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Schmitt C, Mauker P, Vepřek NA, Gierse C, Meiring JCM, Kuch J, Akhmanova A, Dehmelt L, Thorn-Seshold O. A Photocaged Microtubule-Stabilising Epothilone Allows Spatiotemporal Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410169. [PMID: 38961560 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is essential for spatial and temporal organisation of a wide range of cellular and tissue-level processes, such as proliferation, signalling, cargo transport, migration, morphogenesis, and neuronal development. Cytoskeleton research aims to study these processes by imaging, or by locally manipulating, the dynamics and organisation of cytoskeletal proteins with high spatiotemporal resolution: which matches the capabilities of optical methods. To date, no photoresponsive microtubule-stabilising tool has united all the features needed for a practical high-precision reagent: a low potency and biochemically stable non-illuminated state; then an efficient, rapid, and clean photoresponse that generates a high potency illuminated state; plus good solubility at suitable working concentrations; and efficient synthetic access. We now present CouEpo, a photocaged epothilone microtubule-stabilising reagent that combines these needs. Its potency increases approximately 100-fold upon irradiation by violet/blue light to reach low-nanomolar values, allowing efficient photocontrol of microtubule dynamics in live cells, and even the generation of cellular asymmetries in microtubule architecture and cell dynamics. CouEpo is thus a high-performance tool compound that can support high-precision research into many microtubule-associated processes, from biophysics to transport, cell motility, and neuronal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Philipp Mauker
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Nynke A Vepřek
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Carolin Gierse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Joyce C M Meiring
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuch
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, Munich, 81377, Germany
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2
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Wu N, Li W, Chen Q, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Xie Y. Research Advances in Neuroblast Migration in Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1-13. [PMID: 38507029 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblasts were first derived from the adult mammalian brains in the 1990s by Reynolds et al. Since then, persistent neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ) has gradually been recognized. To date, reviews on neuroblast migration have largely investigated glial cells and molecular signaling mechanisms, while the relationship between vasculature and cell migration remains a mystery. Thus, this paper underlines the partial biological features of neuroblast migration and unravels the significance and mechanisms of the vasculature in the process to further clarify theoretically the neural repair mechanism after brain injury. Neuroblast migration presents three modes according to the characteristics of cells that act as scaffolds during the migration process: gliophilic migration, neurophilic migration, and vasophilic migration. Many signaling molecules, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), affect vasophilic migration, synergistically regulating the migration of neuroblasts to target areas along blood vessels. However, the precise role of blood vessels in the migration of neuroblasts needs to be further explored. The in-depth study of neuroblast migration will most probably provide theoretical basis and breakthrough for the clinical treatment of brain injury diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Wenlang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Wanzhou District, No. 165 Xincheng Road, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, 404100, China.
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Reynders M, Garścia M, Müller-Deku A, Wranik M, Krauskopf K, de la Osa de la Rosa L, Schaffer K, Jötten A, Rode A, Stierle V, Kraus Y, Baumgartner B, Ali A, Bubeneck A, Seal T, Steinmetz MO, Paulitschke P, Thorn-Seshold O. A photo-SAR study of photoswitchable azobenzene tubulin-inhibiting antimitotics identifying a general method for near-quantitative photocontrol. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12301-12309. [PMID: 39118608 PMCID: PMC11304547 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene analogues of the tubulin polymerisation inhibitor combretastatin A4 (PSTs) were previously developed to optically control microtubule dynamics in living systems, with subsecond response time and single-cell spatial precision, by reversible in situ photoswitching of their bioactivity with near-UV/visible light. First-generation PSTs were sufficiently potent and photoswitchable for use in live cells and embryos. However, the link between their seconds-scale and hours-scale bioactivity remained untested. Furthermore, the scope for modifications to tune their photo-structure-activity-relationship or expand their function was unknown. Here, we used large-field-of-view, long-term tandem photoswitching/microscopy to reveal the temporal onset of cytostatic effects. We then synthesised a panel of novel PSTs exploring structural variations that tune photoresponse wavelengths and lipophilicity, identifying promising blue-shifted analogues that are better-compatible with GFP/YFP imaging. Taken together, these results can guide new design and applications for photoswitchable microtubule inhibitors. We also identified tolerated sites for linkers to attach functional cargos; and we tested fluorophores, aiming at RET isomerisation or reporter probes. Instead we found that these antennas greatly enhance long-wavelength single-photon photoisomerisation, by an as-yet un-explored mechanism, that can now drive general progress towards near-quantitative long-wavelength photoswitching of photopharmaceuticals in living systems, with minimal molecular redesign and broad scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reynders
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Małgorzata Garścia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Adrian Müller-Deku
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Maximilian Wranik
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen 5232 Switzerland
| | - Kristina Krauskopf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | | | - Konstantin Schaffer
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 80539 Germany
- PHIO Scientific GmbH Munich 81371 Germany
| | - Anna Jötten
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 80539 Germany
- PHIO Scientific GmbH Munich 81371 Germany
| | - Alexander Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Valentin Stierle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 80539 Germany
| | - Yvonne Kraus
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Benedikt Baumgartner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Andrei Bubeneck
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Trina Seal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen 5232 Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel Basel 4056 Switzerland
| | - Philipp Paulitschke
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 80539 Germany
- PHIO Scientific GmbH Munich 81371 Germany
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich 81377 Germany
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Pose-Méndez S, Schramm P, Valishetti K, Köster RW. Development, circuitry, and function of the zebrafish cerebellum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:227. [PMID: 37490159 PMCID: PMC10368569 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum represents a brain compartment that first appeared in gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Besides the addition of cell numbers, its development, cytoarchitecture, circuitry, physiology, and function have been highly conserved throughout avian and mammalian species. While cerebellar research in avian and mammals is extensive, systematic investigations on this brain compartment in zebrafish as a teleostian model organism started only about two decades ago, but has provided considerable insight into cerebellar development, physiology, and function since then. Zebrafish are genetically tractable with nearly transparent small-sized embryos, in which cerebellar development occurs within a few days. Therefore, genetic investigations accompanied with non-invasive high-resolution in vivo time-lapse imaging represents a powerful combination for interrogating the behavior and function of cerebellar cells in their complex native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Pose-Méndez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Paul Schramm
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Komali Valishetti
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Villari G, Gioelli N, Valdembri D, Serini G. Vesicle choreographies keep up cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion dynamics in polarized epithelial and endothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2022; 112:62-71. [PMID: 35961423 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In metazoans, cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) drives the development, functioning, and repair of different tissues, organs, and systems. Disruption or dysregulation of cell-to-ECM adhesion promote the initiation and progression of several diseases, such as bleeding, immune disorders and cancer. Integrins are major ECM transmembrane receptors, whose function depends on both allosteric changes and exo-endocytic traffic, which carries them to and from the plasma membrane. In apico-basally polarized cells, asymmetric adhesion to the ECM is maintained by continuous targeting of the plasma membrane by vesicles coming from the trans Golgi network and carrying ECM proteins. Active integrin-bound ECM is indeed endocytosed and replaced by the exocytosis of fresh ECM. Such vesicular traffic is finely driven by the teamwork of microtubules (MTs) and their associated kinesin and dynein motors. Here, we review the main cytoskeletal actors involved in the control of the spatiotemporal distribution of active integrins and their ECM ligands, highlighting the key role of the synchronous (ant)agonistic cooperation between MT motors transporting vesicular cargoes, in the same or in opposite direction, in the regulation of traffic logistics, and the establishment of epithelial and endothelial cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Villari
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Noemi Gioelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
| | - Guido Serini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO) Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
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6
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Thorn-Seshold O, Meiring JCM. Photocontrolling Microtubule Dynamics with Photoswitchable Chemical Reagents. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2430:403-430. [PMID: 35476347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1983-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics can be inhibited with sub-second temporal resolution and cellular-scale spatial resolution, by using precise illuminations to optically pattern where and when photoswitchable microtubule-inhibiting chemical reagents exert their latent bioactivity. The recently available reagents (SBTub, PST, STEpo, AzTax, PHTub) now enable researchers to use light to reversibly modulate microtubule-dependent processes in eukaryotes, in 2D and 3D cell culture as well as in vivo, across a variety of model organisms: with applications in fields from cargo transport to cell migration, cell division, and embryonic development.Here we give an introduction to using these photoswitchable microtubule inhibitors in cells. We describe the theory of small molecule photoswitching, and the unique performance features, usage requirements, and limitations that photoswitchable chemical reagents have; then we summarize the major classes of photoswitchable microtubule inhibitors that are currently available, with the properties that suit them to different applications, and troubleshooting measures for avoiding common mistakes. We outline workflows to establish cellular assays where they are used to optically control microtubule dynamics in a temporally reversible fashion with spatial specificity down to a single selected cell within a field of view. The methods in this chapter also equip the reader to tackle advanced uses of photoswitchable chemical reagents, in 3D culture and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Joyce C M Meiring
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Gao L, Meiring JCM, Varady A, Ruider IE, Heise C, Wranik M, Velasco CD, Taylor JA, Terni B, Weinert T, Standfuss J, Cabernard CC, Llobet A, Steinmetz MO, Bausch AR, Distel M, Thorn-Seshold J, Akhmanova A, Thorn-Seshold O. In Vivo Photocontrol of Microtubule Dynamics and Integrity, Migration and Mitosis, by the Potent GFP-Imaging-Compatible Photoswitchable Reagents SBTubA4P and SBTub2M. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5614-5628. [PMID: 35290733 PMCID: PMC8972266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable reagents are powerful tools for high-precision studies in cell biology. When these reagents are globally administered yet locally photoactivated in two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, they can exert micron- and millisecond-scale biological control. This gives them great potential for use in biologically more relevant three-dimensional (3D) models and in vivo, particularly for studying systems with inherent spatiotemporal complexity, such as the cytoskeleton. However, due to a combination of photoswitch isomerization under typical imaging conditions, metabolic liabilities, and insufficient water solubility at effective concentrations, the in vivo potential of photoswitchable reagents addressing cytosolic protein targets remains largely unrealized. Here, we optimized the potency and solubility of metabolically stable, druglike colchicinoid microtubule inhibitors based on the styrylbenzothiazole (SBT) scaffold that are nonresponsive to typical fluorescent protein imaging wavelengths and so enable multichannel imaging studies. We applied these reagents both to 3D organoids and tissue explants and to classic model organisms (zebrafish, clawed frog) in one- and two-protein imaging experiments, in which spatiotemporally localized illuminations allowed them to photocontrol microtubule dynamics, network architecture, and microtubule-dependent processes in vivo with cellular precision and second-level resolution. These nanomolar, in vivo capable photoswitchable reagents should open up new dimensions for high-precision cytoskeleton research in cargo transport, cell motility, cell division, and development. More broadly, their design can also inspire similarly capable optical reagents for a range of cytosolic protein targets, thus bringing in vivo photopharmacology one step closer to general realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Joyce C M Meiring
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht CH 3584, Netherlands
| | - Adam Varady
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Iris E Ruider
- Physics Department and Center for Protein Assemblies CPA, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Maximilian Wranik
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia D Velasco
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Jennifer A Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Beatrice Terni
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Clemens C Cabernard
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Artur Llobet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Andreas R Bausch
- Physics Department and Center for Protein Assemblies CPA, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna 1090, Austria
- Zebrafish Platform Austria for Preclinical Drug Screening (ZANDR), Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Julia Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht CH 3584, Netherlands
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
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