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Wallace RL, Dash KM, Araújo TQ, Walsh EJ, Das S, Hochberg R. Ultrastructural characterization of the putative defensive glands (warts) in the sessile, colonial rotifer Sinantherina socialis (Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae). ZOOL ANZ 2023; 304:10-20. [PMID: 37484813 PMCID: PMC10361403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Female Sinantherina socialis are freshwater, sessile, colonial rotifers that possess two pairs of distinctive glands (warts) located below the corona. Previous studies demonstrated that colonies are unpalatable to many invertebrate and vertebrate predators; those authors suggested that the warts were a possible source of a chemical deterrent to predation. Here we explore wart ultrastructure and cytochemisty to determine whether the warts function as exocrine glands and if their contents display any allomone-like chemistry, respectively. Externally, the warts appear as elevated bulges without pores. Internally, the warts are specialized regions of the integumental syncytium and therefore acellular. The lipid stain Nile Red labels all four warts. Two lipid membrane probes (sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol) also bind the warts and may be staining internal secretion vesicle membranes. In fact, wart ultrastructure is defined by hundreds of membrane-bound secretion vesicles packed tightly together. The vesicles are mostly electron-lucent and crowded into a well-defined cytoplasmic space. The cytoplasm also contains abundant ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and Golgi, but nuclei are generally positioned peripheral to the packed vesicles. Absence of muscles around the warts or any signs of direct innervation suggests expulsion of gland contents is forced by general body contraction. A single specimen with 'empty' warts implies that secretions are released en masse from all glands simultaneously. The identity of the chemical secretion remains to be determined, but the lack of osmium and uranyl acetate staining suggests a low abundance or absence of phenols, unsaturated lipids, or NH2 and -COOH groups. This absence, combined with the positive Nile Red staining, is interpreted as evidence that vesicles contain saturated fatty acids such as lactones that are unpalatable to predators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rick Hochberg
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Onyile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois 61455
| | - H. H. Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois 61455
| | - R. V. Gessner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois 61455
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Colleters in Rubiaceae from forest and savanna: the link between secretion and environment. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Rapp YG, Ransbotyn V, Grafi G. Senescence Meets Dedifferentiation. PLANTS 2015; 4:356-68. [PMID: 27135333 PMCID: PMC4844402 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Senescence represents the final stage of leaf development but is often induced prematurely following exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses. Leaf senescence is manifested by color change from green to yellow (due to chlorophyll degradation) or to red (due to de novo synthesis of anthocyanins coupled with chlorophyll degradation) and frequently culminates in programmed death of leaves. However, the breakdown of chlorophyll and macromolecules such as proteins and RNAs that occurs during leaf senescence does not necessarily represent a one-way road to death but rather a reversible process whereby senescing leaves can, under certain conditions, re-green and regain their photosynthetic capacity. This phenomenon essentially distinguishes senescence from programmed cell death, leading researchers to hypothesize that changes occurring during senescence might represent a process of trans-differentiation, that is the conversion of one cell type to another. In this review, we highlight attributes common to senescence and dedifferentiation including chromatin structure and activation of transposable elements and provide further support to the notion that senescence is not merely a deterioration process leading to death but rather a unique developmental state resembling dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemima Givaty Rapp
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel.
| | - Vanessa Ransbotyn
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel.
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel.
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Stress induces cell dedifferentiation in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:378-84. [PMID: 25086338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence lends support to the proposal that a major theme in plant responses to stresses is dedifferentiation, whereby mature cells acquire stem cell features (e.g. open chromatin conformation) prior to acquisition of a new cell fate. In this review, we discuss data addressing plant cell plasticity and provide evidence linking stress, dedifferentiation and a switch in cell fate. We emphasize the epigenetic modifications associated with stress-induced global changes in chromatin structure and conclude with the implications for genetic variation and for induced pluripotent stem cells in animals. It appears that stress is perceived as a signal that directs plant cells to undergo reprogramming (dedifferentiation) as a means for adaptation and in preparation for a stimulus-based acquisition of a new cell fate. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Quagio-Grassiotto I, Wildner DD, Guimarães-Bassoli ACD. A cytochemical approach to describe oocyte development in the freshwater ostariophysan, Serrasalmus maculatus (Characiformes). Micron 2014; 60:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Martínez LC, Fialho MDCQ, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of salivary glands of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:535-543. [PMID: 24022679 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a zoophytophagous insect with a potential for use as a biological control agent in agriculture because nymphs and adults actively prey on various insects by inserting mouthparts and regurgitating the contents of the salivary glands inside the prey, causing rapid paralysis and death. However, the substances found in saliva of P. nigrispinus that causes the death of the prey are unknown. As a first step to identify the component of the saliva of P. nigrispinus, this study evaluated the ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the salivary glands of P. nigrispinus. The salivary system of P. nigrispinus has a pair of principal salivary glands, which are bilobed with a short anterior lobe and a long posterior lobe, and a pair of tubular accessory glands. The principal gland epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells enclosing a large lumen. Epithelial cells of the principal salivary gland vary from cubic to columnar shape, with one or two spherical and well-developed nuclei. Cells of the anterior lobe of the principal salivary gland have an apical surface with narrow, short, and irregular plasma membrane foldings; apical and perinuclear cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum; and mitochondria with tubular cristae. The basal portion of the secretory cells has mitochondria associated with many basal plasma membrane infoldings that are short but form large extracellular canals. Secretory granules with electron-dense core and electron-transparent peripheral are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Cells of the posterior lobe of the principal salivary gland are similar to those of the anterior lobe, except for the presence of mitochondria with transverse cristae. The accessory salivary gland cells are columnar with apical microvilli, have well-developed nucleus and cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum, and have secretory granules. Cytochemical tests showed positive reactions for carbohydrate, protein, and acid phosphatase in different regions of the glandular system. The principal salivary glands of P. nigrispinus do not have muscle cells attached to its wall, suggesting that saliva-releasing mechanism may occurs with the participation of some thorax muscles. The cytochemical and ultrastructural features suggest that the principal and accessory salivary glands play a role in protein synthesis of the saliva.
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Paes-De-Oliveira VT, Berger B, Poiani SB, Paulino Simões ZL, Da Cruz-Landim C. Effects of treatment of the fat body trophocytes ofMelipona quadrifasciata anthidioidesnurse workers and virgin queens in culture by juvenile hormone III and ecdysterone (20-HE). Microsc Res Tech 2012; 76:20-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Paes-de-Oliveira VT, Roat TC, Berger B, Da Cruz-Landim C. Cytochemistry of fat body trophocytes and ovaries of workers and queens of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) during vitellogenesis. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1623-31. [PMID: 22833289 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The fat body (FB) of insects is where yolk proteins are synthesized. Therefore, relationships between the FB and oogenesis were studied in nurse workers, virgins, and physogastric queens of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, a stingless bee in which the workers produce and lay eggs while provisioning brood cells. The relationships between FB and oogenesis, as well as the routes of materials from hemolymph to the oocytes, were studied through the cytochemical detection of lipids by osmium imidazole (OI), carbohydrates by ruthenium red (RR) and basic proteins by ammoniacal silver (AS). The results show differences in the presence of the studied materials in FB trophocytes and ovary of the classes of females studied and oogenesis phases. Material that tested positive for the treatments was detected among the classes of individuals studied in both, trophocytes and oocytes, and in the route of those materials from hemolymph to the oocytes. The differences found among the individual classes indicate relationships with the nutrition and adaptation to the parsimonious use of nutrients in the metabolism of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Tadeu Paes-de-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Bela Vista, 13.506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Zapata A. Splenic Erythropoiesis and Thrombopoiesis in Elasmobranchs: An Ultrastructural Study. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1980.tb01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Grafi G, Florentin A, Ransbotyn V, Morgenstern Y. The stem cell state in plant development and in response to stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:53. [PMID: 22645540 PMCID: PMC3355748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are commonly defined by their developmental capabilities, namely, self-renewal and multitype differentiation, yet the biology of stem cells and their inherent features both in plants and animals are only beginning to be elucidated. In this review article we highlight the stem cell state in plants with reference to animals and the plastic nature of plant somatic cells often referred to as totipotency as well as the essence of cellular dedifferentiation. Based on recent published data, we illustrate the picture of stem cells with emphasis on their open chromatin conformation. We discuss the process of dedifferentiation and highlight its transient nature, its distinction from re-entry into the cell cycle and its activation following exposure to stress. We also discuss the potential hazard that can be brought about by stress-induced dedifferentiation and its major impact on the genome, which can undergo stochastic, abnormal reorganization leading to genetic variation by means of DNA transposition and/or DNA recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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12
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Kloukina-Pantazidou I, Havaki S, Chrysanthou-Piterou M, Kontaxakis VP, Papadimitriou GN, Issidorides MR. Chromatin Alterations in Leukocytes of First-episode Schizophrenic Patients. Ultrastruct Pathol 2010; 34:106-16. [DOI: 10.3109/01913121003644781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Denardi SE, Bechara GH, Camargo-Mathias MI. Fat body cells of Amblyomma cajennense partially engorged females (Acari: Ixodidae) and their role on vitellogenesis process. Exp Parasitol 2009; 121:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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15
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Roma GC, Bueno OC, Mathias MIC. Fat body cells of female reproductive castes of Attini ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): An ultrastructural and chemical analysis. ZOOL ANZ 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Azevedo A, Lunardi LO. Cytochemical characterization of eosinophilic leukocytes circulating in the blood of the turtle (Chrysemys dorbignih). Acta Histochem 2003; 105:99-105. [PMID: 12666993 DOI: 10.1078/0065-1281-00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils and neutrophils are granulocytic leukocytes that are present in the blood of most vertebrates. Studies have been performed on lower vertebrates to understand the biological roles of the cells in defense mechanisms and to establish phylogenetic studies and new experimental models. Whether these 2 cell types exist in reptiles is a matter of controversy. In the blood of turtles there are 2 types of granulocytes that exhibit eosinophilia, one of them with round cytoplasmic granules and the other with elongated cytoplasmic granules. It has been suggested that these cells may be eosinophils in different stages of maturation but they also may be distinct cell types, i.e. eosinophils and neutrophils. In the present study, we characterized the 2 types of granulocytes that are present in the blood of Chrysemys dorbignih, using cytochemical techniques. Type I eosinophils showed activity of nonspecific esterase, peroxidase activity that is resistant to KCN, and basic proteins. Type II eosinophils exhibited activity of trimetaphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterase, peroxidase that is sensitive to KCN, and basic proteins. These observations indicate the existence of 2 distinct cell types in the blood of Chrysemys dorbignih, type I and type II eosinophils, that correspond to eosinophils and heterophils (neutrophils) of mammals and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Azevedo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rubião Junior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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17
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Li JH, Vasanthan T, Hoover R, Rossnagel BG. Starch from Hull-less Barley: Ultrastructure and Distribution of Granule-Bound Proteins. Cereal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2003.80.5.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - T. Vasanthan
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Corresponding Author. Phone: +1-780-4922898. Fax: +1-780-4928914. E-mail:
| | - R. Hoover
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - B. G. Rossnagel
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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18
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Khudoerkov RM. Ammoniacal silver method at alkaline pH for demonstrating morphological and functional differences between nerve cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00790124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Thiebaut F, Rigaut JP, Reith A. Improvement in the specificity of the silver staining technique for AgNOR-associated acidic proteins in paraffin sections. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1984; 59:181-8. [PMID: 6207644 DOI: 10.3109/10520298409113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some recently developed silver staining methods allow selective staining of acidic nucleolar proteins. Pretreating deparaffinized sections with Schiff's reagent improves the specificity of Goodpasture and Bloom's AgNOR staining (as modified by Kodama et al.) after aldehyde fixation.
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20
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Suburo AM. Silver staining of DNA synthesizing cells in the neural tube of chick embryos. Differentiation 1984; 25:216-20. [PMID: 6199246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1984.tb01359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
I report a study by light microscopy of the spinal cord of early chick embryos stained with the ammoniacal silver carbonate solution of Del Rio Hortega. Cell nuclei are stained in a selective fashion and two classes of nuclei - dark and pale - can be distinguished in the neuroepithelium. Neuronal nuclei also show a characteristic staining pattern. A radioautographic study after [3H] thymidine incorporation has shown that it is the dark neuroepithelial nuclei that are engaged in DNA synthesis. Dark nuclei disappear after administration of cytosine arabinoside, supporting the association between DNA synthesis and silver staining of neuroepithelial nuclei.
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21
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Chen DY, Longo FJ. A cytochemical study of nuclear changes in fertilized hamster eggs. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1983; 207:325-34. [PMID: 6650865 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092070211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein changes during male and female pronuclear development have been examined in fertilized hamster eggs utilizing the ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) at the light and ultrastructural levels of observation. Prior to its incorporation, the paternally derived chromatin was heavily laden with ASR product. Immediately upon gamete fusion the sperm nucleus underwent a dramatic increase in staining, suggesting an augmentation in the availability of reactive sites already present in the sperm nucleus or an accumulation of "new" reactive sites from the egg cytoplasm. With subsequent transformations of the sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus, there was a progressive reduction in ASR product associated with the paternal chromatin. Concomitantly, the condensed maternal chromosomes remaining in the zygote after the conclusion of meiosis dispersed and developed into a female pronucleus; these changes were accompanied by a progressive decrease in ASR staining. At the conclusion of pronuclear development, the morphologically similar male and female pronuclei were diffusely stained with the ASR. The increase in ASR staining of the sperm nucleus immediately following gamete fusion demonstrates a major effect of the egg cytoplasm on the paternal chromatin that, heretofore, has not been recognized. This augmentation and the following decrease in ASR staining may reflect changes in nucleoproteins during pronuclear development. Differences in nuclear staining are discussed in light of previous studies of nucleoprotein transitions at fertilization.
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22
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Longo FJ. Nucleoprotein changes during male pronuclear development as determined by the ammoniacal silver reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Benchimol M, Elias CA, de Souza W. Tritrichomonas foetus: ultrastructural localization of basic proteins and carbohydrates. Exp Parasitol 1982; 54:135-44. [PMID: 6182015 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(82)90120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Meetz GD, Austin BP. Ammoniacal silver staining of normal and inflamed rat synovial membrane. EXPERIENTIA 1982; 38:272-3. [PMID: 6174367 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Cowden RR, Curtis SK. Microfluorometric investigations of chromatin structure. III. Estimation of histones and DNA in thymocyte and hepatocyte nuclei. Effects of extraction at pH 3.0. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1982; 74:469-80. [PMID: 6179907 DOI: 10.1007/bf00496660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Zapata A, Leceta J, Villena A. Reptilian bone marrow. An ultrastructural study in the spanish lizard,Lacerta hispanica. J Morphol 1981; 168:137-149. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051680203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Goyanes VJ. Sequential staining of euchromatic and heterochromatic regions of the human Y chromosome. J Med Genet 1980; 17:468-71. [PMID: 7205430 PMCID: PMC1885924 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.17.6.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A sequential silver-Giemsa (SG) procedure is presented, initially to stain the p11 and q11 euchromatic bands and subsequently the q12 heterochromatic band of the human Y chromosomes. A three sub-band division of the q11 band can be identified. The same technique differentially stains the secondary constriction of chromosome 9 as well as most other satellite III DNA regions of the human karyotype.
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28
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Souto-Padr�n T, Gon�alves de Lima VMQ, Roitman I, Souza W. An electron microscopic and cytochemical study ofLeptomonas samueli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00927859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Moyne G. Methods in ultrastructural cytochemistry of the cell nucleus. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1980; 13:1-72. [PMID: 6153811 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(80)80008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The electron microscopical study of the cell nucleus as observed in thin sections requires the use of cytochemical methods because of the intricate pattern of the nuclear components. The in situ techniques based on electron staining and enzymatic digestion are reviewed, excluding autoradiography, cytoenzymology and immunocytochemistry. A tentative classification has been adopted according to the chemical nature of the revealed component. Thus, the staining procedures for the nucleoproteins in general, for both nucleic acids, for the proteins, and finally for the deoxyribonucleoproteins and DNA are considered separately. 1--Stains for the nucleoproteins include simple reagents such as the uranyl and lead salts which are largely used in electron microscopy but are of limited specificity. 2--A variety of methods, some of them specific, is available for the simultaneous visualization of DNA and RNA which is based on common properties: basophilia, ability to bind diaminoacridines, presence of hydroxyl groups. However, due to the recent development of specific and preferential methods for each nucleic acid, we feel that among the older methods, only rapid and simple procedures for the detection of both nucleic acids remain of interest. 3--Proteins being ubiquitous, the useful techniques must reveal subsets within the total nuclear proteins. Apart from some endogeneous enzymes, basic proteins -- practically histones -- so far represent the only group for the detection of which reliable methods exist. 4--Several techniques developed recently are available for the specific detection of DNA. In favourable cases, methods derived from the Feulgen reaction allow its visualization at a molecular level. In addition, standard procedures for the preparation of mammalian cells and tissues are described. Each staining method is at least briefly discussed, but emphasis has been placed on a small number of techniques described in detail. They comprise the EDTA regressive stain for the ribonucleoproteins, several reactions of the basic proteins and the Feulgen-like osmium ammine reaction for DNA.
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30
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Bourgeois CA, Hernandez-Verdun D, Hubert J, Bouteille M. Silver staining of NORs in electron microscopy. Exp Cell Res 1979; 123:449-52. [PMID: 91530 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Wezeman FH. Ultrastructural localization of histones in epiphyseal chondrocytes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1979; 195:109-14. [PMID: 91333 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091950109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epiphyseal growth plate chondrocyte nuclei of growing rats were studied for histone content using the ammoniacal silver technique. This stain, which is specific for the demonstration of the arginine-rich fractions of histones, revealed that growth plate nuclei vary in their histone content. Nuclei of cells of the proliferating zone revealed a significantly greater amount of postformalin ammoniacal silver deposit consistent with the presence of arginine-rich histones.
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de Carvalho TU, Souto-Padrón T, de Souza W. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai: electron microscopy and cytochemistry of electron-dense granules. Exp Parasitol 1979; 47:297-304. [PMID: 446584 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(79)90082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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MacRae EK, Powell RE. Cytochemical reaction for cationic proteins as a marker of primary granules during development in chick heterophilis. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1979; 60:295-308. [PMID: 468591 DOI: 10.1007/bf00500657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) for cationic proteins was used as a cytochemical marker for the primary or A granules in the cytoplasm of developing heterophils of chick bone marrow. The presence of the electron-dense particulate reaction product of silver, which is localized in the fully formed rod-shaped A granules, provides a marker by which the A granules could be distinguished from the B granules of similar size and by which the formation and maturation of both granule types could be followed through the developmental stages. Progressive developmental stages were ascertained on the basis of decreasing cell size, increasing condensation and margination of the chromatin, and the number and morphology of the granules; the stages were divided into promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte and heterophil. During the promyelocyte stage, the first appearance of the electron-dense, membrane-bound, spherical granules (0.3--1.0 micrometer in diameter) is observed in the vicinity of an extensive Golgi complex. They occur in a cytoplasm containing rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomal clusters, centrioles, mitochondria, microtubules, as well as the membranes, saccules, vesicles and vacuoles of the Golgi complex. These granules are considered as primary but their presence as the only granule type appears very brief. The ASR reaction product is first detected on the surface of these primary granules in late promyelocytes or myelocytes. The secondary or B granule, devoid of reaction for cationic protein at all stages, appears as a condensing vacuole in promyelocytes, but after some A granules are already present. The vacuole contents condense to form the B granules which are 0.1--0.6 micrometer in diameter, often oval-shaped, and contain a loose filamentous material surrounded by a membrane. Tertiary C granules or lysosomes appear during the myelocyte stage as dense core vesicles (0.1--0.2 micrometer in diameter) negative for cationic protein.
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Maxwell MH. The ultrastructure of eosinophil granules of the black-necked crowned crane. J Anat 1979; 128:53-63. [PMID: 422484 PMCID: PMC1232960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine structure of the granules of circulating eosinophil leucocytes was studied in five adult black-necked crowned cranes. The interna within these granules showed various crystalline arrangements. Optical diffraction patterns of the crystals revealed linear arrangements measuring 6.2 and 3.8 nm and often, when these arrangements were superimposed, a hexagonal pattern was observed. Bundles of microfilaments measuring 5-7 nm in diameter were found frequently in crystal-containing granules. Staining with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and various other cytochemical procedures gave results similar to those obtained previously in the shag and the duck. The PTA stain and peroxidase reaction product were found only in the externum of the granules whereas the acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase were located within the crystalline matrix and in or between the microfilaments. As with shag eosinophil granules, those of the crane did not appear to contain histone arginine and in this respect they differed from those of the duck and the fowl.
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Esponda P, Stockert JC. Localization of the synaptonemal complex under the light microscope. Chromosoma 1978; 68:83-90. [PMID: 80311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of osmium tetroxide fixation followed by postreatment with p-phenylenediamine gives an opportunity of locating the synaptonemal complex (SC) under the light microscope in mouse testes and Allium cepa anthers. When semi-thin sections from these materials were observed under phase contrast optics or dark field microscopy, fine threads in the pachytene nuclei were clearly visible. Post-staining of semi-thin sections with ammoniacal silver increased the contrast of the SC and allowed for observations using a bright field illumination. Ultrathin sections of osmium tetroxide/p-phenylenediamine treated material showed that, under the electron microscope, this technique stains preferentially elements of the synaptonemal complex, while the surrounding chromatin remains unstained.
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West DL. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of spermiogenesis in Hydra hymanae, with reference to factors involved in sperm head shaping. Dev Biol 1978; 65:139-54. [PMID: 680353 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Mabrouk HH. [The sperm of Equisetum arvense L. I. Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies of nuclear constituents of the ripe sperm]. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1978; 55:325-39. [PMID: 659266 DOI: 10.1007/bf00508800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several ultrastructural cytochemical methods are used to determine the constituents of the ripe nucleus of Equisetum arvense L. They show that: DNA, associated with an arginine-rich histone, is localized in central region of the nucleus; nucleoplasm is reduced to a thin peripheral coat and contains a probably lysine rich histone; RNA is not detectable; non histone proteins form lenticular amounts disposed against the nuclear membrane.
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Maxwell MH. Electron cytochemistry of developing and mature eosinophils in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1978; 10:63-77. [PMID: 621162 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme cytochemical studies have been carried out on eosinophils in the fowl and the duck. Peroxidase was found in all regions of the Golgi apparatus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the perinuclear cisternae of the early cells. In fowl eosinophil granules irregular deposits of peroxidase and arylsulphatase final reaction product were found, but the acid phosphatase deposits were even. In the duck in contrast, peroxidase was demonstrated in the external part of the granule only. Acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase were found in both the interna and the externa of the duck eosinophil granules. An ammoniacal silver nitrate reaction for the presence of the histone arginine was also studied. Silver deposits were found occupying all regions of the granules of eosinophils from both species of bird. The presence of the hydrolytic enzymes acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase in avian eosinophil granules supports the theory that these structures are lysosomal in nature and that they correspond with mammalian eosinophils in this respect.
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Chen SY. Cytochemical and autoradiographic study of nuclei in zinc-deficient rat buccal epithelium. J Dent Res 1977; 56:1546-51. [PMID: 79580 DOI: 10.1177/00220345770560122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammoniacal silver stain showed that there was a decrease in nucleohistones in zinc-deficient rat buccal hyperplastic epithelium as compared to control. Autoradiographic study showed that there was decreased incorporation of 3H-arginine and 3H-lysine in the hyperplastic epithelium.
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Endo S. Silver methenamine and phosphotungstic acid staining of the acrosome of Mytilus edulis. Exp Cell Res 1976; 100:71-8. [PMID: 58787 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kass L, Gray RH. Ultrastructural visualization of Cabot rings in pernicious anemia. EXPERIENTIA 1976; 32:507-9. [PMID: 57883 DOI: 10.1007/bf01920825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using the ammoniacal silver stain, Cabot rings were identified in peripheral blood erythrocytes from patients with severe untreated pernicious anemia. Ultrastructural studies of these erythrocytes showed silver deposits in partial loops and figure-eight forms, indicating that arginine rich histone may be a prominent component of the Cabot ring.
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Gautier A. Ultrastructural localization of DNA in ultrathin tissue sections. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 44:113-91. [PMID: 57105 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Bouteille M, Dupuy-Coin AM, Moyne G. Techniques of localization of proteins and nucleoproteins in the cell nucleus by high resolution autoradiography and cytochemistry. Methods Enzymol 1975; 40:3-41. [PMID: 47601 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(75)40003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Haapala OK, Nygrén T. Localization of histones and their synthesis by ammoniacal silver reaction in meristematic root tip cells of Allium cepa. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1973; 34:257-64. [PMID: 4120931 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Noeske K. Discrepancies between cytophotometric alkaline Fast Green measurements and nuclear histone protein content. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1973; 5:303-11. [PMID: 4126423 DOI: 10.1007/bf01004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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Yanagibashi K, Kusanagi A. Electronmicroscopic ammoniacal silver reaction for the synaptonemal complex of the mouse. Exp Cell Res 1973; 78:228-30. [PMID: 4120566 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Miller GJ, Berlowitz L, Regelson W. Chromatin and histones in hen erythrocyte nuclei. Morphologic change induced by selective binding of histones with a synthetic polyanion. Exp Cell Res 1972; 71:409-21. [PMID: 5045645 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(72)90311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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