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Parveen S, Khamari A, Raju J, Coppolino MG, Datta S. Syntaxin 7 contributes to breast cancer cell invasion by promoting invadopodia formation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275829. [PMID: 35762511 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion in various cancer cells requires coordinated delivery of signaling proteins, adhesion proteins, actin-remodeling proteins and proteases to matrix-degrading structures called invadopodia. Vesicular trafficking involving SNAREs plays a crucial role in the delivery of cargo to the target membrane. Screening of 13 SNAREs from the endocytic and recycling route using a gene silencing approach coupled with functional assays identified syntaxin 7 (STX7) as an important player in MDA-MB-231 cell invasion. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) studies revealed that STX7 resides near invadopodia and co-traffics with MT1-MMP (also known as MMP14), indicating a possible role for this SNARE in protease trafficking. STX7 depletion reduced the number of invadopodia and their associated degradative activity. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that STX7 forms distinct SNARE complexes with VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP7, STX4 and SNAP23. Depletion of VAMP2, VAMP3 or STX4 abrogated invadopodia formation, phenocopying what was seen upon lack of STX7. Whereas depletion of STX4 reduced MT1-MMP level at the cell surfaces, STX7 silencing significantly reduced the invadopodia-associated MT1-MMP pool and increased the non-invadosomal pool. This study highlights STX7 as a major contributor towards the invadopodia formation during cancer cell invasion. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameena Parveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Amrita Khamari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Jyothikamala Raju
- Thazhathemalayil House, Thodupuzha East PO, Keerikode, Kerala 685585, India
| | - Marc G Coppolino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
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Hülsemann M, Sanchez C, Verkhusha PV, Des Marais V, Mao SPH, Donnelly SK, Segall JE, Hodgson L. TC10 regulates breast cancer invasion and metastasis by controlling membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase at invadopodia. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1091. [PMID: 34531530 PMCID: PMC8445963 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During breast cancer metastasis, cancer cell invasion is driven by actin-rich protrusions called invadopodia, which mediate the extracellular matrix degradation required for the success of the invasive cascade. In this study, we demonstrate that TC10, a member of a Cdc42 subfamily of p21 small GTPases, regulates the membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP)-driven extracellular matrix degradation at invadopodia. We show that TC10 is required for the plasma membrane surface exposure of MT1-MMP at these structures. By utilizing our Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor, we demonstrate the p190RhoGAP-dependent regulation of spatiotemporal TC10 activity at invadopodia. We identified a pathway that regulates invadopodia-associated TC10 activity and function through the activation of p190RhoGAP and the downstream interacting effector Exo70. Our findings reveal the role of a previously unknown regulator of vesicular fusion at invadopodia, TC10 GTPase, in breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Hülsemann
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Colline Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Polina V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Vera Des Marais
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Analytical Imaging Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Serena P H Mao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sara K Donnelly
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Chen H, Luo T, He S, Sa G. Regulatory mechanism of oral mucosal rete peg formation. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:859-868. [PMID: 34463917 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rete pegs are finger-like structures that are formed during the development and wound healing process of the skin and oral mucosa, and they provide better mechanical resistance and nutritional supply between the epithelium and dermis. An increasing number of studies have shown that rete pegs have physiological functions, such as resisting bacterial invasion, body fluid loss, and other harmful changes, which indicate that rete pegs are important structures in natural skin and oral mucosa. Although a great deal of progress has been made in scaffold materials and construction methods for tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa in recent years, construction of the oral mucosa with functional rete pegs remains a major challenge. In this review, we summarized current research on the progress on formation of rete pegs in human oral mucosa as well as its molecular basis and regulatory mechanism, which might provide new ideas for functional construction of tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Sangang He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
| | - Guoliang Sa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China.
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Feng Y, Cai H, Huang X, Li Z, Chi Z, Ge RL. Active MT1-MMP is tethered to collagen fibers in DDR2-containing remnants. Gene 2021; 788:145673. [PMID: 33882324 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) component in the interstitial stroma of solid tumors, and it represents the first barrier against tumor cell invasion after basement-membrane degradation. The collagen receptors that convey molecular signals into the cells are collagen-binding discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and integrins. Collagen-activated DDR2 clusters form DDR2-containing remnants in an integrin-dependent manner in three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix. Although DDR2-containing remnants in the collagen matrix may generate sustained perturbation to ECM remodeling, the molecular components and function of the remnants are largely unknown. Here we determined the interaction and co-localization between DDR2 and membrane type I-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in the cells and the DDR2-containing remnants on collagen fibers, and we found that MT1-MMP was co-tethered to collagen fibers in the remnants. These collagen fiber-associated MT1-MMP remained active. Furthermore, DDR2 enhanced MT1-MMP proteolytic activity. These results demonstrate that DDR2 ensures the remnant-associated MT1-MMP to continue the degradation of ECM in addition to pericellular ECM degradation mediated by cell surface tethered MT1-MMP. Thus, our findings reveal a new alternative ECM degradation mechanism mediated by MT1-MMP in the DDR2-containing remnants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Feng
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China; Innate Gene Inc. Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Hao Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China; The Fifth Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
| | | | | | | | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China.
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Sharma P, Parveen S, Shah LV, Mukherjee M, Kalaidzidis Y, Kozielski AJ, Rosato R, Chang JC, Datta S. SNX27-retromer assembly recycles MT1-MMP to invadopodia and promotes breast cancer metastasis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:132732. [PMID: 31820782 PMCID: PMC7039210 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling of MT-MMPs to actin-rich membrane-protrusive structures promotes breast cancer invasion. This study shows that SNX27–retromer, an endosomal sorting and recycling machinery, interacts with MT1-MMP and regulates its transport to the cell surface, thus promoting matrix invasive activity of the breast cancer cells. A variety of metastatic cancer cells use actin-rich membrane protrusions, known as invadopodia, for efficient ECM degradation, which involves trafficking of proteases from intracellular compartments to these structures. Here, we demonstrate that in the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, retromer regulates the matrix invasion activity by recycling matrix metalloprotease, MT1-MMP. We further found that MT2-MMP, another abundantly expressed metalloprotease, is also invadopodia associated. MT1- and MT2-MMP showed a high degree of colocalization but were located on the distinct endosomal domains. Retromer and its associated sorting nexin, SNX27, phenocopied each other in matrix degradation via selectively recycling MT1-MMP but not MT2-MMP. ITC-based studies revealed that both SNX27 and retromer could directly interact with MT1-MMP. Analysis from a publicly available database showed SNX27 to be overexpressed or frequently altered in the patients having invasive breast cancer. In xenograft-based studies, SNX27-depleted cell lines showed prolonged survival of SCID mice, suggesting a possible implication for overexpression of the sorting nexin in tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Sameena Parveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Lekha V Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Madhumita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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MT1-MMP-dependent cell migration: proteolytic and non-proteolytic mechanisms. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:811-826. [PMID: 31064864 PMCID: PMC6599156 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a type I transmembrane proteinase that belongs to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. It is a potent modifier of cellular microenvironment and promotes cell migration and invasion of a wide variety of cell types both in physiological and pathological conditions. It promotes cell migration by degrading extracellular matrix on the cell surface and creates a migration path, by modifying cell adhesion property by shedding cell adhesion molecules to increase cell motility, and by altering cellular metabolism. Thus, MT1-MMP is a multifunctional cell motility enhancer. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the proteolytic and non-proteolytic mechanism of MT1-MMP-dependent cell migration.
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Zhang R, Zhu Z, Shen W, Li X, Dhoomun DK, Tian Y. Golgi Membrane Protein 1 (GOLM1) Promotes Growth and Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells via Regulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13). Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:847-855. [PMID: 30695018 PMCID: PMC6367891 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) has been identified as novel regulator in carcinogenesis, but its function in BC is unclear. Material/Methods The expression of GOLM1 in BC tissues and cell lines was detected by using qRT-PCR assay. CCK-8 and colony-formation assays were used to evaluate BC cell growth in vivo. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion. To investigate GOLM1 functions in vivo, we established a xenograft mice model and a lung metastasis model. The level of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. Result GOLM1 was overexpressed in BC cell lines and tissues. Overexpression of GOLM1 induced EMT and promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of BC cells. Furthermore, overexpressing of GOLM1 markedly promoted the tumorigenicity and metastasis of BC cells in vivo, whereas knock-down of GOLM1 caused the opposite outcomes. Furthermore, we proved that GOLM1 promoted BC cell aggressiveness by regulating matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13). Conclusions Our results prove that GOLM1 facilitates the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Wenzhuang Shen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xingrui Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Deenraj Kush Dhoomun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yao Tian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Morris DC, Popp JL, Tang LK, Gibbs HC, Schmitt E, Chaki SP, Bywaters BC, Yeh AT, Porter WW, Burghardt RC, Barhoumi R, Rivera GM. Nck deficiency is associated with delayed breast carcinoma progression and reduced metastasis. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3500-3516. [PMID: 28954862 PMCID: PMC5683761 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nck promotes breast carcinoma progression and metastasis by directing the polarized interaction of carcinoma cells with collagen fibrils, decreasing actin turnover, and enhancing the localization and activity of MMP14 at the cell surface through modulation of the spatiotemporal activation of Cdc42 and RhoA. Although it is known that noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) regulates cell adhesion and migration by bridging tyrosine phosphorylation with cytoskeletal remodeling, the role of Nck in tumorigenesis and metastasis has remained undetermined. Here we report that Nck is required for the growth and vascularization of primary tumors and lung metastases in a breast cancer xenograft model as well as extravasation following injection of carcinoma cells into the tail vein. We provide evidence that Nck directs the polarization of cell–matrix interactions for efficient migration in three-dimensional microenvironments. We show that Nck advances breast carcinoma cell invasion by regulating actin dynamics at invadopodia and enhancing focalized extracellular matrix proteolysis by directing the delivery and accumulation of MMP14 at the cell surface. We find that Nck-dependent cytoskeletal changes are mechanistically linked to enhanced RhoA but restricted spatiotemporal activation of Cdc42. Using a combination of protein silencing and forced expression of wild-type/constitutively active variants, we provide evidence that Nck is an upstream regulator of RhoA-dependent, MMP14-mediated breast carcinoma cell invasion. By identifying Nck as an important driver of breast carcinoma progression and metastasis, these results lay the groundwork for future studies assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting Nck in aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Morris
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Julia L Popp
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Leung K Tang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Holly C Gibbs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Emily Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Sankar P Chaki
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Briana C Bywaters
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Alvin T Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Weston W Porter
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Robert C Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
| | - Gonzalo M Rivera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467
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Solovyeva NI, Gureeva TA, Timoshenko OS, Moskvitina TA, Kugaevskaya EV. Furin as proprotein convertase and its role in normal and pathological biological processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750817020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hastie EL, Sherwood DR. A new front in cell invasion: The invadopodial membrane. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:441-448. [PMID: 27402208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are F-actin-rich membrane protrusions that breach basement membrane barriers during cell invasion. Since their discovery more than 30 years ago, invadopodia have been extensively investigated in cancer cells in vitro, where great advances in understanding their composition, formation, cytoskeletal regulation, and control of the matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP trafficking have been made. In contrast, few studies examining invadopodia have been conducted in vivo, leaving their physiological regulation unclear. Recent live-cell imaging and gene perturbation studies in C. elegans have revealed that invadopodia are formed with a unique invadopodial membrane, defined by its specialized lipid and associated protein composition, which is rapidly recycled through the endolysosome. Here, we provide evidence that the invadopodial membrane is conserved and discuss its possible functions in traversing basement membrane barriers. Discovery and examination of the invadopodial membrane has important implications in understanding the regulation, assembly, and function of invadopodia in both normal and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Hastie
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Box 90388, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Box 90388, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Solovyeva N, Gureeva T, Timoshenko O, Moskvitina T, Kugaevskaya E. Furin as proprotein convertase and its role in normal and pathological biological processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:609-621. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166206609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Furin belongs to serine intracellular Ca2+-dependent endopeptidases of the subtilisin family, also known as proprotein convertase (PC). Human furin is synthesized as zymogen with a molecular weight of 104 kDa, which is then activated by autocatalytic in two stages. This process can occur when zymogen migrates from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, where a large part of furin is accumulated. The molecular weigh t of the active furin is 98 kDa. Furin relates to enzymes with a narrow substrate specificity: it hydrolyzes peptide bonds at the site of paired basic amino acids and furin activity exhibits in a wide pH range 5-8. Its main biological function is activation of the functionally important protein precursors. It is accompanied by the launch of a cascade of reactions, which lead to appearance of biologically active molecules involved in realization of specific biological functions both in normal and in some patologicheskih processes. Furin substrates are biologically important proteins such as enzymes, hormones, growth factors and differentiation, receptors, adhesion proteins, proteins of blood plasma. Furin plays an important role in the development of processes such as proliferation, invasion, cell migration, survival, maintenance of homeostasis, embryogenesis, as well as the development of a number of pathologies, including cardiovascular, oncologic and neurodegenerative diseases. Furin and furin-like proprotein convertases participate as key factors in the realization of the regulatory functions of proteolytic enzymes, the value of which is currently being evaluated as most important in comparison with the degradative function of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T.A. Gureeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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