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Itoh Y. Vesicle transport of matrix metalloproteinases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 141:361-380. [PMID: 38960480 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms consist of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM creates a cellular microenvironment, and cells locally degrade the ECM according to their cellular activity. A major group of enzymes that modify ECM belongs to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and play major roles in various pathophysiological events. ECM degradation by MMPs does not occur in all cellular surroundings but only where it is necessary, and cells achieve this by directionally secreting these proteolytic enzymes. Recent studies have indicated that such enzyme secretion is achieved by targeted vesicle transport along the microtubules, and several kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) have been identified as responsible motor proteins involved in the processes. This chapter discusses recent findings of the vesicle transport of MMPs and their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Itoh
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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2
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Wenzel EM, Pedersen NM, Elfmark LA, Wang L, Kjos I, Stang E, Malerød L, Brech A, Stenmark H, Raiborg C. Intercellular transfer of cancer cell invasiveness via endosome-mediated protease shedding. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1277. [PMID: 38341434 PMCID: PMC10858897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the transmembrane matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP/MMP14 promotes cancer cell invasion. Here we show that MT1-MMP-positive cancer cells turn MT1-MMP-negative cells invasive by transferring a soluble catalytic ectodomain of MT1-MMP. Surprisingly, this effect depends on the presence of TKS4 and TKS5 in the donor cell, adaptor proteins previously implicated in invadopodia formation. In endosomes of the donor cell, TKS4/5 promote ADAM-mediated cleavage of MT1-MMP by bridging the two proteases, and cleavage is stimulated by the low intraluminal pH of endosomes. The bridging depends on the PX domains of TKS4/5, which coincidently interact with the cytosolic tail of MT1-MMP and endosomal phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. MT1-MMP recruits TKS4/5 into multivesicular endosomes for their subsequent co-secretion in extracellular vesicles, together with the enzymatically active ectodomain. The shed ectodomain converts non-invasive recipient cells into an invasive phenotype. Thus, TKS4/5 promote intercellular transfer of cancer cell invasiveness by facilitating ADAM-mediated shedding of MT1-MMP in acidic endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Marie Pedersen
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Anker Elfmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ling Wang
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Kjos
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Stang
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Malerød
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Dept. of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Monteiro P, Remy D, Lemerle E, Routet F, Macé AS, Guedj C, Ladoux B, Vassilopoulos S, Lamaze C, Chavrier P. A mechanosensitive caveolae-invadosome interplay drives matrix remodelling for cancer cell invasion. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1787-1803. [PMID: 37903910 PMCID: PMC10709148 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Invadosomes and caveolae are mechanosensitive structures that are implicated in metastasis. Here, we describe a unique juxtaposition of caveola clusters and matrix degradative invadosomes at contact sites between the plasma membrane of cancer cells and constricting fibrils both in 2D and 3D type I collagen matrix environments. Preferential association between caveolae and straight segments of the fibrils, and between invadosomes and bent segments of the fibrils, was observed along with matrix remodelling. Caveola recruitment precedes and is required for invadosome formation and activity. Reciprocally, invadosome disruption results in the accumulation of fibril-associated caveolae. Moreover, caveolae and the collagen receptor β1 integrin co-localize at contact sites with the fibrils, and integrins control caveola recruitment to fibrils. In turn, caveolae mediate the clearance of β1 integrin and collagen uptake in an invadosome-dependent and collagen-cleavage-dependent mechanism. Our data reveal a reciprocal interplay between caveolae and invadosomes that coordinates adhesion to and proteolytic remodelling of confining fibrils to support tumour cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Monteiro
- Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Institut Curie-Research Center, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
- Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Institut Curie-Research Center, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - David Remy
- Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Institut Curie-Research Center, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Eline Lemerle
- Institute of Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Routet
- Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Institut Curie-Research Center, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Guedj
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France
| | | | - Christophe Lamaze
- Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Institut Curie-Research Center, CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1143, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Institut Curie-Research Center, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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4
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Huang Q, Zhang R, Xia Y, Shen J, Dong H, Li X, Tao D, Xie D, Liu L. DAB2IP suppresses invadopodia formation through destabilizing ALK by interacting with USP10 in breast cancer. iScience 2023; 26:107606. [PMID: 37664607 PMCID: PMC10470318 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia, being actin-rich membrane protrusions, play a vital role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Our previous studies have revealed some functions of the DOC-2/DAB2 interacting protein (DAB2IP) as a tumor suppressor. Nevertheless, the specific role and mechanism of DAB2IP in invadopodia formation remain unclear. Here, we find that DAB2IP effectively suppresses invadopodia formation and metastasis in breast cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, DAB2IP could downregulate anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), resulting in the inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of Cortactin and the prevention of invadopodia formation. DAB2IP competitively antagonizes the interaction between the deubiquitinating enzyme Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) and ALK, leading to a decrease in the abundance of ALK protein. In summary, DAB2IP impairs the stability of ALK through USP10-dependent deubiquitination, suppressing Cortactin phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting invadopodia formation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, this study suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Huang
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Dong
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Deding Tao
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Daxing Xie
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- Molecular Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
- Department of GI Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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5
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Cervantes-Villagrana RD, García-Jiménez I, Vázquez-Prado J. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho GTPases (RhoGEFs) as oncogenic effectors and strategic therapeutic targets in metastatic cancer. Cell Signal 2023; 109:110749. [PMID: 37290677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells dynamically adjust their shape to adhere, invade, migrate, and expand to generate secondary tumors. Inherent to these processes is the constant assembly and disassembly of cytoskeletal supramolecular structures. The subcellular places where cytoskeletal polymers are built and reorganized are defined by the activation of Rho GTPases. These molecular switches directly respond to signaling cascades integrated by Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), which are sophisticated multidomain proteins that control morphological behavior of cancer and stromal cells in response to cell-cell interactions, tumor-secreted factors and actions of oncogenic proteins within the tumor microenvironment. Stromal cells, including fibroblasts, immune and endothelial cells, and even projections of neuronal cells, adjust their shapes and move into growing tumoral masses, building tumor-induced structures that eventually serve as metastatic routes. Here we review the role of RhoGEFs in metastatic cancer. They are highly diverse proteins with common catalytic modules that select among a variety of homologous Rho GTPases enabling them to load GTP, acquiring an active conformation that stimulates effectors controlling actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Therefore, due to their strategic position in oncogenic signaling cascades, and their structural diversity flanking common catalytic modules, RhoGEFs possess unique characteristics that make them conceptual targets of antimetastatic precision therapies. Preclinical proof of concept, demonstrating the antimetastatic effect of inhibiting either expression or activity of βPix (ARHGEF7), P-Rex1, Vav1, ARHGEF17, and Dock1, among others, is emerging.
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6
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Venghateri JB, Dassa B, Morgenstern D, Shreberk-Shaked M, Oren M, Geiger B. Deciphering the involvement of the Hippo pathway co-regulators, YAP/TAZ in invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:290. [PMID: 37185904 PMCID: PMC10130049 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Invadopodia are adhesive, actin-rich protrusions formed by metastatic cancer cells that degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate invasion. They support the metastatic cascade by a spatially and temporally coordinated process whereby invading cells bind to the matrix, degrade it by specific metalloproteinases, and mechanically penetrate diverse tissue barriers by forming actin-rich extensions. However, despite the apparent involvement of invadopodia in the metastatic process, the molecular mechanisms that regulate invadopodia formation and function are still largely unclear. In this study, we have explored the involvement of the key Hippo pathway co-regulators, namely YAP, and TAZ, in invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Toward that goal, we tested the effect of depletion of YAP, TAZ, or both on invadopodia formation and activity in multiple human cancer cell lines. We report that the knockdown of YAP and TAZ or their inhibition by verteporfin induces a significant elevation in matrix degradation and invadopodia formation in several cancer cell lines. Conversely, overexpression of these proteins strongly suppresses invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of MDA-MB-231 cells, following co-knockdown of YAP and TAZ, revealed a significant change in the levels of key invadopodia-associated proteins, including the crucial proteins Tks5 and MT1-MMP (MMP14). Collectively, our findings show that YAP and TAZ act as negative regulators of invadopodia formation in diverse cancer lines, most likely by reducing the levels of essential invadopodia components. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of invadopodia formation in cancer invasion may eventually reveal novel targets for therapeutic applications against invasive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubina Balan Venghateri
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Morgenstern
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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7
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Remy D, Macé AS, Chavrier P, Monteiro P. Invadopodia Methods: Detection of Invadopodia Formation and Activity in Cancer Cells Using Reconstituted 2D and 3D Collagen-Based Matrices. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2608:225-246. [PMID: 36653711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor dissemination involves cancer cell migration through the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is mainly composed of collagen fibers that oppose cell invasion. To overcome hindrance in the matrix, cancer cells deploy a protease-dependent program in order to remodel the matrix fibers. Matrix remodeling requires the formation of actin-based matrix/plasma membrane contact sites called invadopodia, responsible for collagen cleavage through the accumulation and activity of the transmembrane type-I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). In this article, we describe experimental procedures designed to assay for invadopodia formation and for invadopodia activity using 2D and 3D models based on gelatin (denatured collagen) and fibrillar type-I collagen matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Remy
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Research Center, Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Macé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), Paris, France
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Research Center, Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Monteiro
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Research Center, Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Paris, France.
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8
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Kreider-Letterman G, Castillo A, Mahlandt EK, Goedhart J, Rabino A, Goicoechea S, Garcia-Mata R. ARHGAP17 regulates the spatiotemporal activity of Cdc42 at invadopodia. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213782. [PMID: 36571786 PMCID: PMC9794838 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia formation is regulated by Rho GTPases. However, the molecular mechanisms that control Rho GTPase signaling at invadopodia remain poorly understood. Here, we have identified ARHGAP17, a Cdc42-specific RhoGAP, as a key regulator of invadopodia in breast cancer cells and characterized a novel ARHGAP17-mediated signaling pathway that controls the spatiotemporal activity of Cdc42 during invadopodia turnover. Our results show that during invadopodia assembly, ARHGAP17 localizes to the invadopodia ring and restricts the activity of Cdc42 to the invadopodia core, where it promotes invadopodia growth. Invadopodia disassembly starts when ARHGAP17 translocates from the invadopodia ring to the core, in a process that is mediated by its interaction with the Cdc42 effector CIP4. Once at the core, ARHGAP17 inactivates Cdc42 to promote invadopodia disassembly. Our results in invadopodia provide new insights into the coordinated transition between the activation and inactivation of Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abel Castillo
- https://ror.org/01pbdzh19Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Eike K. Mahlandt
- https://ror.org/04dkp9463Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- https://ror.org/04dkp9463Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agustin Rabino
- https://ror.org/01pbdzh19Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Silvia Goicoechea
- https://ror.org/01pbdzh19Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- https://ror.org/01pbdzh19Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA,Correspondence to Rafael Garcia-Mata:
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9
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Itoh Y. Proteolytic modulation of tumor microenvironment signals during cancer progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:935231. [PMID: 36132127 PMCID: PMC9483212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.935231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the cellular microenvironment is optimized for the proper functioning of the tissues and organs. Cells recognize and communicate with the surrounding cells and extracellular matrix to maintain homeostasis. When cancer arises, the cellular microenvironment is modified to optimize its malignant growth, evading the host immune system and finding ways to invade and metastasize to other organs. One means is a proteolytic modification of the microenvironment and the signaling molecules. It is now well accepted that cancer progression relies on not only the performance of cancer cells but also the surrounding microenvironment. This mini-review discusses the current understanding of the proteolytic modification of the microenvironment signals during cancer progression.
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10
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YAP1 induces invadopodia formation by transcriptionally activating TIAM1 through enhancer in breast cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:3830-3845. [PMID: 35773411 PMCID: PMC9337990 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a central component of the Hippo pathway, plays an important role in tumor metastasis; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions containing multiple proteases and have been widely reported to promote cell invasiveness by degrading the extracellular matrix. In the present study, we report that YAP1 induces invadopodia formation and promotes tumor metastasis in breast cancer cells. We also identify TIAM1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, as a target of the YAP1–TEAD4 complex. Our results demonstrate that YAP1 could promote TEAD4 binding to the enhancer region of TIAM1, which activates TIAM1 expression, subsequently increasing RAC1 activity and inducing invadopodia formation. These findings reveal the functional role of Hippo signaling in the regulation of invadopodia and provide potential molecular targets for preventing tumor metastasis in breast cancer.
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11
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Parveen S, Khamari A, Raju J, Coppolino MG, Datta S. Syntaxin 7 contributes to breast cancer cell invasion by promoting invadopodia formation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275829. [PMID: 35762511 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion in various cancer cells requires coordinated delivery of signaling proteins, adhesion proteins, actin-remodeling proteins and proteases to matrix-degrading structures called invadopodia. Vesicular trafficking involving SNAREs plays a crucial role in the delivery of cargo to the target membrane. Screening of 13 SNAREs from the endocytic and recycling route using a gene silencing approach coupled with functional assays identified syntaxin 7 (STX7) as an important player in MDA-MB-231 cell invasion. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) studies revealed that STX7 resides near invadopodia and co-traffics with MT1-MMP (also known as MMP14), indicating a possible role for this SNARE in protease trafficking. STX7 depletion reduced the number of invadopodia and their associated degradative activity. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that STX7 forms distinct SNARE complexes with VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP7, STX4 and SNAP23. Depletion of VAMP2, VAMP3 or STX4 abrogated invadopodia formation, phenocopying what was seen upon lack of STX7. Whereas depletion of STX4 reduced MT1-MMP level at the cell surfaces, STX7 silencing significantly reduced the invadopodia-associated MT1-MMP pool and increased the non-invadosomal pool. This study highlights STX7 as a major contributor towards the invadopodia formation during cancer cell invasion. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameena Parveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Amrita Khamari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Jyothikamala Raju
- Thazhathemalayil House, Thodupuzha East PO, Keerikode, Kerala 685585, India
| | - Marc G Coppolino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
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Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a leading cause of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke and a major contributor to dementia. Covert cSVD, which is detectable with brain MRI but does not manifest as clinical stroke, is highly prevalent in the general population, particularly with increasing age. Advances in technologies and collaborative work have led to substantial progress in the identification of common genetic variants that are associated with cSVD-related stroke (ischaemic and haemorrhagic) and MRI-defined covert cSVD. In this Review, we provide an overview of collaborative studies - mostly genome-wide association studies (GWAS) - that have identified >50 independent genetic loci associated with the risk of cSVD. We describe how these associations have provided novel insights into the biological mechanisms involved in cSVD, revealed patterns of shared genetic variation across cSVD traits, and shed new light on the continuum between rare, monogenic and common, multifactorial cSVD. We consider how GWAS summary statistics have been leveraged for Mendelian randomization studies to explore causal pathways in cSVD and provide genetic evidence for drug effects, and how the combination of findings from GWAS with gene expression resources and drug target databases has enabled identification of putative causal genes and provided proof-of-concept for drug repositioning potential. We also discuss opportunities for polygenic risk prediction, multi-ancestry approaches and integration with other omics data.
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Zhu Y, Chen Q, Lin H, Lu H, Qu Y, Yan Q, Wang C. FGD1 Variant Associated With Aarskog-Scott Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:888923. [PMID: 35911831 PMCID: PMC9329920 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.888923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aarskog-Scott syndrome, a rare X-linked genetic disorder, is identified by combined clinical manifestations of short stature, facial, skeletal, and genital anomalies. Annually, two or three new cases are diagnosed with Aarskog-Scott syndrome, which is associated with FGD1 variants. However, there is no specific treatment for Aarskog-Scott syndrome due to its unclear mechanism. METHODS Clinical data were collected when the patient first visited the hospital. Trio whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed for the genetic cause of disease. To evaluate the pathogenicity of the variants in vitro, stable cell lines were constructed using lentivirus infection in 143B cell. Furthermore, Western blot was used to verify the expression of signaling pathway-related proteins, and the transcription levels of osteogenic-related genes were verified by luciferase reporter gene assay. RESULTS A 7-year-old boy was manifested with facial abnormalities, intellectual disability, and short stature (-3.98 SDS) while the growth hormone level of stimulation test was normal. Trio whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing identified a variant (c.1270A>G, p.Asn424Asp) in FGD1 gene. The Asn424 residue was highly conserved and the hydrogen bond in the FGD1 variant protein has changed, which led to decrease in the interaction with CDC42 protein. In vitro study showed that the Asn424Asp variant significantly decreased the transcription levels of OCN, COL1A1, and ALP activity, and it activated the phosphorylation of JNK1. CONCLUSION Molecular biological mechanisms between abnormal expression of FGD1and Aarskog-Scott syndrome remain poorly understood. In our study, c.1270A>G variant of FGD1 resulted in Aarskog-Scott syndrome, and the analysis of pathogenicity supports the deleterious effect of the variant. Furthermore, we demonstrated the weakened affinity of the mutant FGD1 and CDC42. Decreased expression of osteogenic-related gene and abnormal activation of JNK1 were also shown in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, China
| | - Huifei Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangbin Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Rodenburg WS, van Buul JD. Rho GTPase signalling networks in cancer cell transendothelial migration. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 3:R77-R95. [PMID: 34738075 PMCID: PMC8558887 DOI: 10.1530/vb-21-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are small signalling G-proteins that are central regulators of cytoskeleton dynamics, and thereby regulate many cellular processes, including the shape, adhesion and migration of cells. As such, Rho GTPases are also essential for the invasive behaviour of cancer cells, and thus involved in several steps of the metastatic cascade, including the extravasation of cancer cells. Extravasation, the process by which cancer cells leave the circulation by transmigrating through the endothelium that lines capillary walls, is an essential step for metastasis towards distant organs. During extravasation, Rho GTPase signalling networks not only regulate the transmigration of cancer cells but also regulate the interactions between cancer and endothelial cells and are involved in the disruption of the endothelial barrier function, ultimately allowing cancer cells to extravasate into the underlying tissue and potentially form metastases. Thus, targeting Rho GTPase signalling networks in cancer may be an effective approach to inhibit extravasation and metastasis. In this review, the complex process of cancer cell extravasation will be discussed in detail. Additionally, the roles and regulation of Rho GTPase signalling networks during cancer cell extravasation will be discussed, both from a cancer cell and endothelial cell point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wessel S Rodenburg
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Molecular Cell Biology Lab at Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Section Molecular Cytology at Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Colombero C, Remy D, Antoine‐Bally S, Macé A, Monteiro P, ElKhatib N, Fournier M, Dahmani A, Montaudon E, Montagnac G, Marangoni E, Chavrier P. mTOR Repression in Response to Amino Acid Starvation Promotes ECM Degradation Through MT1-MMP Endocytosis Arrest. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101614. [PMID: 34250755 PMCID: PMC8425857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Under conditions of starvation, normal and tumor epithelial cells can rewire their metabolism toward the consumption of extracellular proteins, including extracellular matrix-derived components as nutrient sources. The mechanism of pericellular matrix degradation by starved cells has been largely overlooked. Here it is shown that matrix degradation by breast and pancreatic tumor cells and patient-derived xenograft explants increases by one order of magnitude upon amino acid and growth factor deprivation. In addition, it is found that collagenolysis requires the invadopodia components, TKS5, and the transmembrane metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP, which are key to the tumor invasion program. Increased collagenolysis is controlled by mTOR repression upon nutrient depletion or pharmacological inhibition by rapamycin. The results reveal that starvation hampers clathrin-mediated endocytosis, resulting in MT1-MMP accumulation in arrested clathrin-coated pits. The study uncovers a new mechanism whereby mTOR repression in starved cells leads to the repurposing of abundant plasma membrane clathrin-coated pits into robust ECM-degradative assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Remy
- Institut CuriePSL Research UniversityCNRS UMR 144Paris75005France
| | | | - Anne‐Sophie Macé
- Institut CuriePSL Research UniversityCNRS UMR 144Paris75005France
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT‐IBiSA)Institut CuriePSL Research UniversityParis75005France
| | - Pedro Monteiro
- Institut CuriePSL Research UniversityCNRS UMR 144Paris75005France
| | - Nadia ElKhatib
- Gustave Roussy InstituteUniversité Paris‐SaclayINSERM U1279Villejuif94805France
| | - Margot Fournier
- Institut CuriePSL Research UniversityCNRS UMR 144Paris75005France
| | - Ahmed Dahmani
- Translational Research DepartmentInstitut CuriePSL Research UniversityParis75005France
| | - Elodie Montaudon
- Translational Research DepartmentInstitut CuriePSL Research UniversityParis75005France
| | - Guillaume Montagnac
- Gustave Roussy InstituteUniversité Paris‐SaclayINSERM U1279Villejuif94805France
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research DepartmentInstitut CuriePSL Research UniversityParis75005France
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Rivier P, Mubalama M, Destaing O. Small GTPases all over invadosomes. Small GTPases 2021; 12:429-439. [PMID: 33487105 PMCID: PMC8583085 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1877081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell invasion is associated with numerous patho-physiologic states including cell development and metastatic dissemination. This process couples the activation of cell motility with the capacity to degrade the extracellular matrix, thereby permitting cells to pass through basal membranes. Invasion is sustained by the actions of invadosomes, an ensemble of subcellular structures with high functional homology. Invadosomes are 3D acto-adhesive structures that can also mediate local extracellular matrix degradation through the controlled delivery of proteases. Intracellular RHO GTPases play a central role in the regulation of invadosomes where their complex interplay regulates multiple invadosome functions. This review aims to provide an overview of the synergistic activities of the small GTPases in invadosome biology. This broad-based review also reinforces the importance of the spatiotemporal regulation of small GTPases and the impact of this process on invadosome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rivier
- Team DYSAD, Dept2, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Mubalama
- Team DYSAD, Dept2, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Team DYSAD, Dept2, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
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17
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Peng X, Li X, Yang S, Huang M, Wei S, Ma Y, Li Y, Wu B, Jin H, Li B, Tang S, Fan Q, Liu J, Yang L, Li H. LINC00511 drives invasive behavior in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating exosome secretion and invadopodia formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:183. [PMID: 34088337 PMCID: PMC8176717 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Tumor cells are known to release large numbers of exosomes containing active substances that participate in cancer progression. Abnormally expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been confirmed to regulate multiple processes associated with tumor progression. However, the mechanism by which lncRNAs affect exosome secretion remains unclear. Methods The underlying mechanisms of long noncoding RNA LINC00511 (LINC00511) regulation of multivesicular body (MVB) trafficking, exosome secretion, invadopodia formation, and tumor invasion were determined through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), immunoblotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, confocal colocalization analysis, electron microscopy, and invasion experiments. Results We revealed that the tumorigenesis process is associated with a significant increase in vesicle secretion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Additionally, LINC00511 was significantly more highly expressed in HCC tissues and is related to vesicle trafficking and MVB distribution. We also found that in addition to the formation of invadopodia in HCC progression, abnormal LINC00511 induces invadopodia formation in HCC cells by regulating the colocalization of vesicle associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP7) and synaptosome associated protein 23 (SNAP23) to induce the invadopodia formation, which are key secretion sites for MVBs and control exosome secretion. Finally, we revealed that LINC0051-induced invadopodia and exosome secretion were involved in tumor progression. Conclusions Our experiments revealed novel findings on the relationship between LINC00511 dysregulation in HCC and invadopodia production and exosome secretion. This is a novel mechanism by which LINC00511 regulates invadopodia biogenesis and exosome secretion to further promote cancer progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01990-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Mingyao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Department of General Surgery, Liberation Army Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shilei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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18
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The multiple roles of actin-binding proteins at invadopodia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33962752 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that facilitate cancer cell dissemination by focusing on proteolytic activity and clearing paths for migration through physical barriers, such as basement membranes, dense extracellular matrices, and endothelial cell junctions. Invadopodium formation and activity require spatially and temporally regulated changes in actin filament organization and dynamics. About three decades of research have led to a remarkable understanding of how these changes are orchestrated by sequential recruitment and coordinated activity of different sets of actin-binding proteins. In this chapter, we provide an update on the roles of the actin cytoskeleton during the main stages of invadopodium development with a particular focus on actin polymerization machineries and production of pushing forces driving extracellular matrix remodeling.
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19
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Masi I, Caprara V, Spadaro F, Chellini L, Sestito R, Zancla A, Rainer A, Bagnato A, Rosanò L. Endothelin-1 drives invadopodia and interaction with mesothelial cells through ILK. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108800. [PMID: 33657382 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells use actin-based membrane protrusions, invadopodia, to degrade stroma and invade. In serous ovarian cancer (SOC), the endothelin A receptor (ETAR) drives invadopodia by a not fully explored coordinated function of β-arrestin1 (β-arr1). Here, we report that β-arr1 links the integrin-linked kinase (ILK)/βPIX complex to activate Rac3 GTPase, acting as a central node in the adhesion-based extracellular matrix (ECM) sensing and degradation. Downstream, Rac3 phosphorylates PAK1 and cofilin and promotes invadopodium-dependent ECM proteolysis and invasion. Furthermore, ETAR/ILK/Rac3 signaling supports the communication between cancer and mesothelial cells, favoring SOC cell adhesion and transmigration. In vivo, ambrisentan, an ETAR antagonist, inhibits the adhesion and spreading of tumor cells to intraperitoneal organs, and invadopodium marker expression. As prognostic factors, high EDNRA/ILK expression correlates with poor SOC clinical outcome. These findings provide a framework for the ET-1R/β-arr1 pathway as an integrator of ILK/Rac3-dependent adhesive and proteolytic signaling to invadopodia, favoring cancer/stroma interactions and metastatic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Masi
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Valentina Caprara
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Lidia Chellini
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Rosanna Sestito
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Andrea Zancla
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy; Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, via Vito Volterra 62, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy; Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Anna Bagnato
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Laura Rosanò
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS - Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome 00128, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome 00185, Italy.
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20
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Advances in Understanding TKS4 and TKS5: Molecular Scaffolds Regulating Cellular Processes from Podosome and Invadopodium Formation to Differentiation and Tissue Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218117. [PMID: 33143131 PMCID: PMC7663256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins are typically thought of as multi-domain "bridging molecules." They serve as crucial regulators of key signaling events by simultaneously binding multiple participants involved in specific signaling pathways. In the case of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding, the activated EGFR contacts cytosolic SRC tyrosine-kinase, which then becomes activated. This process leads to the phosphorylation of SRC-substrates, including the tyrosine kinase substrates (TKS) scaffold proteins. The TKS proteins serve as a platform for the recruitment of key players in EGFR signal transduction, promoting cell spreading and migration. The TKS4 and the TKS5 scaffold proteins are tyrosine kinase substrates with four or five SH3 domains, respectively. Their structural features allow them to recruit and bind a variety of signaling proteins and to anchor them to the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane. Until recently, TKS4 and TKS5 had been recognized for their involvement in cellular motility, reactive oxygen species-dependent processes, and embryonic development, among others. However, a number of novel functions have been discovered for these molecules in recent years. In this review, we attempt to cover the diverse nature of the TKS molecules by discussing their structure, regulation by SRC kinase, relevant signaling pathways, and interaction partners, as well as their involvement in cellular processes, including migration, invasion, differentiation, and adipose tissue and bone homeostasis. We also describe related pathologies and the established mouse models.
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