1
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Koh WS, Knudsen C, Izumikawa T, Nakato E, Grandt K, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Nakato H. Regulation of morphogen pathways by a Drosophila chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Windpipe. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260525. [PMID: 36897575 PMCID: PMC10113886 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogens provide quantitative and robust signaling systems to achieve stereotypic patterning and morphogenesis. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of such regulatory feedback networks. In Drosophila, HSPGs serve as co-receptors for a number of morphogens, including Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Unpaired (Upd, or Upd1). Recently, Windpipe (Wdp), a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (CSPG), was found to negatively regulate Upd and Hh signaling. However, the roles of Wdp, and CSPGs in general, in morphogen signaling networks are poorly understood. We found that Wdp is a major CSPG with 4-O-sulfated CS in Drosophila. Overexpression of wdp modulates Dpp and Wg signaling, showing that it is a general regulator of HS-dependent pathways. Although wdp mutant phenotypes are mild in the presence of morphogen signaling buffering systems, this mutant in the absence of Sulf1 or Dally, molecular hubs of the feedback networks, produces high levels of synthetic lethality and various severe morphological phenotypes. Our study indicates a close functional relationship between HS and CS, and identifies the CSPG Wdp as a novel component in morphogen feedback pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seuk Koh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Collin Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin Grandt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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2
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Coupe D, Bossing T. Insights into nervous system repair from the fruit fly. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210051. [PMID: 35474685 PMCID: PMC9008705 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people experience injury to the central nervous system (CNS) each year, many of whom are left permanently disabled, providing a challenging hurdle for the field of regenerative medicine. Repair of damage in the CNS occurs through a concerted effort of phagocytosis of debris, cell proliferation and differentiation to produce new neurons and glia, distal axon/dendrite degeneration, proximal axon/dendrite regeneration and axon re-enwrapment. In humans, regeneration is observed within the peripheral nervous system, while in the CNS injured axons exhibit limited ability to regenerate. This has also been described for the fruit fly Drosophila. Powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila have allowed the response to CNS insults to be probed and novel regulators with mammalian orthologs identified. The conservation of many regenerative pathways, despite considerable evolutionary separation, stresses that these signals are principal regulators and may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we highlight the role of Drosophila CNS injury models in providing key insight into regenerative processes by exploring the underlying pathways that control glial and neuronal activation in response to insult, and their contribution to damage repair in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coupe
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, 16 Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, U.K
| | - Torsten Bossing
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, 16 Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, U.K
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3
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Peppriell AE, Gunderson JT, Krout IN, Vorojeikina D, Rand MD. Latent effects of early-life methylmercury exposure on motor function in Drosophila. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 88:107037. [PMID: 34656729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The developmental toxicant, methylmercury (MeHg), can elicit motor deficits that last well into adulthood. Recent studies using Drosophila showed that the developing musculature is sensitive to high doses of MeHg, where a larval feeding paradigm resulted in compromised myotendinous junction (MTJ) formation during development, by a mechanism involving the NG2 homologue, kon-tiki (kon). Low-dose exposures to MeHg that do not produce muscle pathology during development, nevertheless result in impaired flight behavior later in adult life. The present study evaluated the potential for relatively low-dose exposure to produce latent adult muscle pathology and motor impairments, as assayed by climbing and flight, as well as to evaluate molecular mechanisms that may contribute to motor deficits. Wildtype larvae were fed 0, 2, 2.5, or 5 μM MeHg laden food until eclosion. The effect of 5 μM MeHg on MTJ-related gene expression during pupal development was assessed via quantitative RT-qPCR analysis. Upon eclosion, adults were transferred to standard food bottles for 4, 11, or 30 days prior to motor testing. Survivorship (%) was determined from a subset of 200 flies per treatment. Average climbing speed (cm/s) was quantified 4-days post-eclosion (PE). Flight ability was assayed 11- or 30-days PE by measuring landing height (cm) of flies dropped into an adhesive-lined vertical column. In parallel, total body mercury was measured to estimate the influence of residual MeHg at the time of motor testing. Muscle morphology was assessed using immuno-fluorescence microscopy. Exposure to 5uM MeHg significantly reduced climbing speed, and flight ability 4 and 11 - days PE, respectively. While age-related flight deficits were seen in each sex, flight deficits due to MeHg persisted to 30-day PE timepoints exclusively in males. Expression of kon was upregulated across the window of pupal development essential to establishing adult MTJ. However, experimentally restricting the induction of comparable levels of kon to muscle during the same periods did not recapitulate the flight deficits, indicating that muscle-specific induction of kon alone is not sufficient to contribute to latent flight impairments. Adult flight muscle morphology of 11-day PE flies treated with 5 μM MeHg was indistinct from controls, implying muscle structure is not grossly perturbed to impair flight. Collectively, the current data suggest that developmental exposure to 5 μM MeHg reduces flight ability in each sex at 11 day-PE and that latent deficits at 30-day PE are male-specific. It remains to be determined whether the developing MTJ of Drosophila is a sensitive target of MeHg, and whether or not kon acts in conjunction with additional MTJ factors to constitute a MeHg target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Peppriell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; ICF International, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Jakob T Gunderson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ian N Krout
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daria Vorojeikina
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Rand
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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4
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696640. [PMID: 34409033 PMCID: PMC8365427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in matrix stabilization and cellular regulation. This chapter highlights the roles of CS and CS-PGs in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS/PNS). CS has specific cell regulatory roles that control tissue function and homeostasis. The CNS/PNS contains a diverse range of CS-PGs which direct the development of embryonic neural axonal networks, and the responses of neural cell populations in mature tissues to traumatic injury. Following brain trauma and spinal cord injury, a stabilizing CS-PG-rich scar tissue is laid down at the defect site to protect neural tissues, which are amongst the softest tissues of the human body. Unfortunately, the CS concentrated in gliotic scars also inhibits neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS has well known inhibitory properties over neural behavior, and animal models of CNS/PNS injury have demonstrated that selective degradation of CS using chondroitinase improves neuronal functional recovery. CS-PGs are present diffusely in the CNS but also form denser regions of extracellular matrix termed perineuronal nets which surround neurons. Hyaluronan is immobilized in hyalectan CS-PG aggregates in these perineural structures, which provide neural protection, synapse, and neural plasticity, and have roles in memory and cognitive learning. Despite the generally inhibitory cues delivered by CS-A and CS-C, some CS-PGs containing highly charged CS disaccharides (CS-D, CS-E) or dermatan sulfate (DS) disaccharides that promote neural outgrowth and functional recovery. CS/DS thus has varied cell regulatory properties and structural ECM supportive roles in the CNS/PNS depending on the glycoform present and its location in tissue niches and specific cellular contexts. Studies on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided insightful information on neural interconnectivity and the role of the ECM and its PGs in neural development and in tissue morphogenesis in a whole organism environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia
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5
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Losada-Pérez M, García-Guillén N, Casas-Tintó S. A novel injury paradigm in the central nervous system of adult Drosophila: molecular, cellular and functional aspects. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:268374. [PMID: 34061177 PMCID: PMC8214735 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) exhibits limited regenerative capacity and the mechanisms that mediate its regeneration are not fully understood. Here, we present a novel experimental design to damage the CNS by using a contusion injury paradigm. The design of this protocol allows the study of long-term and short-term cellular responses, including those of the CNS and the immune system, and of any implications regarding functional recovery. We demonstrate for the first time that adult Drosophilamelanogaster glial cells undergo spontaneous functional recovery following crush injury. This crush injury leads to an intermediate level of functional recovery after damage, which is ideal to screen for genes that facilitate or prevent the regeneration process. Here, we validate this model and analyse the immune responses of glial cells as a central regulator of functional regeneration. Additionally, we demonstrate that glial cells and macrophages contribute to functional regeneration through mechanisms involving the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and the Drosophila protein Draper (Drpr), characteristic of other neural injury paradigms. We show that macrophages are recruited to the injury site and are required for functional recovery. Further, we show that the proteins Grindelwald and Drpr in Drosophila glial cells mediate activation of JNK, and that expression of drpr is dependent on JNK activation. Finally, we link neuron-glial communication and the requirement of neuronal vesicular transport to regulation of the JNK pathway and functional recovery. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Central nervous system crush injury paradigm in adult Drosophilamelanogaster is a suitable model to study the cellular events, and genetic pathways behind injury responses and functional regeneration. We describe the immune responses of glial cells, neurons and macrophages following injury, and the functional relevance of each response.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Losada-Pérez
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Guillén
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Casas-Tintó
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Harrison NJ, Connolly E, Gascón Gubieda A, Yang Z, Altenhein B, Losada Perez M, Moreira M, Sun J, Hidalgo A. Regenerative neurogenic response from glia requires insulin-driven neuron-glia communication. eLife 2021; 10:58756. [PMID: 33527895 PMCID: PMC7880684 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how injury to the central nervous system induces de novo neurogenesis in animals would help promote regeneration in humans. Regenerative neurogenesis could originate from glia and glial neuron-glia antigen-2 (NG2) may sense injury-induced neuronal signals, but these are unknown. Here, we used Drosophila to search for genes functionally related to the NG2 homologue kon-tiki (kon), and identified Islet Antigen-2 (Ia-2), required in neurons for insulin secretion. Both loss and over-expression of ia-2 induced neural stem cell gene expression, injury increased ia-2 expression and induced ectopic neural stem cells. Using genetic analysis and lineage tracing, we demonstrate that Ia-2 and Kon regulate Drosophila insulin-like peptide 6 (Dilp-6) to induce glial proliferation and neural stem cells from glia. Ectopic neural stem cells can divide, and limited de novo neurogenesis could be traced back to glial cells. Altogether, Ia-2 and Dilp-6 drive a neuron-glia relay that restores glia and reprogrammes glia into neural stem cells for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale J Harrison
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Connolly
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Gascón Gubieda
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zidan Yang
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Losada Perez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreira
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Sun
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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7
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Kato K, Orihara-Ono M, Awasaki T. Multiple lineages enable robust development of the neuropil-glia architecture in adult Drosophila. Development 2020; 147:dev184085. [PMID: 32051172 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural remodeling is essential for the development of a functional nervous system and has been extensively studied in the metamorphosis of Drosophila Despite the crucial roles of glial cells in brain functions, including learning and behavior, little is known of how adult glial cells develop in the context of neural remodeling. Here, we show that the architecture of neuropil-glia in the adult Drosophila brain, which is composed of astrocyte-like glia (ALG) and ensheathing glia (EG), robustly develops from two different populations in the larva: the larval EG and glial cell missing-positive (gcm+ ) cells. Whereas gcm+ cells proliferate and generate adult ALG and EG, larval EG dedifferentiate, proliferate and redifferentiate into the same glial subtypes. Each glial lineage occupies a certain brain area complementary to the other, and together they form the adult neuropil-glia architecture. Both lineages require the FGF receptor Heartless to proliferate, and the homeoprotein Prospero to differentiate into ALG. Lineage-specific inhibition of gliogenesis revealed that each lineage compensates for deficiency in the proliferation of the other. Together, the lineages ensure the robust development of adult neuropil-glia, thereby ensuring a functional brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Orihara-Ono
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Awasaki
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Schuster CJ, Kao RM. Glial cell ecology in zebrafish development and regeneration. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03507. [PMID: 32140606 PMCID: PMC7052072 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have been found to be the premier model organism in biological and biomedical research, specifically offering many advantages in developmental biology and genetics. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has the ability to regenerate its spinal cord after injury. However, the complete molecular and cellular mechanisms behind glial bridge formation in zebrafish remains unclear. In our review paper, we examine the extracellular and intracellular molecular signaling factors that control zebrafish glial cell bridging and glial cell development in the forebrain. The interplay between initiating and terminating molecular feedback cycles deserve future investigations during glial cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
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9
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Functional analysis of glycosylation using Drosophila melanogaster. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Tamburini E, Dallatomasina A, Quartararo J, Cortelazzi B, Mangieri D, Lazzaretti M, Perris R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality. FASEB J 2018; 33:3112-3128. [PMID: 30550356 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801670r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 ( CSPG4) gene encodes a transmembrane proteoglycan (PG) constituting the largest and most structurally complex macromolecule of the human surfaceome. Its transcript shows an extensive evolutionary conservation and, due to the elaborated intracellular processing of the translated protein, it generates an array of glycoforms with the potential to exert variant-specific functions. CSPG4-mediated molecular events are articulated through the interaction with more than 40 putative ligands and the concurrent involvement of the ectodomain and cytoplasmic tail. Alternating inside-out and outside-in signal transductions may thereby be elicited through a tight functional connection of the PG with the cytoskeleton and its regulators. The potential of CSPG4 to influence both types of signaling mechanisms is also asserted by its lateral mobility along the plasma membrane and its intersection with microdomain-restricted internalization and endocytic trafficking. Owing to the multitude of molecular interplays that CSPG4 may engage, and thanks to a differential phosphorylation of its intracellular domain accounted by crosstalking signaling pathways, the PG stands out for its unique capability to affect numerous cellular phenomena, including those purporting pathologic conditions. We discuss here the progresses made in advancing our understanding about the structural-functional bases for the ability of CSPG4 to widely impact on cell behavior, such as to highlight how its multivalency may be exploited to interfere with disease progression.-Tamburini, E., Dallatomasina, A., Quartararo, J., Cortelazzi, B., Mangieri, D., Lazzaretti, M., Perris, R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tamburini
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Dallatomasina
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Jade Quartararo
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortelazzi
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Mirca Lazzaretti
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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11
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Yildirim K, Petri J, Kottmeier R, Klämbt C. Drosophila glia: Few cell types and many conserved functions. Glia 2018; 67:5-26. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Yildirim
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Johanna Petri
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
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12
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Ren Q, Awasaki T, Wang YC, Huang YF, Lee T. Lineage-guided Notch-dependent gliogenesis by Drosophila multi-potent progenitors. Development 2018; 145:dev.160127. [PMID: 29764857 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macroglial cells in the central nervous system exhibit regional specialization and carry out region-specific functions. Diverse glial cells arise from specific progenitors in specific spatiotemporal patterns. This raises an interesting possibility that glial precursors with distinct developmental fates exist that govern region-specific gliogenesis. Here, we have mapped the glial progeny produced by the Drosophila type II neuroblasts, which, like vertebrate radial glia cells, yield both neurons and glia via intermediate neural progenitors (INPs). Distinct type II neuroblasts produce different characteristic sets of glia. A single INP can make both astrocyte-like and ensheathing glia, which co-occupy a relatively restrictive subdomain. Blocking apoptosis uncovers further lineage distinctions in the specification, proliferation and survival of glial precursors. Both the switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis and the subsequent glial expansion depend on Notch signaling. Taken together, lineage origins preconfigure the development of individual glial precursors with involvement of serial Notch actions in promoting gliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Ren
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Takeshi Awasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yu-Fen Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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14
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Losada-Perez M. Glia: from 'just glue' to essential players in complex nervous systems: a comparative view from flies to mammals. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:78-91. [PMID: 29718753 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1464568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, glial cells have emerged as central players in the development and function of complex nervous systems. Therefore, the concept of glial cells has evolved from simple supporting cells to essential actors. The molecular mechanisms that govern glial functions are evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to mammals, highlighting genetic similarities between these groups, as well as the great potential of Drosophila research for the understanding of human CNS. These similarities would imply a common phylogenetic origin of glia, even though there is a controversy at this point. This review addresses the existing literature on the evolutionary origin of glia and discusses whether or not insect and mammalian glia are homologous or analogous. Besides, this manuscript summarizes the main glial functions in the CNS and underscores the evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms between Drosophila and mammals. Finally, I also consider the current nomenclature and classification of glial cells to highlight the need for a consensus agreement and I propose an alternative nomenclature based on function that unifies Drosophila and mammalian glial types.
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15
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Go and stop signals for glial regeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:182-187. [PMID: 29126016 PMCID: PMC6419527 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative response of ensheating glia to central nervous system (CNS) injury involves proliferation and differentiation, axonal re-enwrapment and some recovery of behaviour. Understanding this limited response could enable the enhancement of it. In Drosophila, the glial progenitor state is maintained by Notch, an activator of cell division and Prospero (Pros), a repressor. Injury provokes the activation of NFκB and up-regulation of Kon-tiki (Kon), driving cell proliferation. Homeostatic switch-off comes about as two negative feedback loops involving Pros terminate the response. Importantly, the functions of the kon and pros homologues NG2 and prox1, respectively, are conserved in mammalian NG2 glia. Controlling these genes is key for therapeutic manipulation of progenitors and stem cells to promote regeneration of the damaged CNS.
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Igarashi M, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama S. Roles of CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in regulation of CS synthesis, in neuronal regeneration and plasticity. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:77-83. [PMID: 28987564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharide units that are attached to core proteins, resulting in CS proteoglycans (CSPGs). In the mature brain, CS is concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are extracellular structures that surround synapses and regulate synaptic plasticity. In addition, CS is rapidly synthesized after CNS injury to create a physical and chemical barrier that inhibits axon growth. Most previous studies used a bacterial CS-degrading enzyme to investigate the physiological roles of CS. Recent studies have shown that CS is synthesized by more than 15 enzymes, all of which have been characterized in vitro. Here we focus on one of those enzymes, CSGalNAcT1 (T1). We produced T1 knockout mice (KO), which show extensive axon regeneration following spinal cord injury, as well as the loss of onset of ocular dominance plasticity. These results from T1KO mice suggest important roles for extracellular CS in the brain regarding neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Kato K, Losada-Perez M, Hidalgo A. Gene network underlying the glial regenerative response to central nervous system injury. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:85-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- School of Medicine; Kyorin University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Alicia Hidalgo
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; United Kingdom
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18
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Losada-Perez M, Harrison N, Hidalgo A. Glial kon/NG2 gene network for central nervous system repair. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:31-34. [PMID: 28250735 PMCID: PMC5319228 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial regenerative response to central nervous system (CNS) injury, although limited, can be harnessed to promote regeneration and repair. Injury provokes the proliferation of ensheathing glial cells, which can differentiate to remyelinate axons, and partially restore function. This response is evolutionarily conserved, strongly implying an underlying genetic mechanism. In mammals, it is elicited by NG2 glia, but most often newly generated cells fail to differentiate. Thus an important goal had been to find out how to promote glial differentiation following the proliferative response. A gene network involving Notch and prospero (pros) controls the balance between glial proliferation and differentiation in flies and mice, and promotes CNS repair at least in fruit-flies. A key missing link had been how to relate the function of NG2 to this gene network. Recent findings by Losada-Perez et al., published in JCB, demonstrated that the Drosophila NG2 homologue kon-tiki (kon) is functionally linked to Notch and pros in glia. By engaging in two feedback loops with Notch and Pros, in response to injury, Kon can regulate both glial cell number and glial shape homeostasis, essential for repair. Drosophila offers powerful genetics to unravel the control of stem and progenitor cells for regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Losada-Perez
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neale Harrison
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK
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