1
|
Yoshida T, Takemoto M. Impaired cardiac and neurological function with mild hypophosphatemia during insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis and marked improvement with phosphate supplementation: A case report. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:454-458. [PMID: 32654423 PMCID: PMC7926208 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis occasionally results in hypophosphatemia, which is often mild and does not require treatment. However, we experienced a case in which intravenous insulin administration resulted in myocardial injury and altered consciousness despite mild hypophosphatemia. Phosphate replacement therapy resulted in a marked improvement in symptoms. As overlapping conditions that result in hypophosphatemia can cause severe complications after insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis, even in patients with mild hypophosphatemia, physicians should pay more attention to changes in phosphate levels in patients undergoing treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Yoshida
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and EndocrinologySchool of MedicineInternational University of Health and WelfareChibaJapan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and EndocrinologySchool of MedicineInternational University of Health and WelfareChibaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gottesman ME, Chudaev M, Mustaev A. Key features of magnesium that underpin its role as the major ion for electrophilic biocatalysis. FEBS J 2020; 287:5439-5463. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max E. Gottesman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Columbia University Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Maxim Chudaev
- Public Health Research Institute & Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics New Jersey Medical School Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Newark NJ USA
| | - Arkady Mustaev
- Public Health Research Institute & Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics New Jersey Medical School Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences Newark NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brister EY, Vasi Z, Antipova O, Robinson A, Tan X, Agarwal A, Stock SR, Carriero A, Richter CP. X-ray fluorescence microscopy: A method of measuring ion concentrations in the ear. Hear Res 2020; 391:107948. [PMID: 32283439 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This technical note describes synchrotron x-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) as a method for measuring the concentrations of different elements in cross-sections of the ear at extremely high resolution. This method could be of great importance for addressing many open questions in hearing research. XFM uses synchrotron radiation to evoke emissions from many biologically relevant elements in the tissue. The intensity and wavelength of the emitted radiation provide a fingerprint of the tissue composition that can be used to measure the concentration of the elements in the sampled location. Here, we focus on energies that target biologically-relevant elements of the periodic table between magnesium and zinc. Since a highly focused x-ray beam is used, the spot size is well below 1 μm and the samples can be scanned at a nanometer lateral resolution. This study shows that measurement of the concentrations of different elements is possible in a mid-modiolar cross-section of a mouse cochlea. Images are presented that indicate potassium and chloride "hot spots" in the spiral ligament and the spiral limbus, providing experimental evidence for the potassium recycling pathway and showing the cochlear structures involved. Scans of a section obtained from the incus, one of the middle ear ossicles, in a developing mouse have shown that zinc is not uniformly distributed This supports the hypothesis that zinc plays a special role in the process of ossification. Although limited by sophisticated sample preparation and sectioning, the method provides ample exciting opportunities, to understand the role of genetics and epigenetics on hearing mechanisms in ontogeny and phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Y Brister
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Zahra Vasi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL, United States
| | - Olga Antipova
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States
| | - Alan Robinson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aditi Agarwal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stuart R Stock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alessandra Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, NY, United States
| | - Claus-Peter Richter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; The Hugh Knowles Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gottesman ME, Mustaev A. Ribonucleoside-5'-diphosphates (NDPs) support RNA polymerase transcription, suggesting NDPs may have been substrates for primordial nucleic acid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11785-11792. [PMID: 31189650 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the structural basis for the preferences of RNA and DNA polymerases for nucleoside-5'-triphosphates (NTPs) could help define the catalytic mechanisms for nucleotidyl transfer during RNA and DNA synthesis and the origin of primordial nucleic acid biosynthesis. We show here that ribonucleoside-5'-diphosphates (NDPs) can be utilized as substrates by RNA polymerase (RNAP). We found that NDP incorporation is template-specific and that noncognate NDPs are not incorporated. Compared with the natural RNAP substrates, NTPs, the Km of RNAP for NDPs was increased ∼4-fold, whereas the V max was decreased ∼200-fold. These properties could be accounted for by molecular modeling of NTP/RNAP co-crystal structures. This finding suggested that the terminal phosphate residue in NTP (not present in NDP) is important for positioning the nucleotide for nucleolytic attack in the nucleotidyl transfer reaction. Strikingly, a mutational substitution of the active-center βR1106 side chain involved in NTP positioning also strongly inhibited NDP-directed synthesis, even though this residue does not contact NDP. Substitutions in the structurally analogous side chain in RB69 DNA polymerase (Arg-482) and HIV reverse transcriptase (Lys-65) were previously observed to inhibit dNDP incorporation. The unexpected involvement of these residues suggests that they affect a step in catalysis common for nucleic acid polymerases. The substrate activity of NDPs with RNAP along with those reported for DNA polymerases reinforces the hypothesis that NDPs may have been used for nucleic acid biosynthesis by primordial enzymes, whose evolution then led to the use of the more complex triphosphate derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max E Gottesman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Arkady Mustaev
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serrano-Bueno G, Madroñal JM, Manzano-López J, Muñiz M, Pérez-Castiñeira JR, Hernández A, Serrano A. Nuclear proteasomal degradation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inorganic pyrophosphatase Ipp1p, a nucleocytoplasmic protein whose stability depends on its subcellular localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1019-1033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
6
|
Wang S, Chen Y, Wang S, Li P, Mirkin CA, Farha OK. DNA-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Intracellular Delivery of Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2215-2219. [PMID: 30669839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their large size, charged surfaces, and environmental sensitivity, proteins do not naturally cross cell-membranes in intact form and, therefore, are difficult to deliver for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Based upon the observation that clustered oligonucleotides can naturally engage scavenger receptors that facilitate cellular transfection, nucleic acid-metal organic framework nanoparticle (MOF NP) conjugates have been designed and synthesized from NU-1000 and PCN-222/MOF-545, respectively, and phosphate-terminated oligonucleotides. They have been characterized structurally and with respect to their ability to enter mammalian cells. The MOFs act as protein hosts, and their densely functionalized, oligonucleotide-rich surfaces make them colloidally stable and ensure facile cellular entry. With insulin as a model protein, high loading and a 10-fold enhancement of cellular uptake (as compared to that of the native protein) were achieved. Importantly, this approach can be generalized to facilitate the delivery of a variety of proteins as biological probes or potential therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Yijing Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Shuya Wang
- Interdepartmental Biological Sciences , 2205 Tech Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inorganic phosphate, arsenate, and vanadate enhance exonuclease transcript cleavage by RNA polymerase by 2000-fold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2746-2751. [PMID: 29483274 PMCID: PMC5856549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720370115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic Pi is involved in all major biochemical pathways. Here we describe a previously unreported activity of Pi We show that Pi and its structural mimics, vanadate and arsenate, enhance nascent transcript cleavage by RNA polymerase (RNAP). They engage an Mg2+ ion in catalysis and activate an attacking water molecule. Pi, vanadate, and arsenate stimulate the intrinsic exonuclease activity of the enzyme nearly 2,000-fold at saturating concentrations of the reactant anions and Mg2+ This enhancement is comparable to that of specialized transcript cleavage protein factors Gre and TFIIS (3,000- to 4,000-fold). Unlike these protein factors, Pi and its analogs do not stimulate endonuclease transcript cleavage. Conversely, the protein factors only marginally enhance exonucleolytic cleavage. Pi thus complements cellular protein factors in assisting hydrolytic RNA cleavage by extending the repertoire of RNAP transcript degradation modes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Biochemical and biomedical aspects of metabolic imidazoles. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1363-9. [PMID: 21945027 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The imidazole structure is involved in the formation of several compounds in the human metabolism including methyl imidazole, imidazole acetic acid, histidine, histamine, carnosine and homocarnosine. A number of these compounds are widely distributed metabolites such as histamine which is present in basophil and mast cells as well as being present in muscle and brain cells. This work advances detailed proposals on the metabolic chemical reactions which produce and decompose the compounds. The activity of these compounds in detrimental allergic medical conditions is discussed and the origin of the medical observations of the imidazole based medical compound known as cimetidine is discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Biochemical reactions in cells which involve oxalic acid are described. It is shown that this compound is required for the formation of uracil and orotic acid. The former is a component of RNA which is common to all cells in the human metabolism. On the basis of the biochemical reactions described a possible treatment to relieve the effects of calcium oxalate renal calculi whose origin is related to the metabolic concentration of oxalic acid is proposed.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Tandler CJ, Pellegrino de Iraldi A. A silver-reducing component in rat striated muscle. I. Selective localization at the level of the terminal cistern/transverse tubule system. Light and electron microscope studies with a new histochemical procedure. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1989; 92:15-22. [PMID: 2475466 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the presence of a silver-reducing constituent in rat striated muscle fiber located selectively at the level of the terminal cistern/transverse tubule system. It is related to the T tubule network at or near sites that participate in junctions with terminal cisternae, i.e., at both sides of the T tubule in skeletal muscle (triad) and, predominantly, at one side in the ventricle (dyad). Little reactivity is present in the auricle due to the scarcity of those membrane systems. The longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum, the sarcolemma, mitochondria and myofibrils are not outlined by the reaction product. Extraction of low molecular weight substances, nucleic acids and lipids did not suppress the chemical reaction. A new argentaffin (Hg--Ag) technique is described. Ethanol or aldehyde fixed muscles were passed to water, postfixed 6-24 h with mercuric acetate (5% w/v in 1% acetic acid), washed with 1% acetic acid and distilled water, stained 12-24 h at 43 degrees C with ammoniacal silver nitrate (60% w/v) and washed in 10% sodium sulfite (three changes) and water. All steps were carried out in darkness. Postfixation with mercuric acetate proved to be essential for immobilizing the argentaffin component without interfering with its strong argentaffinity. The procedure also provides a simple method for tracing the pathway of transversally oriented membrane systems in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Tandler
- Instituto de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, República Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Grossmann K, Haschke HP, Seitz HU. Regulation of RNA synthesis in higher plant cells by the action of a nucleoside triphosphatase. PLANTA 1981; 152:457-460. [PMID: 24301120 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/1981] [Accepted: 05/11/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of nucleoside triphosphates in relation to divalent cations on RNA synthesis of cells from a suspension culture from parsley was investigated. The data obtained from experiments with isolated nuclei and with an in vitro system with highly purified RNA polymerase I were compared with a chromatin-bound nucleoside triphosphatase activity within the nucleus. The results might suggest a regulatory role of the nucleoside triphosphatase activity in RNA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Grossmann
- Institut für Biologie I der Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-7400, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Freinkel N. Phosphate translocations during secretory stimulation of pancreatic islets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1979; 119:71-7. [PMID: 386733 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9110-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
15
|
Freinkel N, Pedley KC, Wooding P, Dawson RM. Localization of inorganic phosphate in the pancreatic B cell and its loss on glucose stimulation. Science 1978; 201:1124-6. [PMID: 356269 DOI: 10.1126/science.356269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Perifusion experiments have shown that there is a discharge of inorganic phosphate into the medium when insulin secretion from isolated islets is stimulated by glucose. Histochemical and microprobe examination of resting pancreatic islets in the electron microscope shows a specific accumulation of inorganic phosphate adjacent to the plasmalemma and nucleolus of the B (beta) cells. This phossphate is lost from the cells during secretory stimulation of islets with high concentrations of glucose.
Collapse
|
16
|
Unger E, Halbhuber KJ, Buchwalow IB, Schütz H. Phosphationenaufnahme durch biologische materialien, phosphationendiffusion und elektronenoptischer phosphohydrolase-nachweis. Acta Histochem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(78)80108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Clemente F, Meldolesi J. Calcium and pancreatic secretion. I. Subcellular distribution of calcium and magnesium in the exocrine pancreas of the guinea pig. J Cell Biol 1975; 65:88-102. [PMID: 165206 PMCID: PMC2111169 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.65.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of calcium and magnesium has been studied in the acinar cells of the pancreas of the guinea pig. Most of the magnesium was found to be associated with the rough microsomes (probably bound to the ribosomes) and with the postmicrosomal supernate. In contrast, calcium was distributed among all the particulate fractions, primarily the mitochondria, microsomes (especially smooth surfaced), zymogen granules, and the plasmalemma, and was low in the postmicrosomal supernate. Most of the calcium recovered in the particulate fractions was found to be membrane bound. The highest concentrations were found in the membranes of the zymogen granules and in the plasmalemma. By means of control experiments using -45Ca as the tracer, it was established that a considerable redistribution of calcium occurs during homogenization and cell fractionation. At least some of the resulting artifacts were estimated quantitatively and the data were corrected accordingly. The biochemical results were confirmed with the cytochemical antimonate technique carried out on the tissue as well as on isolated fractions. The role of calcium associated with the zymogen granules and with their limiting membranes is discussed in relation to the architecture of the granule and to the functionality of the pancreatic juice.
Collapse
|
19
|
Larsson A, Helander HF. Studies on dentinogenesis in the rat. Light, electron microscopic and histochemical studies on the interaction between lead pyrophosphate solutions and dentin-producing tissues. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1974; 14:87-104. [PMID: 4132184 DOI: 10.1007/bf02060286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
20
|
Bornens M. Letter: Action of heparin on nuclei: solubilization of chromatin enabling the isolation of nuclear membranes. Nature 1973; 244:28-30. [PMID: 4582480 DOI: 10.1038/244028a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
21
|
Schuchner EB, Foix A, Borenstein CA. Subcellular distribution of inorganic cations in human ovary. Fertil Steril 1972; 23:283-8. [PMID: 5060950 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)38888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Tandler CJ, Kierszenbaum AL. Inorganic cations in rat kidney. Localization with potassium pyroantimonate--perfusion fixation. J Cell Biol 1971; 50:830-9. [PMID: 4106544 PMCID: PMC2108297 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.50.3.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For localization of pyroantimonate-precipitable cations, rat kidney was fixed by perfusion with a saturated aqueous solution of potassium pyroantimonate (pH about 9.2, without addition of any conventional fixative). A remarkably good preservation of the tissue and cell morphology was obtained as well as a consistent and reproducible localization of the insoluble antimonate salts of magnesium, calcium, and sodium. All proximal and distal tubules and glomeruli were delimited by massive electron-opaque precipitates localized in the basement membrane and, to a lesser extent, in adjacent connective tissue. In the intraglomerular capillaries the antimonate precipitate was encountered in the basement membranes and also between the foot processes. In addition to a more or less uniform distribution in the cytoplasm and between the microvilli of the brush border, antimonate precipitates were found in all cell nuclei, mainly between the masses of condensed chromatin. The mitochondria usually contained a few large antimonate deposits which probably correspond to the so-called "dense granules" observed after conventional fixations.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kierszenbaum AL, Libanati CM, Tandler CJ. The distribution of inorganic cations in mouse testis. Electron microscope and microprobe analysis. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1971; 48:314-23. [PMID: 4101521 PMCID: PMC2108181 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.48.2.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For localization of pyroantimonate-precipitable cations, mouse testes were fixed with a saturated aqueous solution of potassium pyroantimonate (pH about 9.2, without addition of any conventional fixative), hardened with formaldehyde, and postosmicated. A good preservation of the cell membranes and over-all cell morphology is obtained as well as a consistent and reproducible localization of the insoluble antimonate salts of magnesium, calcium, and sodium. Four sites of prominent antimonate deposits are revealed, besides a more or less uniform distribution of the precipitates. These sites are: (a) In the walls of the seminiferous tubules, localized in two concentric layers corresponding to the inner and outer layers of the tubular wall; (b) Around the blood vessels and adjacent connective tissue; (c) At the area of contact between the Sertoli cell and spermatids, where a double line of precipitate surrounds the head of the mature spermatids; and (d) In the cell nuclei, disposed between regions of the condensed chromatin. The nucleus of mature spermatids did not show any sign of antimonate precipitation. The implications of this inorganic cation distribution are discussed with relation to their anionic counterparts, their localization in other animal and plant tissues, and the possibility that those sites may represent barriers to the free passage of ions.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tandler CJ, Libanati CM, Sanchis CA. The intracellular localization of inorganic cations with potassium pyroantimonate. Electron microscope and microprobe analysis. J Cell Biol 1970; 45:355-66. [PMID: 4935442 PMCID: PMC2107891 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.45.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium pyroantimonate, when used as fixative (saturated or half-saturated, without addition of any conventional fixative) has been demonstrated to produce intracellular precipitates of the insoluble salts of calcium, magnesium, and sodium and to preserve the general cell morphology. In both animal and plant tissues, the electron-opaque antimonate precipitates were found deposited in the nucleus-as well as within the nucleolus-and in the cytoplasm, largely at the site of the ribonucleoprotein particles; the condensed chromatin appeared relatively free of precipitates. The inorganic cations are probably in a loosely bound state since they are not retained by conventional fixatives. The implications of this inorganic cation distribution in the intact cell are discussed in connection with their anionic counterparts, i.e., complexing of cations by fixed anionic charges and the coexistence of a large pool of inorganic orthophosphate anions in the nucleus and nucleolus.
Collapse
|