The organization of the nucleolus in meristematic plant cells. A cytochemical study

Nucleolonema as a fundamental substructure of the nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most obvious structure in the eukaryotic nucleus. It is known to be a ribosome-producing apparatus where ribosomal (r) DNA is transcribed and the primary rRNA transcripts are processed to produce three of the four rRNA species. Electron microscopy has shown that the nucleolus consists of three major components, a dense fibrillar component (DFC), a granular component (GC) and a fibrillar center (FC). The DFC and FCs are integrated into a fundamental nucleolar substructure called the nucleolonema. The DFC corresponds to the matrix of the nucleolonema, and the FC is an electron microscopic counterpart of argyrophobic lacunae localized in the nucleolonema. The spherical FCs are intermittently arranged along the length of the nucleolonema in actively growing cells but are fused with each other to form tubular FCs when rDNA transcription is hampered. The RNase-gold complex does not bind to the FC but to the DFC and the GC, suggesting that rDNA transcription does not occur in the FC although both fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and electron microscopic in situ hybridization reveal that the rDNA is specifically localized in the FCs. Immunogold-labeling after bromo-UTP (BrUTP) incorporation shows that rDNA transcription takes place in the boundary region between the FC and the DFC, and primary rRNA transcripts are expected to be processed outward within the DFC. Data have accumulated suggesting that the nucleolonema is a fundamental substructure of the nucleolus, and its skeleton is the tandem arrangement of the FCs, which are resting harbors or storages of rDNA. This paper proposes that the transversal structural organization of the nucleolonema is centrifugally built up by several structural and functional domains: condensed and/or loosened rDNA, rDNA transcription zone, and transcript processing and ribosome assembly zones.

Ultrastructural detection of DNA within the nucleolus by sensitive molecular immunocytochemistry

This paper describes a new technique for locating DNA on semithin or ultrathin sections of aldehyde-fixed and plastic-embedded cells or tissues. Sections were incubated in a medium containing bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) triphosphate and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. The labeled nucleotides bound at the surface of the sections were subsequently detected with an anti-BUdR antibody and immunoglobulin-gold complex. On semithin sections, labeled nucleotide detection was achieved by an amplification step with silver enhancement. This technique was applied to a wide variety of biological materials allowing a sensitive detection of DNA-containing structures, even where these are present in very low amounts. Examples of high resolution and sensitive detection include the DNA present in mitochondria, chloroplasts, mycoplasmas, and DNA viruses. Special attention focused on the location of DNA inside the nucleolus. In Ehrlich tumor cell nucleoli, DNA was detected in the fibrillar centers and not in the dense fibrillar component. Identical results were found in the nucleoli of other cell types. These results contradict earlier data but conform with other recent immunocytochemical observations concerning the correlation between structure and function in the nucleolus. This method provides a useful tool for investigations requiring highly precise correlations between a molecular function and a given ultrastructural morphology.

Immunoelectron microscope localization of bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into DNA of Ehrlich tumor cell nucleoli

The distribution of DNA within the nucleolus of Ehrlich tumor cells has been investigated by means of a recent immunocytochemical approach involving an electron microscopic detection of incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) into DNA by an anti-BUdR monoclonal antibody. An immunogold method has been performed on ultrathin sections of cells embedded in Lowicryl K4M. In the nucleolus, gold particles are essentially found over the perinucleolar chromatin adn over its intranucleolar invaginations which are connected with the fibrillar centers. In addition, a few gold particles are also observed in the fibrillar centers, preferentially toward their peripheral regions. In contrast, the dense fibrillar component is completely devoid of labeling. The results are discussed in the context of other recent findings concerning the functional organization of the nucleolus.

Ultrastructural localization of DNA and RNA in Allium porrum interphase cells by means of nuclease-gold complexes

Nucleic acids have been localized in Allium porrum interphase meristematic cells by means of labelling with nuclease-gold complexes, a technique which provides high resolution and improved specificity. DNase-gold labelling was observed over dense chromatin and to a lesser extent over dispersed chromatin. Nucleolar labelling was restricted to the dense fibrillar component, very few particles being located over the fibrillar centres. Labelling by the RNase-gold complex was present over both the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. Cytoplasm labelling was intense over the rough endoplasmic reticulum but absent over vacuoles. In the nucleoplasm many gold particles were located at the border between the condensed and the dispersed chromatin. Nucleolar labelling was intense over the granular zones but many gold particles were also seen over the dense fibrillar component. Fibrillar centres showed, however, no labelling with the RNase-gold complex. These results are consistent with previous autoradiographic and cytochemical observations carried out on the same plant material.

Ultrastructural changes in the endoplasmic reticulum during dormancy release of apple embryos (Pyrus malus L.)

Apple embryos were treated by cold (0°C) within the fruits, to break their dormancy; the controls were treated at 12°C or at 20°C. Ultrastructural features of meristematic cells in the embryonic axis were compared for each treatment. The organization of the cells of dormant embryos was described: Endoplasmic reticulum consisted in some short rough cisternae; lipid droplets regularly arranged near the plasmalemma constituted a kind of shell; mitochondria had a few cristae; and dictyosomes were rarely observed. All these features are typical of dry seeds. After cold treatments, the only evolution observed was in the endoplasmic reticulum, where highly organized stacks appeared progressively as a function of time at 0°C. An intermediate temperature (12°C) induced similar formations in the reticulum but they were rarely observed and their degree of organization was lower than that obtained at 0°C. At 20°C, endoplasmic reticulum resembled that of the dormant embryo cells. The relation between the appearance of these structures in the reticulum and the disappearance of dormancy induced by cold is discussed.

The nucleolar fibrillar centres in various cell types in vivo or in vitro

Nucleoli were studied in chick fibroblasts cultured in vitro, under normal or under experimental conditions, and in several mammalian cell types in vivo. All these cells frequently contain nucleoli with fibrillar centres. The nucleolar fibrillar centres are composed of fibrous material of low electron density and are always intimately associated with the dense fibrillar component. Their morphology is very similar to that analysed cytochemically in Ehrlich tumour cells. It therefore appears that they could be related to the nucleolar organizers as suggested in Ehrlich tumour cells.

The nucleolus at prophase of meiosis in three plants: an ultrastructural study

The nucleolus and nucleolar organizing region have been studied with the electron microscope in respect of (a) the fine structure of the nucleolar organizer during zygotene in pollen mother cells ofPhaedranassa viridiflora, as compared with that seen in interphase nuclei of ovary wall and tapetum of this plant; (b) in relation to premature dissolution of the nucleolus at zygotene in pollen mother cells of an F1 hybrid ofLilium aureliensis×Lilium henryiand the hybrid lily ‘Formobel’; (c) in respect of pseudonucleoli found in association with the nucleolus in pollen mother cells of all three plants. In the pollen mother cells of thePhaedranassa, as distinct from a simple arrangement of intranucleolar chromatin observed in the nucleoli in interphase nuclei of tapetum and ovary wall, the organizer is shown to consist of rounded electron-opaque filamentous aggregations about 40-50 nm in diameter, joined by a fine filament seemingly as in a string of beads, and, toward the periphery of the nucleolus, arranged equidistant from each other in columns originating from the organizing chromosomes. Within the core of the nucleolus the aggregations, though still joined, were widely dispersed and contained within lacunae. Axial cores were closely aligned with the organizer, but the completion of the synaptonemal complex in the organizing region was apparently delayed. The premature dissolution of the nucleoli in the pollen mother cells of the two lilies led to a displacement of their characteristic zones: the peripheral particulate zones were dispersed and the weakly staining organizing region became external to therelicnucleolar cores. The relegated organizing regions, fringed lightly at the sides by chromatin, invariably contained 1-2 rounded areas comprised of fine filaments with an electron opacity equivalent to that of the coarser fibrils in the chromatin of the organizing chromosomes to which they were seen to be joined. These rounded skeins are tentatively assumed to represent the withdrawn organizers. No synaptonemal complexes or relics of its components were observed in the organizing regions. Round bodies (pseudonucleoli) with a maximum observed incidence of 2 per nucleus inPhaedranassaand 1 per nucleus in the lilies were frequently seen. They were either totally enclosed within the nucleolus, as was usually the rule in the former, or partly engulfed by it as in the latter. They were composed of filaments about 25 nm wide and their diameter ranged between 0.6-2.5 μm. Their close association with the nucleolus and confinement to meiosis, suggests that they are formed on the nucleolar chromosomes at loci close to the nucleolar organizer, which may be metabolically active only at prophase of meiosis. Various aspects concerning the nucleolar organizing region and organizer are discussed in the light of the present observations.

Cytological studies on the inhibition by 5-fluorouracil of ribosome synthesis and growth in jerusalem artichoke tuber slices

Rapid auxin-induced cell expansion in artichoke tuber slices is obtained by aerating the slices in water ("aging") prior to auxin treatment. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an inhibitor of ribosomal RNA synthesis in plant cells, markedly inhibits auxin-induced growth only if present in the pre-growth aging period. Autoradiographic studies show that 5-FU given in the aging and/or growth periods reduces the incorporation of RNA precursors into the cytoplasm. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that the reduced cytoplasmic incorporation is in large part due to decreased stability of ribosomal rNA, as nucleolar and chromatin label are only slightly depressed at the end of the pulse. Though the nucleoli continue to incorporate RNA precursors following 5-FU treatment, they lack a distinct granular zone, and appear as homogeneous fibrillar structures under the electron microscope. 5-FU has a parallel inhibitory effect on growth and protein synthesis as shown by (3)H-leucine studies during the growth period. Electron-microscope studies show that treatment with 5-FU causes decreased numbers of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The results suggest that the ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum formed during aging are important in obtaining subsequent rapid auxin-induced expansion. The new ribosomes serve in part to replace pre-existing ribosomes present at the time of excision, which from electron microscopic evidence from 5-FU treated tissue, appear to slowly disappear.

Ultrastructure of the nucleolus during the Chinese hamster cell cycle

Changes in the structure of the nucleolus during the cell cycle of the Chinese hamster cell in vitro were studied. Quantitative electron microscopic techniques were used to establish the size and volume changes in nucleolar structures. In mitosis, nucleolar remnants, "persistent nucleoli," consisting predominantly of ribosome-like granular material, and a granular coating on the chromosomes were observed. Persistent nucleoli were also observed in some daughter nuclei as they were leaving telophase and entering G(1). During very early G(1), a dense, fibrous material characteristic of interphase nucleoli was noted in the nucleoplasm of the cells. As the cells progressed through G(1), a granular component appeared which was intimately associated with the fibrous material. By the middle of G(1), complete, mature nucleoli were present. The nucleolar volume enlarged by a factor of two from the beginning of G(1) to the middle of S primarily due to the accumulation of the granular component. During the G(2) period, there was a dissolution or breakdown of the nucleolus prior to the entry of the cells into mitosis. Correlations between the quantitative aspects of this study and biochemical and cytochemical data available in the literature suggest the following: nucleolar reformation following division results from the activation of the nucleolar organizer regions which transcribe for RNA first appearing in association with protein as a fibrous component (45S RNA) and then later as a granular component (28S and 32S RNA).

Cytoplasmic inclusions resembling nucleoli in sympathetic neurons of adult rats

A distinctive cytoplasmic inclusion consisting of a convoluted network of electron-opaque strands embedded in a less dense matrix was identified in the neurons, but not in the supporting cells, of rat sympathetic ganglia. This ball-like structure, designated "nematosome," measures approximately 0.9 micro and lacks a limiting membrane. Its strands (diameter = 400-600 A) appear to be made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments and particles approximately 25-50 A thick. Cytochemical studies carried out with the light microscope suggest the presence of nonhistone proteins and some RNA. Usually only one such structure is present in a cell, and it appears to occur in most ganglion cells. Although they can be seen anywhere in the cell body, nematosomes are typically located in the perinuclear cytoplasm, where they are often associated with smooth-surfaced and coated vesicles. In fine structure and stainability, they bear a resemblance to the fibrous component of the nucleolus. Subsynaptic formations, which are a special feature of some of the synapses in sympathetic ganglia, appear similar to the threadlike elements in the nematosomes. The possibility that these three structures-nucleolus, nematosome, and subsynaptic formation-may be interrelated in origin and function is discussed.