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Kono Y, Shimi T. Crosstalk between mitotic reassembly and repair of the nuclear envelope. Nucleus 2024; 15:2352203. [PMID: 38780365 PMCID: PMC11123513 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2352203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope (NE) is a membrane partition between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to compartmentalize nuclear contents. It plays an important role in facilitating nuclear functions including transcription, DNA replication and repair. In mammalian cells, the NE breaks down and then reforms during cell division, and in interphase it is restored shortly after the NE rupture induced by mechanical force. In this way, the partitioning effect is regulated through dynamic processes throughout the cell cycle. A failure in rebuilding the NE structure triggers the mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents, leading to catastrophic consequences for the nuclear functions. Whereas the precise details of molecular mechanisms for NE reformation during cell division and NE restoration in interphase are still being investigated, here, we mostly focus on mammalian cells to describe key aspects that have been identified and to discuss the crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kono
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Blade SP, Falkowski DJ, Bachand SN, Pagano SJ, Chin L. Mechanobiology of Adipocytes. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:434. [PMID: 38927314 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The growing obesity epidemic necessitates increased research on adipocyte and adipose tissue function and disease mechanisms that progress obesity. Historically, adipocytes were viewed simply as storage for excess energy. However, recent studies have demonstrated that adipocytes play a critical role in whole-body homeostasis, are involved in cell communication, experience forces in vivo, and respond to mechanical stimuli. Changes to the adipocyte mechanical microenvironment can affect function and, in some cases, contribute to disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the mechanobiology of adipocytes. We reviewed over 100 papers on how mechanical stress is sensed by the adipocyte, the effects on cell behavior, and the use of cell culture scaffolds, particularly those with tunable stiffness, to study adipocyte behavior, adipose cell and tissue mechanical properties, and computational models. From our review, we conclude that adipocytes are responsive to mechanical stimuli, cell function and adipogenesis can be dictated by the mechanical environment, the measurement of mechanical properties is highly dependent on testing methods, and current modeling practices use many different approaches to recapitulate the complex behavior of adipocytes and adipose tissue. This review is intended to aid future studies by summarizing the current literature on adipocyte mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Blade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
| | - Dylan J Falkowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
| | - Sarah N Bachand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
| | - Steven J Pagano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
| | - LiKang Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013, USA
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Kroll J, Renkawitz J. Principles of organelle positioning in motile and non-motile cells. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2172-2187. [PMID: 38627564 PMCID: PMC11094012 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells are equipped with asymmetrically localised and functionally specialised components, including cytoskeletal structures and organelles. Positioning these components to specific intracellular locations in an asymmetric manner is critical for their functionality and affects processes like immune responses, tissue maintenance, muscle functionality, and neurobiology. Here, we provide an overview of strategies to actively move, position, and anchor organelles to specific locations. By conceptualizing the cytoskeletal forces and the organelle-to-cytoskeleton connectivity, we present a framework of active positioning of both membrane-enclosed and membrane-less organelles. Using this framework, we discuss how different principles of force generation and organelle anchorage are utilised by different cells, such as mesenchymal and amoeboid cells, and how the microenvironment influences the plasticity of organelle positioning. Given that motile cells face the challenge of coordinating the positioning of their content with cellular motion, we particularly focus on principles of organelle positioning during migration. In this context, we discuss novel findings on organelle positioning by anchorage-independent mechanisms and their advantages and disadvantages in motile as well as stationary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kroll
- Biomedical Center, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Renkawitz
- Biomedical Center, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Byfield FJ, Eftekhari B, Kaymak-Loveless K, Mandal K, Li D, Wells RG, Chen W, Brujic J, Bergamaschi G, Wuite GJL, Patteson AE, Janmey PA. Metabolically intact nuclei are fluidized by the activity of the chromatin remodeling motor BRG1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589275. [PMID: 38659735 PMCID: PMC11042217 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of the cell nucleus regulate nearly every facet of the cell. Changes in nuclear shape limit cell motility and gene expression. Although the nucleus is generally seen as the stiffest organelle in the cell, cells can nevertheless deform the nucleus to large strains by small mechanical stresses. Here, we show that the mechanical response of the cell nucleus exhibits active fluidization that is driven by the BRG 1 motor of the SWI/SNF/BAF chromatin-remodeling complex. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that the nucleus alters stiffness in response to the cell substrate stiffness, which is retained after the nucleus is isolated and that the work of nuclear compression is mostly dissipated rather than elastically stored. Inhibiting BRG 1 stiffens the nucleus and eliminates dissipation and nuclear remodeling both in isolated nuclei and in intact cells. These findings demonstrate a novel link between nuclear motor activity and global nuclear mechanics.
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Li J, Ni Y, Wang J, Zhu Y, Wang A, Zhu X, Sun X, Wang S, Li D, Zhou H. Precisely modulating the chromatin tracker via substituent engineering: reporting pathological oxidative stress during mitosis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3949-3956. [PMID: 38487223 PMCID: PMC10935666 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of cancer-cell mitosis presents unprecedented advantages for solving metastasis and proliferation of tumors, which has aroused great interest in visualizing the behavior via a luminescence tool. We developed a fluorescent molecule CBTZ-yne based on substituent engineering to acquire befitting lipophilicity and electrophilicity for anchoring lipid droplets and the nucleus, in which the low polarity environment and nucleic acids triggered a "weak-strong" fluorescence and "short-long" fluorescence-lifetime response. Meaningfully, CBTZ-yne visualized chromatin condensation, alignment, pull-push, and separation as well as lipid droplet dynamics, for the first time, precisely unveiling the asynchronous cellular mitosis processes affected by photo-generation reactive oxygen species according to the subtle change of fluorescence-lifetime. Our work suggested a new guideline for tracking the issue of the proliferation of malignant tumors in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Yingyong Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Junjun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Yicai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Aidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Design, Huangshan University Huangshan 245021 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Xianshun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Sen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Center of Free Electron Laser & High Magnetic Field, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University Hefei 230601 P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University Wuhu 241000 P. R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to discuss the most recent evidence exploring the role of lipid droplets in steatotic liver disease (SLD). We highlight the breadth of mechanisms by which lipid droplets may contribute to the progression of SLD with a particular focus on the role of lipid droplets as inducers of mechanical stress within hepatocytes and genetic mutations in lipid droplet associated proteins. Finally, this review provides an update on clinical trials exploring the therapeutic potential and strategies targeting lipid droplets. RECENT FINDINGS The size, composition and location of hepatic lipid droplets strongly influence the pathological role of these organelles in SLD. Emerging studies are beginning to elucidate the importance of lipid droplet induced hepatocyte mechanical stress. Novel strategies targeting lipid droplets, including the effects of lipid droplet associated protein mutations, show promising therapeutic potential. SUMMARY Much more than a histological feature, lipid droplets are complex heterogenous organelles crucial to cellular metabolism with important causative roles in the development and progression of SLD. Lipid droplet induced mechanical stress may exacerbate hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis and potentially contribute to the development of a pro-carcinogenic hepatic environment. The integration of advancements in genetics and molecular biology in upcoming treatments aspires to transcend symptomatic alleviation and address the fundamental causes and pathological development of SLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Bilson
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Eleonora Scorletti
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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