1
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Kim Y, Tram LTH, Kim KA, Kim BC. Defining Integrin Tension Required for Chemotaxis of Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells in Confinement. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202747. [PMID: 37256848 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is affected by chemical factors and physical cues. From cell adhesion to migration, mechanical tension applied to integrin expresses on the cell membrane and physical confinement significantly regulates cancer cell behaviors. Despite the physical interplay between integrins in cells and ligands in the tumor microenvironment, quantitative analysis of integrin tension during cancer cell migration in microconfined spaces remains elusive owing to the limited experimental tools. Herein, a platform termed microconfinement tension gauge tether to monitor spatial integrin tension with single-molecule precision by analyzing the epithelial-growth-factor-induced chemotaxis of metastatic human breast cancer cells in microfluidic channels is developed. The results reveal that the metastatic cancer cells exert the strongest integrin tension in the range of 54-100 pN at the leading edges of cells during chemokinetic migration on a planar surface, while the cells exert the strongest integrin tension exceeding 100 pN at the cell rear when entering microconfinement. Further analysis demonstrates that cells undergo mesenchymal migration under high integrin tension and less confinement, which is converted to amoeboid migration under low integrin tension or high confinement. In summary, the results identify a basic mechanism underlying the mechanical interactions between integrin tension and microenvironment that determines cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kim
- Department of Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Thi Hong Tram
- Department of Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Kim
- Department of Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
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2
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Pal K, Kundu S, Wang X. Macrophages form integrin-mediated adhesion rings to pinch off surface-bound objects for phagocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551462. [PMID: 37577702 PMCID: PMC10418108 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages engulf micron-sized objects including pathogens and cell debris by phagocytosis, serving a fundamental role in immune defense and homeostasis 1, 2 . Although the internalization process of suspended particles has been thoroughly investigated 3, 4 , it is incompletely understood how macrophages internalize surface-bound objects by overcoming the surface binding. Here, we prepared a force-sensing platform which visualizes cell-substrate adhesive force by fluorescence. Macrophages are tested on this platform with micron-sized objects (E. coli, microbeads and silver nanorods) immobilized. By co-imaging integrin-transmitted forces and corresponding structural proteins, we discovered that macrophages consistently form integrin-mediated adhesion structures on the surface to encircle and pinch off surface-bound objects. We termed these structures phagocytic adhesion rings (PAR) and showed that integrin tensions in PARs are resulted from local actin polymerization, but not from myosin II. We further demonstrated that the intensity of integrin tensions in PARs is correlated with the object surface-bound strength, and the integrin ligand strength (dictating the upper limit of integrin tensions) determines the phagocytosis efficiency. Collectively, this study revealed a new phagocytosis mechanism that macrophages form PARs to provide physical anchorage for local F-actin polymerization that pushes and lifts off surface-bound objects during phagocytosis.
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3
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Xing F, Dong H, Yang J, Fan C, Hou M, Zhang P, Hu F, Zhou J, Chen L, Pan L, Xu J. Mesenchymal Migration on Adhesive-Nonadhesive Alternate Surfaces in Macrophages. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301337. [PMID: 37211690 PMCID: PMC10427406 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal migration usually happens on adhesive substrates, while cells adopt amoeboid migration on low/nonadhesive surfaces. Protein-repelling reagents, e.g., poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG), are routinely employed to resist cell adhering and migrating. Contrary to these perceptions, this work discovers a unique locomotion of macrophages on adhesive-nonadhesive alternate substrates in vitro that they can overcome nonadhesive PEG gaps to reach adhesive regions in the mesenchymal mode. Adhering to extracellular matrix regions is a prerequisite for macrophages to perform further locomotion on the PEG regions. Podosomes are found highly enriched on the PEG region in macrophages and support their migration across the nonadhesive regions. Increasing podosome density through myosin IIA inhibition facilitates cell motility on adhesive-nonadhesive alternate substrates. Moreover, a developed cellular Potts model reproduces this mesenchymal migration. These findings together uncover a new migratory behavior on adhesive-nonadhesive alternate substrates in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hao Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianyu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chunhui Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengdi Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fen Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Center for Life Sciences, School of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Leiting Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics of Education Ministry, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
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4
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Linder S, Cervero P, Eddy R, Condeelis J. Mechanisms and roles of podosomes and invadopodia. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:86-106. [PMID: 36104625 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell invasion into the surrounding extracellular matrix or across tissue boundaries and endothelial barriers occurs in both physiological and pathological scenarios such as immune surveillance or cancer metastasis. Podosomes and invadopodia, collectively called 'invadosomes', are actin-based structures that drive the proteolytic invasion of cells, by forming highly regulated platforms for the localized release of lytic enzymes that degrade the matrix. Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy techniques, in vivo imaging and high-throughput analyses have led to considerable progress in understanding mechanisms of invadosomes, revealing the intricate inner architecture of these structures, as well as their growing repertoire of functions that extends well beyond matrix degradation. In this Review, we discuss the known functions, architecture and regulatory mechanisms of podosomes and invadopodia. In particular, we describe the molecular mechanisms of localized actin turnover and microtubule-based cargo delivery, with a special focus on matrix-lytic enzymes that enable proteolytic invasion. Finally, we point out topics that should become important in the invadosome field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Pasquale Cervero
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Eddy
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Tu Y, Wang X. Imaging Cell Adhesive Force at the Single Molecule Level. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:207-217. [PMID: 36587100 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesive force transmitted by integrins or other mechanosensitive receptors is critical for many cellular functions and biological development. Visualization and quantification of such force have been long desired and practiced in cell mechanobiology. Here we describe integrative tension sensor (ITS), a dsDNA-based tension sensor that coverts invisible force signal to fluorescence and enables cell adhesive force imaging with ultra-sensitivity. ITS can be selectively implemented at two imaging modes: a cumulative mode that maps cell adhesive force at a high signal-to-noise ratio even with a low-end fluorescence microscope, and a real-time mode that images the force at the single molecular tension level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Kim KA, Vellampatti S, Kim BC. Characterization of Integrin Molecular Tension of Human Breast Cancer Cells on Anisotropic Nanopatterns. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:825970. [PMID: 35755806 PMCID: PMC9218603 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.825970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical interactions between cells and micro/nanometer-sized architecture presented in an extracellular matrix (ECM) environment significantly influence cell adhesion and morphology, often facilitating the incidence of diseases, such as cancer invasion and metastasis. Sensing and responding to the topographical cues are deeply associated with a physical interplay between integrins, ligands, and mechanical force transmission, ultimately determining diverse cell behavior. Thus, how the tension applied to the integrin-ligand bonds controls cells' response to the topographical cues needs to be elucidated through quantitative analysis. Here, in this brief research report, we reported a novel platform, termed "topo-tension gauge tether (TGT)," to visualize single-molecule force applied to the integrin-ligand on the aligned anisotropic nanopatterns. Using the topo-TGT assay, first, topography-induced adhesion and morphology of cancerous and normal cells were compared with the pre-defined peak integrin tension. Next, spatial integrin tensions underneath cells were identified using reconstructed integrin tension maps. As a result, we characterized each cell's capability to comply with nanotopographies and the magnitude of the spatial integrin tension. Altogether, the quantitative information on integrin tension will be a valuable basis for understanding the biophysical mechanisms underlying the force balance influencing adhesion to the topographical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Kim
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Srivithya Vellampatti
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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7
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Mori G, Delfino D, Pibiri P, Rivetti C, Percudani R. Origin and significance of the human DNase repertoire. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10364. [PMID: 35725583 PMCID: PMC9208542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome contains four DNase1 and two DNase2 genes. The origin and functional specialization of this repertoire are not fully understood. Here we use genomics and transcriptomics data to infer the evolutionary history of DNases and investigate their biological significance. Both DNase1 and DNase2 families have expanded in vertebrates since ~ 650 million years ago before the divergence of jawless and jawed vertebrates. DNase1, DNase1L1, and DNase1L3 co-existed in jawless fish, whereas DNase1L2 originated in amniotes by tandem duplication of DNase1. Among the non-human DNases, DNase1L4 and newly identified DNase1L5 derived from early duplications that were lost in terrestrial vertebrates. The ancestral gene of the DNase2 family, DNase2b, has been conserved in synteny with the Uox gene across 700 million years of animal evolution,while DNase2 originated in jawless fish. DNase1L1 acquired a GPI-anchor for plasma membrane attachment in bony fishes, and DNase1L3 acquired a C-terminal basic peptide for the degradation of microparticle DNA in jawed vertebrates. The appearance of DNase1L2, with a distinct low pH optimum and skin localization, is among the amniote adaptations to life on land. The expansion of the DNase repertoire in vertebrates meets the diversified demand for DNA debris removal in complex multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Danila Delfino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Pibiri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Rivetti
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Percudani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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Weber K, Hey S, Cervero P, Linder S. The circle of life: Phases of podosome formation, turnover and reemergence. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151218. [PMID: 35334303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are highly dynamic actin-rich structures in a variety of cell types, especially monocytic cells. They fulfill multiple functions such as adhesion, mechanosensing, or extracellular matrix degradation, thus allowing cells to detect and respond to a changing environment. These abilities are based on an intricate architecture that enables podosomes to sense mechanical properties of their substratum and to transduce them intracellularly in order to generate an appropriate cellular response. These processes are enabled through the tightly orchestrated interplay of more than 300 different components that are dynamically recruited during podosome formation and turnover. In this review, we discuss the different phases of the podosome life cycle and the current knowledge on regulatory factors that impact on the genesis, activity, dissolution and reemergence of podosomes. We also highlight mechanoregulatory processes that become important during these different stages, on the level of individual podosomes, and also at podosome sub- and superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Weber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hey
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pasquale Cervero
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Pal K, Tu Y, Wang X. Single-Molecule Force Imaging Reveals That Podosome Formation Requires No Extracellular Integrin-Ligand Tensions or Interactions. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2481-2493. [PMID: 35073043 PMCID: PMC9129048 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Podosomes are integrin-mediated cell adhesion units involved in many cellular and physiological processes. Integrins likely transmit tensions critical for podosome functions, but such force remains poorly characterized. DNA-based tension sensors are powerful in visualizing integrin tensions but subject to degradation by podosomes which ubiquitously recruit DNase. Here, using a DNase-resistant tension sensor based on a DNA/PNA (peptide nucleic acid) duplex, we imaged podosomal integrin tensions (PIT) in the adhesion rings of podosomes on solid substrates with single molecular tension sensitivity. PIT was shown to be generated by both actomyosin contractility and actin polymerization in podosomes. Importantly, by monitoring PIT and podosome structure in parallel, we showed that extracellular integrin-ligand tensions, despite being critical for the formation of focal adhesions, are dispensable for podosome formation, as PIT reduction or elimination has an insignificant impact on structure formation and FAK (focal adhesion kinase) phosphorylation in podosomes. We further verified that even integrin-ligand interaction is dispensable for podosome formation, as macrophages form podosomes normally on passivated surfaces that block integrin-ligand interaction but support macrophage adhesion through electrostatic adsorption or Fc receptor-immunoglobin G interaction. In contrast, focal adhesions are unable to form on these passivated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Pal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology interdepartmental program, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. Xuefeng Wang, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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10
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Alekseeva L, Mironova N. Role of Cell-Free DNA and Deoxyribonucleases in Tumor Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12246. [PMID: 34830126 PMCID: PMC8625144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported an increase in the level of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of patients with cancer. cfDNA mainly comes from tumor cells and, therefore, carries features of its genomic profile. Moreover, tumor-derived cfDNA can act like oncoviruses, entering the cells of vulnerable organs, transforming them and forming metastatic nodes. Another source of cfDNA is immune cells, including neutrophils that generate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite the potential eliminative effect of NETs on tumors, in some cases, their excessive generation provokes tumor growth as well as invasion. Considering both possible pathological contributions of cfDNA, as an agent of oncotransformation and the main component of NETs, the study of deoxyribonucleases (DNases) as anticancer and antimetastatic agents is important and promising. This review considers the pathological role of cfDNA in cancer development and the role of DNases as agents to prevent and/or prohibit tumor progression and the development of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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11
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DNase activity in human seminal plasma and follicular fluid and its inhibition by follicular fluid chelating agents. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:1079-1086. [PMID: 34753679 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the mechanism by which human follicular fluid inhibits seminal plasma DNase activity? DESIGN Human genomic DNA was incubated with human follicular fluid and seminal plasma (reaction mixture) under different experimental conditions; increasing volumes of human follicular fluid; proteinase K digested or heat inactivated human follicular fluid; and the addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ to the reaction mixture. RESULTS Increasing volume of human follicular fluid resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of seminal plasma DNase activity. Inhibition was not caused by proteins in the human follicular fluid as digestion with proteinase K or heat inactivation of human follicular fluid failed to abolish its inhibitory effect. Addition of divalent cations resulted in a reversion of the inhibitory effect, providing evidence that human follicular fluid inhibition of seminal plasma DNase activity seems to be mediated by a compound with chelating activity. Furthermore, incubation of genomic DNA with human follicular fluid in the presence of divalent cations served to elicit the existence of DNase activity. CONCLUSIONS Human follicular fluid seems to contain a molecule or molecules with chelating capacity that inhibits DNase activity of both follicular fluid and seminal plasma. Our findings provide new insight to understanding sperm preservation and the physiology of fertilization biology.
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Lin SS, Su YA, Chuang MC, Liu YW. Probing invadosomes: technologies for the analysis of invadosomes. FEBS J 2021; 289:5850-5863. [PMID: 34196119 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Invadosomes are protrusive and mechanosensitive actin devices critical for cell migration, invasion, and extracellular matrix remodeling. The dynamic, proteolytic, and protrusive natures of invadosomes have made these structures fascinating and attracted many scientists to develop new technologies for their analysis. With these exciting methodologies, many biochemical and biophysical properties of invadosomes have been well characterized and appreciated, and those discoveries elegantly explained the biological and pathological effects of invadosomes in human health and diseases. In this review, we focus on these commonly used or newly developed methods for invadosome analysis and effort to reason some discrepancies among those assays. Finally, we explore the opposite regulatory mechanisms among invadosomes and focal adhesions, another actin-rich adhesive structures, and speculate a potential rule for their switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-An Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chun Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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