death and prevents mitotic slippage, but molecular details underlying these roles for FBWX7 are unclear. In this study, we report that WDR5 (WD-repeat containing protein 5), a component of the mixed lineage leukemia complex of histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferases, is a substrate of FBXW7. We determined by coimmunoprecipitation experiments and in vitro binding assays that WDR5 interacts with FBXW7 in vivo and in vitro. SKP1-CUL1-F-Box-FBXW7 mediates ubiquitination of WDR5 and targets it for proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, we find that WDR5 depletion counteracts FBXW7 loss of function by reducing mitotic slippage and polyploidization. In conclusion, our data elucidate a new mechanism in mitotic cell fate regulation, which might contribute to prevent chemotherapy resistance in patients after antimicrotubule drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hänle-Kreidler
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, F045, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai T. Richter
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, F045, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hoffmann
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, F045, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany,For correspondence: Ingrid Hoffmann
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7
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Ponce RKM, Thomas NJ, Bui NQ, Kondo T, Okimoto RA. WEE1 kinase is a therapeutic vulnerability in CIC-DUX4 undifferentiated sarcoma. JCI Insight 2022; 7:152293. [PMID: 35315355 PMCID: PMC8986087 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CIC-DUX4 rearrangements define an aggressive and chemotherapy-insensitive subset of undifferentiated sarcomas. The CIC-DUX4 fusion drives oncogenesis through direct transcriptional upregulation of cell cycle and DNA replication genes. Notably, CIC-DUX4–mediated CCNE1 upregulation compromises the G1/S transition to confer a dependence on the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. Through an integrative transcriptional and kinase activity screen using patient-derived specimens, we now show that CIC-DUX4 sarcomas depend on the G2/M checkpoint regulator WEE1 as part of an adaptive survival mechanism. Specifically, CIC-DUX4 sarcomas depended on WEE1 activity to limit DNA damage and unscheduled mitotic entry. Consequently, genetic or pharmacologic WEE1 inhibition in vitro and in vivo led to rapid DNA damage–associated apoptotic induction of patient-derived CIC-DUX4 sarcomas. Thus, we identified WEE1 as a vulnerability targetable by therapeutic intervention in CIC-DUX4 sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nam Q Bui
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ross A Okimoto
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Estrogens—Origin of Centrosome Defects in Human Cancer? Cells 2022; 11:cells11030432. [PMID: 35159242 PMCID: PMC8833882 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are associated with a variety of diseases and play important roles in tumor development and progression. Centrosome defects are hallmarks of human cancers and contribute to ongoing chromosome missegragation and aneuploidy that manifest in genomic instability and tumor progression. Although several mechanisms underlie the etiology of centrosome aberrations in human cancer, upstream regulators are hardly known. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence points to an important role of estrogens in deregulating centrosome homeostasis and promoting karyotype instability. Here, we will summarize existing literature of how natural and synthetic estrogens might contribute to structural and numerical centrosome defects, genomic instability and human carcinogenesis.
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9
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Fagundes R, Teixeira LK. Cyclin E/CDK2: DNA Replication, Replication Stress and Genomic Instability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:774845. [PMID: 34901021 PMCID: PMC8652076 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.774845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication must be precisely controlled in order to maintain genome stability. Transition through cell cycle phases is regulated by a family of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) in association with respective cyclin regulatory subunits. In normal cell cycles, E-type cyclins (Cyclin E1 and Cyclin E2, CCNE1 and CCNE2 genes) associate with CDK2 to promote G1/S transition. Cyclin E/CDK2 complex mostly controls cell cycle progression and DNA replication through phosphorylation of specific substrates. Oncogenic activation of Cyclin E/CDK2 complex impairs normal DNA replication, causing replication stress and DNA damage. As a consequence, Cyclin E/CDK2-induced replication stress leads to genomic instability and contributes to human carcinogenesis. In this review, we focus on the main functions of Cyclin E/CDK2 complex in normal DNA replication and the molecular mechanisms by which oncogenic activation of Cyclin E/CDK2 causes replication stress and genomic instability in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo K. Teixeira
- Group of Cell Cycle Control, Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Yun HS, Lee J, Kim JY, Sim YJ, Lee CW, Park JK, Kim JS, Ahn J, Song JY, Baek JH, Hwang SG. A novel function of HRP-3 in regulating cell cycle progression via the HDAC-E2F1-Cyclin E pathway in lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:145-155. [PMID: 34714604 PMCID: PMC8748221 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the poor survival rate of lung cancer patients, we investigated the role of HDGF‐related protein 3 (HRP‐3) as a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The expression of endogenous HRP‐3 in human lung cancer tissues and xenograft tumor models is indicative of its clinical relevance in lung cancer. Additionally, we demonstrated that HRP‐3 directly binds to the E2F1 promoter on chromatin. Interestingly, HRP‐3 depletion in A549 cells impedes the binding of HRP‐3 to the E2F1 promoter; this in turn hampers the interaction between Histone H3/H4 and HDAC1/2 on the E2F1 promoter, while concomitantly inducing Histone H3/H4 acetylation around the E2F1 promoter. The enhanced Histone H3/H4 acetylation on the E2F1 promoter through HRP‐3 depletion increases the transcription level of E2F1. Furthermore, the increased E2F1 transcription levels lead to the enhanced transcription of Cyclin E, known as the E2F1‐responsive gene, thus inducing S‐phase accumulation. Therefore, our study provides evidence for the utility of HRP‐3 as a biomarker for the prognosis and treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, we delineated the capacity of HRP‐3 to regulate the E2F1 transcription level via histone deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shik Yun
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Janet Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Sim
- Radiation Biology Research Team, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Radiation Biology Research Team, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Chu C, Geng Y, Zhou Y, Sicinski P. Cyclin E in normal physiology and disease states. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:732-746. [PMID: 34052101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
E-type cyclins, collectively called cyclin E, represent key components of the core cell cycle machinery. In mammalian cells, two E-type cyclins, E1 and E2, activate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and drive cell cycle progression by phosphorylating several cellular proteins. Abnormally elevated activity of cyclin E-CDK2 has been documented in many human tumor types. Moreover, cyclin E overexpression mediates resistance of tumor cells to various therapeutic agents. Recent work has revealed that the role of cyclin E extends well beyond cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and it may regulate a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss these various cyclin E functions and the potential for therapeutic targeting of cyclin E and cyclin E-CDK2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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12
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Jang SM, Redon CE, Thakur BL, Bahta MK, Aladjem MI. Regulation of cell cycle drivers by Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1637-1651. [PMID: 33005013 PMCID: PMC8080560 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has revealed new roles for Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) in a myriad of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression. In addition to CRL1, also named SCF (SKP1-Cullin 1-F box protein), which has been known for decades as an important factor in the regulation of the cell cycle, it is now evident that all eight CRL family members are involved in the intricate cellular pathways driving cell cycle progression. In this review, we summarize the structure of CRLs and their functions in driving the cell cycle. We focus on how CRLs target key proteins for degradation or otherwise alter their functions to control the progression over the various cell cycle phases leading to cell division. We also summarize how CRLs and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ligase complex closely cooperate to govern efficient cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Jang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA.
| | - Christophe E Redon
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA
| | - Bhushan L Thakur
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA
| | - Meriam K Bahta
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4255, USA.
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13
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Integrating Old and New Paradigms of G1/S Control. Mol Cell 2020; 80:183-192. [PMID: 32946743 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Cdk-Rb-E2F pathway integrates external and internal signals to control progression at the G1/S transition of the mammalian cell cycle. Alterations in this pathway are found in most human cancers, and specific cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk4/6 inhibitors are approved or in clinical trials for the treatment of diverse cancers. In the long-standing paradigm for G1/S control, Cdks inactivate the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) through phosphorylation, which releases E2F transcription factors to drive cell-cycle progression from G1 to S. However, recent observations in the laboratory and clinic challenge central tenets of the current paradigm and demonstrate that our understanding of the Rb pathway and G1/S control is still incomplete. Here, we integrate these new findings with the previous paradigm to synthesize a current molecular and cellular view of the mammalian G1/S transition. A more complete and accurate understanding of G1/S control will lead to improved therapeutic strategies targeting the cell cycle in cancer.
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14
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Cyclin E2 Promotes Whole Genome Doubling in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082268. [PMID: 32823571 PMCID: PMC7463708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome doubling is an underlying cause of cancer cell aneuploidy and genomic instability, but few drivers have been identified for this process. Due to their physiological roles in the genome reduplication of normal cells, we hypothesised that the oncogenes cyclins E1 and E2 may be drivers of genome doubling in cancer. We show that both cyclin E1 (CCNE1) and cyclin E2 (CCNE2) mRNA are significantly associated with high genome ploidy in breast cancers. By live cell imaging and flow cytometry, we show that cyclin E2 overexpression promotes aberrant mitosis without causing mitotic slippage, and it increases ploidy with negative feedback on the replication licensing protein, Cdt1. We demonstrate that cyclin E2 localises with core preRC (pre-replication complex) proteins (MCM2, MCM7) on the chromatin of cancer cells. Low CCNE2 is associated with improved overall survival in breast cancers, and we demonstrate that low cyclin E2 protects from excess genome rereplication. This occurs regardless of p53 status, consistent with the association of high cyclin E2 with genome doubling in both p53 null/mutant and p53 wildtype cancers. In contrast, while cyclin E1 can localise to the preRC, its downregulation does not prevent rereplication, and overexpression promotes polyploidy via mitotic slippage. Thus, in breast cancer, cyclin E2 has a strong association with genome doubling, and likely contributes to highly proliferative and genomically unstable breast cancers.
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15
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Pennycook BR, Barr AR. Restriction point regulation at the crossroads between quiescence and cell proliferation. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2046-2060. [PMID: 32564372 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
The coordination of cell proliferation with reversible cell cycle exit into quiescence is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms and for tissue homeostasis in the adult. The decision between quiescence and proliferation occurs at the restriction point, which is widely thought to be located in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, when cells integrate accumulated extracellular and intracellular signals to drive this binary cellular decision. On the molecular level, decision-making is exerted through the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs phosphorylate the retinoblastoma (Rb) transcriptional repressor to regulate the expression of cell cycle genes. Recently, the classical view of restriction point regulation has been challenged. Here, we review the latest findings on the activation of CDKs, Rb phosphorylation and the nature and position of the restriction point within the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betheney R Pennycook
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexis R Barr
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Pal D, Torres AE, Stromberg BR, Messina AL, Dickson AS, De K, Willard B, Venere M, Summers MK. Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 promotes the SCF βTRCP-dependent degradation of Cdh1 during S-phase and efficient cell-cycle progression. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:298. [PMID: 32345958 PMCID: PMC7188793 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
APC/CCdh1 is a ubiquitin ligase with roles in numerous diverse processes, including control of cellular proliferation and multiple aspects of the DNA damage response. Precise regulation of APC/CCdh1 activity is central to efficient cell-cycle progression and cellular homeostasis. Here, we have identified Cdh1 as a direct substrate of the replication stress checkpoint effector kinase Chk1 and demonstrate that Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 contributes to its recognition by the SCFβTRCP ubiquitin ligase, promotes efficient S-phase entry, and is important for cellular proliferation during otherwise unperturbed cell cycles. We also find that prolonged Chk1 activity in late S/G2 inhibits Cdh1 accumulation. In addition to promoting control of APC/CCdh1 activity by facilitating Cdh1 destruction, we find that Chk1 also antagonizes activity of the ligase by perturbing the interaction between Cdh1 and the APC/C. Overall, these data suggest that the rise and fall of Chk1 activity contributes to the regulation of APC/CCdh1 activity that enhances the replication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Adrian E Torres
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin R Stromberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abbey L Messina
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrew S Dickson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Kuntal De
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Monica Venere
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew K Summers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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17
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APC/C ubiquitin ligase: Functions and mechanisms in tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:80-91. [PMID: 32165320 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome (APC/C), is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex essential for cellular division due to its role in regulating the mitotic transition from metaphase to anaphase. In this review, we highlight recent work that has shed light on our understanding of the role of APC/C coactivators, Cdh1 and Cdc20, in cancer initiation and development. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding APC/C structure and function, as well as the distinct ways Cdh1 and Cdc20 are dysregulated in human cancer. We also discuss APC/C inhibitors, novel approaches for targeting the APC/C as a cancer therapy, and areas for future work.
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18
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Tadesse S, Anshabo AT, Portman N, Lim E, Tilley W, Caldon CE, Wang S. Targeting CDK2 in cancer: challenges and opportunities for therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:406-413. [PMID: 31839441 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) plays a pivotal part in cell cycle regulation and is involved in a range of biological processes. CDK2 interacts with and phosphorylates proteins in pathways such as DNA damage, intracellular transport, protein degradation, signal transduction, DNA and RNA metabolism and translation. CDK2 and its regulatory subunits are deregulated in many human cancers and there is emerging evidence suggesting CDK2 inhibition elicits antitumor activity in a subset of tumors with defined genetic features. Previous CDK2 inhibitors were nonspecific and limited by off-target effects. The development of new-generation CDK2 inhibitors represents a therapeutic opportunity for CDK2-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Departement of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abel T Anshabo
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Neil Portman
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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19
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Han T, Jiang S, Zheng H, Yin Q, Xie M, Little MR, Yin X, Chen M, Song SJ, Beg AA, Pandolfi PP, Wan L. Interplay between c-Src and the APC/C co-activator Cdh1 regulates mammary tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3716. [PMID: 31420536 PMCID: PMC6697746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) coactivator Cdh1 drives proper cell cycle progression and is implicated in the suppression of tumorigenesis. However, it remains elusive how Cdh1 restrains cancer progression and how tumor cells escape the inhibition of Cdh1. Here we report that Cdh1 suppresses the kinase activity of c-Src in an APC-independent manner. Depleting Cdh1 accelerates breast cancer cell proliferation and cooperates with PTEN loss to promote breast tumor progression in mice. Hyperactive c-Src, on the other hand, reciprocally inhibits the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of APCCdh1 through direct phosphorylation of Cdh1 at its N-terminus, which disrupts the interaction between Cdh1 and the APC core complex. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of c-Src restores APCCdh1 tumor suppressor function to repress a panel of APCCdh1 oncogenic substrates. Our findings reveal a reciprocal feedback circuit of Cdh1 and c-Src in the crosstalk between the cell cycle machinery and the c-Src signaling pathway. The Anaphase Promoting Complex adaptor protein Cdh1 tightly controls cell cycle progression to restrain tumorigenesis but the mechanism is not completely known. Here, the authors show that reciprocal inhibition between Cdh1 and the c-Src signaling pathway regulate breast cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shulong Jiang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Jining NO.1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Mengyu Xie
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Margaret R Little
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Xiu Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Jining NO.1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Su Jung Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Amer A Beg
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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20
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Abstract
A complex network precisely regulates the cell cycle through the G1, S, G2, and M phases and is the basis for cell division under physiological and pathological conditions. On the one hand, the transition from one phase to another as well as the progression within each phase is driven by the specific cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs; e.g., CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, and CDK7), together with their exclusive partner cyclins (e.g., cyclin A1, B1, D1–3, and E1). On the other hand, these phases are negatively regulated by endogenous CDK inhibitors such as p16ink4a, p18ink4c, p19ink4d, p21cip1, and p27kip1. In addition, several checkpoints control the commitment of cells to replicate DNA and undergo mitosis, thereby avoiding the passage of genomic errors to daughter cells. CDKs are often constitutively activated in cancer, which is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of transformed cells, due to genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in the genes involved in the cell cycle. Moreover, several oncogenes and defective tumor suppressors promote malignant changes by stimulating cell cycle entry and progression or disrupting DNA damage responses, including the cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair mechanisms, and apoptosis. Thus, genes or proteins related to cell cycle regulation remain the main targets of interest in the treatment of various cancer types, including hematologic malignancies. In this context, advances in the understanding of the cell cycle regulatory machinery provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The present article summarizes the pathways as well as their genetic and epigenetic alterations that regulate the cell cycle; moreover, it discusses the various approved or potential therapeutic targets associated with the cell cycle, focusing on hematologic malignancies.
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21
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De K, Grubb TM, Zalenski AA, Pfaff KE, Pal D, Majumder S, Summers MK, Venere M. Hyperphosphorylation of CDH1 in Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells Attenuates APC/C CDH1 Activity and Pharmacologic Inhibition of APC/C CDH1/CDC20 Compromises Viability. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1519-1530. [PMID: 31036696 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor and remains incurable. This is in part due to the cellular heterogeneity within these tumors, which includes a subpopulation of treatment-resistant cells called cancer stem-like cells (CSC). We previously identified that the anaphase-promoting complex/cylosome (APC/C), a key cell-cycle regulator and tumor suppressor, had attenuated ligase activity in CSCs. Here, we assessed the mechanism of reduced activity, as well as the efficacy of pharmacologically targeting the APC/C in CSCs. We identified hyperphosphorylation of CDH1, but not pseudosubstrate inhibition by early mitotic inhibitor 1 (EMI1), as a major mechanism driving attenuated APC/CCDH1 activity in the G1-phase of the cell cycle in CSCs. Small-molecule inhibition of the APC/C reduced viability of both CSCs and nonstem tumor cells (NSTCs), with the combination of proTAME and apcin having the biggest impact. Combinatorial drug treatment also led to the greatest mitotic arrest and chromosomal abnormalities. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings demonstrate how the activity of the APC/CCDH1 tumor suppressor is reduced in CSCs and also validates small-molecule inhibition of the APC/C as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal De
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Treg M Grubb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Abigail A Zalenski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kayla E Pfaff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Debjani Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shubhra Majumder
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Matthew K Summers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Monica Venere
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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22
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Chen X, Low KH, Alexander A, Jiang Y, Karakas C, Hess KR, Carey JPW, Bui TN, Vijayaraghavan S, Evans KW, Yi M, Ellis DC, Cheung KL, Ellis IO, Fu S, Meric-Bernstam F, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Cyclin E Overexpression Sensitizes Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to Wee1 Kinase Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6594-6610. [PMID: 30181387 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is due to an aggressive phenotype and lack of biomarker-driven targeted therapies. Overexpression of cyclin E and phosphorylated-CDK2 are correlated with poor survival in patients with TNBC, and the absence of CDK2 desensitizes cells to inhibition of Wee1 kinase, a key cell-cycle regulator. We hypothesize that cyclin E expression can predict response to therapies, which include the Wee1 kinase inhibitor, AZD1775. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mono- and combination therapies with AZD1775 were evaluated in TNBC cell lines and multiple patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with different cyclin E expression profiles. The mechanism(s) of cyclin E-mediated replicative stress were investigated following cyclin E induction or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout by a number of assays in multiple cell lines. RESULTS Cyclin E overexpression (i) is enriched in TNBCs with high recurrence rates, (ii) sensitizes TNBC cell lines and PDX models to AZD1775, (iii) leads to CDK2-dependent activation of DNA replication stress pathways, and (iv) increases Wee1 kinase activity. Moreover, treatment of cells with either CDK2 inhibitors or carboplatin leads to transient transcriptional induction of cyclin E (in cyclin E-low tumors) and result in DNA replicative stress. Such drug-mediated cyclin E induction in TNBC cells and PDX models sensitizes them to AZD1775 in a sequential treatment combination strategy.Conclusions: Cyclin E is a potential biomarker of response (i) for AZD1775 as monotherapy in cyclin E-high TNBC tumors and (ii) for sequential combination therapy with CDK2 inhibitor or carboplatin followed by AZD1775 in cyclin E-low TNBC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Kwang-Huei Low
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Angela Alexander
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason P W Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tuyen N Bui
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Smruthi Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kurt W Evans
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - D Christian Ellis
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kwok-Leung Cheung
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian O Ellis
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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23
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Drouet Y, Treilleux I, Viari A, Léon S, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Voirin N, de la Fouchardière C, Manship B, Puisieux A, Lasset C, Moyret-Lalle C. Integrated analysis highlights APC11 protein expression as a likely new independent predictive marker for colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7386. [PMID: 29743633 PMCID: PMC5943309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After a diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), approximately 50% of patients will present distant metastasis. Although significant progress has been made in treatments, most of them will die from the disease. We investigated the predictive and prognostic potential of APC11, the catalytic subunit of APC/C, which has never been examined in the context of CRC. The expression of APC11 was assessed in CRC cell lines, in tissue microarrays (TMAs) and in public datasets. Overexpression of APC11 mRNA was associated with chromosomal instability, lymphovascular invasion and residual tumor. Regression models accounting for the effects of well-known protein markers highlighted association of APC11 protein expression with residual tumor (odds ratio: OR = 6.51; 95% confidence intervals: CI = 1.54–27.59; P = 0.012) and metastasis at diagnosis (OR = 3.87; 95% CI = 1.20–2.45; P = 0.024). Overexpression of APC11 protein was also associated with worse distant relapse-free survival (hazard ratio: HR = 2.60; 95% CI = 1.26–5.37; P = 0.01) and worse overall survival (HR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.31–5.51; P = 0.007). APC11 overexpression in primary CRC thus represents a potentially novel theranostic marker of metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youenn Drouet
- Centre Léon Bérard, Département de Santé Publique, Lyon, F-69008, France.,CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Lyon, F-69373, France
| | | | - Alain Viari
- INRIA Grenoble-Rhône-Alpes, 655 Avenue de l'Europe, 38330, Montbonnot, Saint Martin, France.,Synergie Lyon Cancer, Plateforme de Bioinformatique 'Gilles Thomas' Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Léon
- Centre Léon Bérard, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Lyon, F-69008, France
| | - Mojgan Devouassoux-Shisheboran
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, F-69008, France.,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69622, France.,Université Lyon1, ISPB, Lyon, F-69008, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France.,Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
| | - Nicolas Voirin
- Centre Léon Bérard, Département de Santé Publique, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d'Hygiéne, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Lyon, F-69437, France
| | | | | | - Alain Puisieux
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, F-69008, France.,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France.,CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69622, France.,Université Lyon1, ISPB, Lyon, F-69008, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Lasset
- Centre Léon Bérard, Département de Santé Publique, Lyon, F-69008, France.,CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Lyon, F-69373, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69622, France
| | - Caroline Moyret-Lalle
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, F-69008, France. .,INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France. .,CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France. .,Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69622, France. .,Université Lyon1, ISPB, Lyon, F-69008, France. .,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France.
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24
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Cuppens T, Moisse M, Depreeuw J, Annibali D, Colas E, Gil-Moreno A, Huvila J, Carpén O, Zikán M, Matias-Guiu X, Moerman P, Croce S, Lambrechts D, Amant F. Integrated genome analysis of uterine leiomyosarcoma to identify novel driver genes and targetable pathways. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1230-1243. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Cuppens
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Leuven 3000 Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB; Leuven Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Jeroen Depreeuw
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Leuven 3000 Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Daniela Annibali
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Eva Colas
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERONC; Barcelona Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Moreno
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERONC; Barcelona Spain
- Gynecological Oncology Department; Vall Hebron University Hospital; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jutta Huvila
- Department of Pathology; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology; University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
- Department of Pathology and Genome Scale Research Program; University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Michal Zikán
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Gynecological Oncology Center, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Pathological Oncology Group and Pathology Department; Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova, and Hospital U de Bellvitge, IRBLLEIDA and Idibell, University of Lleida, CIBERONC; Lleida Spain
| | - Philippe Moerman
- Department of Pathology; UZ Leuven - KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Leuven B-3000 Belgium
| | - Sabrina Croce
- Department of Biopathology; Institut Bergonié; Bordeaux F-33000 France
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Department of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Leuven 3000 Belgium
- Centre for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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25
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The PP2A-B56 Phosphatase Opposes Cyclin E Autocatalytic Degradation via Site-Specific Dephosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00657-16. [PMID: 28137908 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00657-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin E, in conjunction with its catalytic partner cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), regulates cell cycle progression as cells exit quiescence and enter S-phase. Multiple mechanisms control cyclin E periodicity during the cell cycle, including phosphorylation-dependent cyclin E ubiquitylation by the SCFFbw7 ubiquitin ligase. Serine 384 (S384) is the critical cyclin E phosphorylation site that stimulates Fbw7 binding and cyclin E ubiquitylation and degradation. Because S384 is autophosphorylated by bound CDK2, this presents a paradox as to how cyclin E can evade autocatalytically induced degradation in order to phosphorylate its other substrates. We found that S384 phosphorylation is dynamically regulated in cells and that cyclin E is specifically dephosphorylated at S384 by the PP2A-B56 phosphatase, thereby uncoupling cyclin E degradation from cyclin E-CDK2 activity. Furthermore, the rate of S384 dephosphorylation is high in interphase but low in mitosis. This provides a mechanism whereby interphase cells can oppose autocatalytic cyclin E degradation and maintain cyclin E-CDK2 activity while also enabling cyclin E destruction in mitosis, when inappropriate cyclin E expression is genotoxic.
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26
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Wan L, Chen M, Cao J, Dai X, Yin Q, Zhang J, Song SJ, Lu Y, Liu J, Inuzuka H, Katon JM, Berry K, Fung J, Ng C, Liu P, Song MS, Xue L, Bronson RT, Kirschner MW, Cui R, Pandolfi PP, Wei W. The APC/C E3 Ligase Complex Activator FZR1 Restricts BRAF Oncogenic Function. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:424-441. [PMID: 28174173 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BRAF drives tumorigenesis by coordinating the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK oncogenic signaling cascade. However, upstream pathways governing BRAF kinase activity and protein stability remain undefined. Here, we report that in primary cells with active APCFZR1, APCFZR1 earmarks BRAF for ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis, whereas in cancer cells with APC-free FZR1, FZR1 suppresses BRAF through disrupting BRAF dimerization. Moreover, we identified FZR1 as a direct target of ERK and CYCLIN D1/CDK4 kinases. Phosphorylation of FZR1 inhibits APCFZR1, leading to elevation of a cohort of oncogenic APCFZR1 substrates to facilitate melanomagenesis. Importantly, CDK4 and/or BRAF/MEK inhibitors restore APCFZR1 E3 ligase activity, which might be critical for their clinical effects. Furthermore, FZR1 depletion cooperates with AKT hyperactivation to transform primary melanocytes, whereas genetic ablation of Fzr1 synergizes with Pten loss, leading to aberrant coactivation of BRAF/ERK and AKT signaling in mice. Our findings therefore reveal a reciprocal suppression mechanism between FZR1 and BRAF in controlling tumorigenesis.Significance: FZR1 inhibits BRAF oncogenic functions via both APC-dependent proteolysis and APC-independent disruption of BRAF dimers, whereas hyperactivated ERK and CDK4 reciprocally suppress APCFZR1 E3 ligase activity. Aberrancies in this newly defined signaling network might account for BRAF hyperactivation in human cancers, suggesting that targeting CYCLIN D1/CDK4, alone or in combination with BRAF/MEK inhibition, can be an effective anti-melanoma therapy. Cancer Discov; 7(4); 424-41. ©2017 AACR.See related commentary by Zhang and Bollag, p. 356This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 339.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ming Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juxiang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Su-Jung Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse M Katon
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelsey Berry
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacqueline Fung
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Ng
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pengda Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Min Sup Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lian Xue
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Cyclin E Deregulation and Genomic Instability. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1042:527-547. [PMID: 29357072 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Precise replication of genetic material and its equal distribution to daughter cells are essential to maintain genome stability. In eukaryotes, chromosome replication and segregation are temporally uncoupled, occurring in distinct intervals of the cell cycle, S and M phases, respectively. Cyclin E accumulates at the G1/S transition, where it promotes S phase entry and progression by binding to and activating CDK2. Several lines of evidence from different models indicate that cyclin E/CDK2 deregulation causes replication stress in S phase and chromosome segregation errors in M phase, leading to genomic instability and cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss the main findings that link cyclin E/CDK2 deregulation to genomic instability and the molecular mechanisms by which cyclin E/CDK2 induces replication stress and chromosome aberrations during carcinogenesis.
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28
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Abstract
For over a century, the abnormal movement or number of centrosomes has been linked with errors of chromosomes distribution in mitosis. While not essential for the formation of the mitotic spindle, the presence and location of centrosomes has a major influence on the manner in which microtubules interact with the kinetochores of replicated sister chromatids and the accuracy with which they migrate to resulting daughter cells. A complex network has evolved to ensure that cells contain the proper number of centrosomes and that their location is optimal for effective attachment of emanating spindle fibers with the kinetochores. The components of this network are regulated through a series of post-translational modifications, including ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers, which coordinate the timing and strength of signaling events key to the centrosome cycle. In this review, we examine the role of the ubiquitin system in the events relating to centriole duplication and centrosome separation, and discuss how the disruption of these functions impacts chromosome segregation.
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29
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Po'uha ST, Kavallaris M. Gamma-actin is involved in regulating centrosome function and mitotic progression in cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3908-19. [PMID: 26697841 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1120920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during mitosis is crucial for regulating cell division. A functional role for γ-actin in mitotic arrest induced by the microtubule-targeted agent, paclitaxel, has recently been demonstrated. We hypothesized that γ-actin plays a role in mitosis. Herein, we investigated the effect of γ-actin in mitosis and demonstrated that γ-actin is important in the distribution of β-actin and formation of actin-rich retraction fibers during mitosis. The reduced ability of paclitaxel to induce mitotic arrest as a result of γ-actin depletion was replicated with a range of mitotic inhibitors, suggesting that γ-actin loss reduces the ability of broad classes of anti-mitotic agents to induce mitotic arrest. In addition, partial depletion of γ-actin enhanced centrosome amplification in cancer cells and caused a significant delay in prometaphase/metaphase. This prolonged prometaphase/metaphase arrest was due to mitotic defects such as uncongressed and missegregated chromosomes, and correlated with an increased presence of mitotic spindle abnormalities in the γ-actin depleted cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate a previously unknown role for γ-actin in regulating centrosome function, chromosome alignment and maintenance of mitotic spindle integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sela T Po'uha
- a Children's Cancer Institute; Lowy Cancer Research Center; University of New South Wales ; Randwick , NSW , Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- a Children's Cancer Institute; Lowy Cancer Research Center; University of New South Wales ; Randwick , NSW , Australia.,b ARC Center of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology; Australian Center for Nanomedicine; University of New South Wales ; Sydney , Australia
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30
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Liu J, Wan L, Liu J, Yuan Z, Zhang J, Guo J, Malumbres M, Liu J, Zou W, Wei W. Cdh1 inhibits WWP2-mediated ubiquitination of PTEN to suppress tumorigenesis in an APC-independent manner. Cell Discov 2016; 2:15044. [PMID: 27462441 PMCID: PMC4860961 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome/Cdh1 is a multi-subunit ubiquitin E3 ligase that drives M to G1 cell cycle progression through primarily earmarking various substrates for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. Notably, emerging evidence suggested that Cdh1 could also function in various cellular processes independent of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. To this end, we recently identified an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-independent function of Cdh1 in modulating osteoblast differentiation through activating Smurf1, one of the NEDD4 family of HECT domain-containing E3 ligases. However, it remains largely unknown whether Cdh1 could exert its tumor suppressor role through similarly modulating the E3 ligase activities of other NEDD4 family members, most of which have characterized important roles in tumorigenesis. Here we report that in various tumor cells, Cdh1, conversely, suppresses the E3 ligase activity of WWP2, another NEDD4 family protein, in an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-independent manner. As such, loss of Cdh1 activates WWP2, leading to reduced abundance of WWP2 substrates including PTEN, which subsequently activates PI3K/Akt oncogenic signaling to facilitate tumorigenesis. This study expands the non-anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome function of Cdh1 in regulating the NEDD4 family E3 ligases, and further suggested that enhancing Cdh1 to inhibit the E3 ligase activity of WWP2 could be a promising strategy for treating human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Life Science, FIST, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Barr AR, Heldt FS, Zhang T, Bakal C, Novák B. A Dynamical Framework for the All-or-None G1/S Transition. Cell Syst 2016; 2:27-37. [PMID: 27136687 PMCID: PMC4802413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The transition from G1 into DNA replication (S phase) is an emergent behavior resulting from dynamic and complex interactions between cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), Cdk inhibitors (CKIs), and the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Understanding the cellular decision to commit to S phase requires a quantitative description of these interactions. We apply quantitative imaging of single human cells to track the expression of G1/S regulators and use these data to parametrize a stochastic mathematical model of the G1/S transition. We show that a rapid, proteolytic, double-negative feedback loop between Cdk2:Cyclin and the Cdk inhibitor p27(Kip1) drives a switch-like entry into S phase. Furthermore, our model predicts that increasing Emi1 levels throughout S phase are critical in maintaining irreversibility of the G1/S transition, which we validate using Emi1 knockdown and live imaging of G1/S reporters. This work provides insight into the general design principles of the signaling networks governing the temporally abrupt transitions between cell-cycle phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Barr
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Frank S Heldt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tongli Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Béla Novák
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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32
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Hutchins JRA, Aze A, Coulombe P, Méchali M. Characteristics of Metazoan DNA Replication Origins. DNA REPLICATION, RECOMBINATION, AND REPAIR 2016. [PMCID: PMC7120227 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55873-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Parker DJ, Iyer A, Shah S, Moran A, Hjelmeland AB, Basu MK, Liu R, Mitra K. A new mitochondrial pool of cyclin E, regulated by Drp1, is linked to cell-density-dependent cell proliferation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4171-82. [PMID: 26446260 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation and function of the crucial cell cycle regulator cyclin E (CycE) remains elusive. Unlike other cyclins, CycE can be uniquely controlled by mitochondrial energetics, the exact mechanism being unclear. Using mammalian cells (in vitro) and Drosophila (in vivo) model systems in parallel, we show that CycE can be directly regulated by mitochondria through its recruitment to the organelle. Active mitochondrial bioenergetics maintains a distinct mitochondrial pool of CycE (mtCycE) lacking a key phosphorylation required for its degradation. Loss of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1, SwissProt O00429 in humans) augments mitochondrial respiration and elevates the mtCycE pool allowing CycE deregulation, cell cycle alterations and enrichment of stem cell markers. Such CycE deregulation after Drp1 loss attenuates cell proliferation in low-cell-density environments. However, in high-cell-density environments, elevated MEK-ERK signaling in the absence of Drp1 releases mtCycE to support escape of contact inhibition and maintain aberrant cell proliferation. Such Drp1-driven regulation of CycE recruitment to mitochondria might be a mechanism to modulate CycE degradation during normal developmental processes as well as in tumorigenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitra J Parker
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Archana Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shikha Shah
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aida Moran
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell Development and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Malay Kumar Basu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kasturi Mitra
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Dependence of Human Colorectal Cells Lacking the FBW7 Tumor Suppressor on the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. Genetics 2015; 201:885-95. [PMID: 26354767 PMCID: PMC4649658 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.180653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FBW7 (F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7), also known as FBXW7 or hCDC4, is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in a broad spectrum of cancer cell types. As a component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase, FBW7 is responsible for specifically recognizing phosphorylated substrates, many important for tumor progression, and targeting them for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Although the role of FBW7 as a tumor suppressor is well established, less well studied is how FBW7-mutated cancer cells might be targeted for selective killing. To explore this further, we undertook a genome-wide RNAi screen using WT and FBW7 knockout colorectal cell lines and identified the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) protein BUBR1, as a candidate synthetic lethal target. We show here that asynchronous FBW7 knockout cells have increased levels of mitotic APC/C substrates and are sensitive to knockdown of not just BUBR1 but BUB1 and MPS1, other known SAC components, suggesting a dependence of these cells on the mitotic checkpoint. Consistent with this dependence, knockdown of BUBR1 in cells lacking FBW7 results in significant cell aneuploidy and increases in p53 levels. The FBW7 substrate cyclin E was necessary for the genetic interaction with BUBR1. In contrast, the establishment of this dependence on the SAC requires the deregulation of multiple substrates of FBW7. Our work suggests that FBW7 knockout cells are vulnerable in their dependence on the mitotic checkpoint and that this may be a good potential target to exploit in FBW7-mutated cancer cells.
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35
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Zhou Z, He C, Wang J. Regulation mechanism of Fbxw7-related signaling pathways (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2215-24. [PMID: 26324296 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (Fbxw7), the substrate-recognition component of SCFFbxw7 complex, is thought to be a tumor suppressor involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival. Although an increasing number of ubiquitin substrates of Fbxw7 have been identified, the best characterized substrates are cyclin E and c-Myc. Fbxw7/cyclin E and Fbxw7/c-Myc pathways are tightly regulated by multiple regulators. Fbxw7 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma. This review focused on the regulation of Fbxw7/cyclin E and Fbxw7/c-Myc pathways and discussed findings to gain a better understanding of the role of Fbxw7 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Chuanchao He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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36
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Davis RJ, Welcker M, Clurman BE. Tumor suppression by the Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase: mechanisms and opportunities. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:455-64. [PMID: 25314076 PMCID: PMC4227608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors with widespread impact on carcinogenesis control broad spectra of oncogenic pathways. Protein degradation is an emerging mechanism by which tumor suppressors regulate a diversity of pathways and is exemplified by the SCF(Fbw7) ubiquitin ligase. Rapidly accumulating data indicate that SCF(Fbw7) regulates a network of crucial oncoproteins. Importantly, the FBXW7 gene, which encodes Fbw7, is one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers. These studies are yielding important new insights into tumorigenesis and may soon enable therapies targeting the Fbw7 pathway. Here, we focus on the mechanisms and consequences of Fbw7 deregulation in cancers and discuss possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Davis
- Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Markus Welcker
- Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Clinical Research and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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37
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Zhang J, Wan L, Dai X, Sun Y, Wei W. Functional characterization of Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ubiquitin ligases in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:277-93. [PMID: 24569229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that primarily governs cell cycle progression. APC/C is composed of at least 14 core subunits and recruits its substrates for ubiquitination via one of the two adaptor proteins, Cdc20 or Cdh1, in M or M/early G1 phase, respectively. Furthermore, recent studies have shed light on crucial functions for APC/C in maintaining genomic integrity, neuronal differentiation, cellular metabolism and tumorigenesis. To gain better insight into the in vivo physiological functions of APC/C in regulating various cellular processes, particularly development and tumorigenesis, a number of mouse models of APC/C core subunits, coactivators or inhibitors have been established and characterized. However, due to their essential role in cell cycle regulation, most of the germline knockout mice targeting the APC/C pathway are embryonic lethal, indicating the need for generating conditional knockout mouse models to assess the role in tumorigenesis for each APC/C signaling component in specific tissues. In this review, we will first provide a brief introduction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the biochemical activities and cellular functions of the APC/C E3 ligase. We will then focus primarily on characterizing genetic mouse models used to understand the physiological roles of each APC/C signaling component in embryogenesis, cell proliferation, development and carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss future research directions to further elucidate the physiological contributions of APC/C components during tumorigenesis and validate their potentials as a novel class of anti-cancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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38
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Tan Y, Sun D, Jiang W, Klotz-Noack K, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel J, Widschwendter M, Spruck C. PP2A-B55β antagonizes cyclin E1 proteolysis and promotes its dysregulation in cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2006-14. [PMID: 24509904 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin E1 regulates the initiation of S-phase in cellular division. However, in many cancers, cyclin E1 is aberrantly overexpressed and this molecular phenotype correlates with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor patient survival. The molecular cause(s) of cyclin E1 abnormalities in cancers is poorly understood. Here, we show that cyclin E1 overexpression in cancer is promoted by dysregulation of the protein phosphatase PP2A-B55β. PP2A-B55β targets the N- and C-terminal phosphodegrons of cyclin E1 for dephosphorylation, thus protecting it from degradation mediated by the SCF(Fbxw7) ubiquitin ligase. Augmented B55β expression stabilizes cyclin E1 and promotes its overexpression in cancer-derived cell lines and breast tumors. Conversely, B55β ablation enforces the degradation of cyclin E1 and inhibits cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Therefore, PP2A-B55β promotes cyclin E1 overexpression by antagonizing its degradation and its inhibition could represent a therapeutic mechanism for abrogating cyclin E1 function in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmeei Tan
- Authors' Affiliations: Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Yuan X, Srividhya J, De Luca T, Lee JHE, Pomerening JR. Uncovering the role of APC-Cdh1 in generating the dynamics of S-phase onset. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:441-56. [PMID: 24356446 PMCID: PMC3923637 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature S-phase entry due to Cdh1 ablation results from premature loss of the CDK inhibitor p27 and a reduced requirement for cyclin E1. This prolonged S phase coincides with slowed replication fork elongation and fewer replication terminations, both of which could contribute to genome instability. Cdh1, a coactivator of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), is a potential tumor suppressor. Cdh1 ablation promotes precocious S-phase entry, but it was unclear how this affects DNA replication dynamics while contributing to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. We find that Cdh1 depletion causes early S-phase onset in conjunction with increase in Rb/E2F1-mediated cyclin E1 expression, but reduced levels of cyclin E1 protein promote this transition. We hypothesize that this is due to a weakened cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI)–cyclin-dependent kinase 2 positive-feedback loop, normally generated by APC-Cdh1–mediated proteolysis of Skp2. Indeed, Cdh1 depletion increases Skp2 abundance while diminishing levels of the CKI p27. This lowers the level of cyclin E1 needed for S-phase entry and delays cyclin E1 proteolysis during S-phase progression while corresponding to slowed replication fork movement and reduced frequency of termination events. In summary, using both experimental and computational approaches, we show that APC-Cdh1 establishes a stimulus–response relationship that promotes S phase by ensuring that proper levels of p27 accumulate during G1 phase, and defects in its activation accelerate the timing of S-phase onset while prolonging its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yuan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003 Biocomplexity Institute, Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408-2671 Department of Statistics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408-3825
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40
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Fukushima H, Ogura K, Wan L, Lu Y, Li V, Gao D, Liu P, Lau AW, Wu T, Kirschner MW, Inuzuka H, Wei W. SCF-mediated Cdh1 degradation defines a negative feedback system that coordinates cell-cycle progression. Cell Rep 2013; 4:803-16. [PMID: 23972993 PMCID: PMC3839583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper cell-cycle transitions are driven by waves of ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key regulators by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. But precisely how APC and SCF activities are coordinated to regulate cell-cycle progression remains largely unclear. We previously showed that APC/Cdh1 earmarks the SCF component Skp2 for degradation. Here, we continue to report that SCF(β-TRCP) reciprocally controls APC/Cdh1 activity by governing Cdh1 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Furthermore, we define both cyclin A and Plk1, two well-known Cdh1 substrates, as upstream modifying enzymes that promote Cdh1 phosphorylation to trigger Cdh1 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by SCF(β-TRCP). Thus, our work reveals a negative repression mechanism for SCF to control APC, thereby illustrating an elegant dual repression system between these two E3 ligase complexes to create the ordered cascade of APC and SCF activities governing timely cell-cycle transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victor Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daming Gao
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan W. Lau
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc W. Kirschner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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41
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Regulation of APC(Cdh1) E3 ligase activity by the Fbw7/cyclin E signaling axis contributes to the tumor suppressor function of Fbw7. Cell Res 2013; 23:947-61. [PMID: 23670162 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fbw7 and Cdh1 are substrate-recognition subunits of the SCF- and APC-type E3 ubiquitin ligases, respectively. There is emerging evidence suggesting that both Fbw7 and Cdh1 function as tumor suppressors by targeting oncoproteins for destruction. Loss of Fbw7, but not Cdh1, is frequently observed in various human tumors. However, it remains largely unknown how Fbw7 mechanistically functions as a tumor suppressor and whether there is a signaling crosstalk between Fbw7 and Cdh1. Here, we report that Fbw7-deficient cells not only display elevated expression levels of SCF(Fbw7) substrates, including cyclin E, but also have increased expression of various APC(Cdh1) substrates. We further defined cyclin E as the critical signaling link by which Fbw7 governs APC(Cdh1) activity, as depletion of cyclin E in Fbw7-deficient cells results in decreased expression of APC(Cdh1) substrates to levels comparable to those in wild-type (WT) cells. Conversely, ectopic expression of cyclin E recapitulates the aberrant APC(Cdh1) substrate expression observed in Fbw7-deficient cells. More importantly, 4A-Cdh1 that is resistant to Cdk2/cyclin E-mediated phosphorylation, but not WT-Cdh1, reversed the elevated expression of various APC(Cdh1) substrates in Fbw7-deficient cells. Overexpression of 4A-Cdh1 also resulted in retarded cell growth and decreased anchorage-independent colony formation. Altogether, we have identified a novel regulatory mechanism by which Fbw7 governs Cdh1 activity in a cyclin E-dependent manner. As a result, loss of Fbw7 can lead to aberrant increase in the expression of both SCF(Fbw7) and APC(Cdh1) substrates. Our study provides a better understanding of the tumor suppressor function of Fbw7, and suggests that Cdk2/cyclin E inhibitors could serve as effective therapeutic agents for treating Fbw7-deficient tumors.
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42
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Jahn SC, Law ME, Corsino PE, Rowe TC, Davis BJ, Law BK. Assembly, activation, and substrate specificity of cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3489-501. [PMID: 23627734 DOI: 10.1021/bi400047u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown conflicting data regarding cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) complexes, and considering the widespread overexpression of cyclin D1 in cancer, it is important to fully understand their relevance. While many have shown that cyclin D1 and Cdk2 form active complexes, others have failed to show activity or association. Here, using a novel p21-PCNA fusion protein as well as p21 mutant proteins, we show that p21 is a required scaffolding protein, with cyclin D1 and Cdk2 failing to complex in its absence. These p21/cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes are active and also bind the trimeric PCNA complex, with each trimer capable of independently binding distinct cyclin/Cdk complexes. We also show that increased p21 levels due to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents result in increased formation and kinase activity of cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes, and that cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes are able to phosphorylate a number of substrates in addition to Rb. Nucleophosmin and Cdh1, two proteins important for centrosome replication and implicated in the chromosomal instability of cancer, are shown to be phosphorylated by cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes. Additionally, polypyrimidine tract binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF) is identified as a novel Cdk2 substrate, being phosphorylated by Cdk2 complexed with either cyclin E or cyclin D1, and given the many functions of PSF, it could have important implications on cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Jahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the ‡Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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43
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Geng Y, Sicinski P. Differences in regulation and function of E-cyclins in human cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1165. [PMID: 23549169 PMCID: PMC3674081 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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Moore JD. In the wrong place at the wrong time: does cyclin mislocalization drive oncogenic transformation? Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:201-8. [PMID: 23388618 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are regulated by both cyclin abundance and cyclin localization. Increased cyclin expression in cancer was first observed two decades ago, and its role in pathogenesis has been investigated in great depth. This Opinion article focuses on the spatial deregulation of cyclin expression and its potential link to oncogenesis. It describes the contexts in which particular cyclins have been reported to be mislocalized in neoplasia, reviews the mechanisms underlying the dynamic subcellular localization of CDK-cyclin complexes in normal cells, and discusses how these controls can be disrupted in cancer. It also outlines the mechanisms by which cyclin mislocalization might disrupt cell cycle control and interfere with faithful chromosome segregation. Finally, it discusses the extent to which cyclin mislocalization might facilitate tumorigenesis in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Moore
- Vernalis (R&D), Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, UK.
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45
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Caldon CE, Sergio CM, Sutherland RL, Musgrove EA. Differences in degradation lead to asynchronous expression of cyclin E1 and cyclin E2 in cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:596-605. [PMID: 23324394 PMCID: PMC3594260 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin E1 is expressed at the G 1/S phase transition of the cell cycle to drive the initiation of DNA replication and is degraded during S/G2M. Deregulation of its periodic degradation is observed in cancer and is associated with increased proliferation and genomic instability. We identify that in cancer cells, unlike normal cells, the closely related protein cyclin E2 is expressed predominantly in S phase, concurrent with DNA replication. This occurs at least in part because the ubiquitin ligase component that is responsible for cyclin E1 downregulation in S phase, Fbw7, fails to effectively target cyclin E2 for proteosomal degradation. The distinct cell cycle expression of the two E-type cyclins in cancer cells has implications for their roles in genomic instability and proliferation and may explain their associations with different signatures of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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46
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Caldon CE, Sergio CM, Burgess A, Deans AJ, Sutherland RL, Musgrove EA. Cyclin E2 induces genomic instability by mechanisms distinct from cyclin E1. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:606-17. [PMID: 23324395 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclins E1 drives the initiation of DNA replication, and deregulation of its periodic expression leads to mitotic delay associated with genomic instability. Since it is not known whether the closely related protein cyclin E2 shares these properties, we overexpressed cyclin E2 in breast cancer cells. This did not affect the duration of mitosis, nor did it cause an increase in p107 association with CDK2. In contrast, cyclin E1 overexpression led to inhibition of the APC complex, prolonged metaphase and increased p107 association with CDK2. Despite these different effects on the cell cycle, elevated levels of either cyclin E1 or E2 led to hallmarks of genomic instability, i.e., an increased proportion of abnormal mitoses, micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. Cyclin E2 induction of genomic instability by a mechanism distinct from cyclin E1 indicates that these two proteins have unique functions in a cancer setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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47
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Abstract
Developmentally programmed polyploidy occurs by at least four different mechanisms, two of which (endoreduplication and endomitosis) involve switching from mitotic cell cycles to endocycles by the selective loss of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity and bypassing many of the processes of mitosis. Here we review the mechanisms of endoreplication, focusing on recent results from Drosophila and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Zielke
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ)-Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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48
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Elshazley M, Sato M, Hase T, Yamashita R, Yoshida K, Toyokuni S, Ishiguro F, Osada H, Sekido Y, Yokoi K, Usami N, Shames DS, Kondo M, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Hasegawa Y. The circadian clock gene BMAL1 is a novel therapeutic target for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2820-31. [PMID: 22510946 PMCID: PMC3479344 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive neoplasm arising from the mesothelial cells lining the parietal pleura and it exhibits poor prognosis. Although there has been significant progress in MPM treatment, development of more efficient therapeutic approaches is needed. BMAL1 is a core component of the circadian clock machinery and its constitutive overexpression in MPM has been reported. Here, we demonstrate that BMAL1 may serve as a molecular target for MPM. The majority of MPM cell lines and a subset of MPM clinical specimens expressed higher levels of BMAL1 compared to a nontumorigenic mesothelial cell line (MeT-5A) and normal parietal pleural specimens, respectively. A serum shock induced a rhythmical BMAL1 expression change in MeT-5A but not in ACC-MESO-1, suggesting that the circadian rhythm pathway is deregulated in MPM cells. BMAL1 knockdown suppressed proliferation and anchorage-dependent and independent clonal growth in two MPM cell lines (ACC-MESO-1 and H290) but not in MeT-5A. Notably, BMAL1 depletion resulted in cell cycle disruption with a substantial increase in apoptotic and polyploidy cell population in association with downregulation of Wee1, cyclin B and p21(WAF1/CIP1) and upregulation of cyclin E expression. BMAL1 knockdown induced mitotic catastrophe as denoted by disruption of cell cycle regulators and induction of drastic morphological changes including micronucleation and multiple nuclei in ACC-MESO-1 cells that expressed the highest level of BMAL1. Taken together, these findings indicate that BMAL1 has a critical role in MPM and could serve as an attractive therapeutic target for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momen Elshazley
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Hase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamashita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kenya Yoshida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Futoshi Ishiguro
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Osada
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sekido
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
| | - Kohei Yokoi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Usami
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - David S. Shames
- Department of Oncology Diagnostics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Adi F. Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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49
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Kwan PS, Lau CC, Chiu YT, Man C, Liu J, Tang KD, Wong YC, Ling MT. Daxx regulates mitotic progression and prostate cancer predisposition. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:750-9. [PMID: 23239745 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic progression of mammalian cells is tightly regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex (APC)/C. Deregulation of APC/C is frequently observed in cancer cells and is suggested to contribute to chromosome instability and cancer predisposition. In this study, we identified Daxx as a novel APC/C inhibitor frequently overexpressed in prostate cancer. Daxx interacts with the APC/C coactivators Cdc20 and Cdh1 in vivo, with the binding of Cdc20 dependent on the consensus destruction boxes near the N-terminal of the Daxx protein. Ectopic expression of Daxx, but not the D-box deleted mutant (DaxxΔD-box), inhibited the degradation of APC/Cdc20 and APC/Cdh1 substrates, leading to a transient delay in mitotic progression. Daxx is frequently upregulated in prostate cancer tissues; the expression level positively correlated with the Gleason score and disease metastasis (P = 0.027 and 0.032, respectively). Furthermore, ectopic expression of Daxx in a non-malignant prostate epithelial cell line induced polyploidy under mitotic stress. Our data suggest that Daxx may function as a novel APC/C inhibitor, which promotes chromosome instability during prostate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Shing Kwan
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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50
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Davis JR, Huang CY, Zanet J, Harrison S, Rosten E, Cox S, Soong DY, Dunn GA, Stramer BM. Emergence of embryonic pattern through contact inhibition of locomotion. Development 2012; 139:4555-60. [PMID: 23172914 PMCID: PMC3509721 DOI: 10.1242/dev.082248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering cell biologist Michael Abercrombie first described the process of contact inhibition of locomotion more than 50 years ago when migrating fibroblasts were observed to rapidly change direction and migrate away upon collision. Since then, we have gleaned little understanding of how contact inhibition is regulated and only lately observed its occurrence in vivo. We recently revealed that Drosophila macrophages (haemocytes) require contact inhibition for their uniform embryonic dispersal. Here, to investigate the role that contact inhibition plays in the patterning of haemocyte movements, we have mathematically analysed and simulated their contact repulsion dynamics. Our data reveal that the final pattern of haemocyte distribution, and the details and timing of its formation, can be explained by contact inhibition dynamics within the geometry of the Drosophila embryo. This has implications for morphogenesis in general as it suggests that patterns can emerge, irrespective of external cues, when cells interact through simple rules of contact repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Davis
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Chieh-Yin Huang
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jennifer Zanet
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sam Harrison
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Edward Rosten
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Daniel Y. Soong
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Graham A. Dunn
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Brian M. Stramer
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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