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Pederson T. Tritiated thymidine: a breakthrough in DNA replication and repair. FASEB J 2014; 28:2739-41. [PMID: 24990957 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-0701ufm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thoru Pederson
- Program in Cell and Developmental Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Grasso JA, Woodard JW. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RNA SYNTHESIS AND HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN AMPHIBIAN ERYTHROPOIESIS : Cytochemical Evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:279-94. [PMID: 19866701 PMCID: PMC2107054 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.31.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cytochemical study of the relationship between RNA synthesis and hemoglobin synthesis has been performed on splenectomized newts, Triturus viridescens. Employing radioautography, labeled cytidine was incorporated into the RNA of the early developmental stages but was not incorporated in the later stages. Labeled leucine was incorporated into the cellular protein of all stages except mature erythrocytes but was incorporated at a higher level in the later stages. Microphotometric measurements of azure B binding to cytoplasmic RNA revealed a sharp initial increase between the stem cell and proerythroblast followed by a rapid decrease between the basophilic and polychromatophilic stages. The loss of cytoplasmic RNA became more gradual in the late stages and, in the mature erythrocyte, little or no cytoplasmic RNA could be detected. Measurements of cytoplasmic total protein, using fast green staining at pH 2.0, and of heme showed that both curves increased similarly with development, indicating net hemoglobin synthesis. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that, as the stem cell differentiates along erythrocytic lines, a stable "messenger" RNA specifying the production of a given type or types of hemoglobin is formed. This complex probably becomes associated with ribosomal RNA and is retained throughout the process of RBC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Grasso
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and Whitman Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Taylor JH, Haut WF, Tung J. EFFECTS OF FLUORODEOXYURIDINE ON DNA REPLICATION, CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE, AND REUNION. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 48:190-8. [PMID: 16590919 PMCID: PMC220755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.48.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J H Taylor
- DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
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TAKATS ST, SMELLIE RM. Thymidine degradation products in plant tissues labeled with tritiated thymidine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 17:59-66. [PMID: 13984611 PMCID: PMC2106265 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.17.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A study of the metabolic pathways of H3-thymidine utilization in buds of Lilium longiflorum and root tips of Vicia faba was undertaken in order to obtain information that might explain the binding of H3 from H3-thymidine in the cytoplasm of these plants. H3-thymidine was administered for various periods of time, the tissues were fixed and processed in the manner routinely used in preparation for sectioning and autoradiography, and the radioactivity removed in this way from the tissues was determined. It was found that the ethanol/acetic acid fixative contained the major portion of the radioactivity. Analysis of this extract by paper chromatography showed that the radioactivity was distributed among various degradation products of thymidine, principally β-ureidoisobutyric acid and β-aminoisobutyric acid. Time course experiments with Vicia showed that these degradation products rapidly appeared in the tissue during incubation with H3-thymidine, while H3-thymine appeared in the incubation medium. Preliminary studies indicated that Vicia root tips incubated with H3-dihydrothymine for 24 hours would bind a small amount of H3 non-specifically in the cells. It seems unlikely that utilization of degradation products of H3-thymidine is sufficient to explain labeling which is concentrated in the cytoplasm.
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TERASIMA T, TOLMACH LJ. Variations in several responses of HeLa cells to x-irradiation during the division cycle. Biophys J 1998; 3:11-33. [PMID: 13980635 PMCID: PMC1366421 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(63)86801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several responses of synchronized populations of HeLa S3 cells were measured after irradiation with 220 kev x-rays at selected times during the division cycle. (1) Survival (colony-forming ability) is maximal when cells are irradiated in the early post-mitotic (G(1)) and the pre-mitotic (G(2)) phases of the cycle, and minimal in the mitotic (M) and late G(1) or early DNA synthetic (S) phases. (2) Markedly different growth patterns result from irradiation in different phases: (a) Prolongation of interphase (division delay) is minimal when cells are irradiated early in G(1) and rises progressively through the remainder of the cycle. (b) Cells irradiated while in mitosis are not delayed in that division, but the succeeding division is delayed. (c) Persistence of cells as metabolizing entities does not depend on the phase of the division cycle in which they are irradiated. (3) Characteristic perturbations of the normal DNA synthetic cycle occur: (a) Cells irradiated in M suffer a small delay in the onset of S, a slight prolongation of S, and a slight depression in the rate of DNA synthesis; the major delay occurs in G(2). (b) Cells irradiated in G(1) show no delay in the onset of S, and essentially no alteration in the duration or rate of DNA synthesis; G(2) delay is minimal. (c) Cells irradiated in S suffer an appreciable S prolongation and a decreased rate of DNA synthesis; G(2) delay is shorter than S delay.
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ROTH LE, DANIELS EW. Electron microscopic studies of mitosis in amebae. II. The giant ameba Pelomyxa carolinensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 12:57-78. [PMID: 14494393 PMCID: PMC2106018 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.12.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dividing nuclei from the giant ameba Pelomyxa carolinensis were fixed in osmium tetroxide solutions buffered with veronal acetate to pH 8.0. If divalent cations (0.002 M calcium, magnesium, or strontium as chlorides) were added to the fixation solution, fibrils that are 14 mµ in diameter and have a dense cortex are observed in the spindle. If the divalent ions were omitted, oriented particles of smaller size are present and fibrils are not obvious. The stages of mitosis were observed and spindle components compared. Fibrils fixed in the presence of calcium ions are not so well defined in early metaphase as later, but otherwise have the same diameter in the late metaphase, anaphase, and early telophase. Fibrils are surrounded by clouds of fine material except in early telophase, when they are formed into tight bundles lying in the cytoplasm unattached to nuclei. Metaphase and anaphase fibrils fixed without calcium ions are less well defined and are not observably different from each other. The observations are consistent with the concept that spindle fibrils are composed of polymerized, oriented protein molecules that are in equilibrium with and bathed in non-oriented molecules of the same protein. Partially formed spindle fibrils and ribosome-like particles were observed in the mixoplasm when the nuclear envelope had only small discontinuities. Remnants of the envelope are visible throughout division and are probably incorporated into the new envelope in the telophase. Ribosome-like particles are numerous in the metaphase and anaphase spindle but are not seen in the telophase nucleus, once the envelope is reestablished, or in the interphase nucleus.
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LAFONTAINE JG, CHOUINARD LA. A correlated light and electron microscope study of the nucleolar material during mitosis in Vicia faba. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 17:167-201. [PMID: 13928037 PMCID: PMC2106260 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.17.1.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Root meristematic cells of Vicia faba were examined, with both light and electron microscopes, in order to study the behaviour of the nucleolar material during the mitotic process. Under light microscopy, the preprophase nucleolus is seen to consist of a densely stained material in which are embedded several unstained vacuole-like structures of varying size. The electron microscope reveals that the dense nucleolar material is formed of two structurally distinct components, each segregated into irregularly shaped zones blending with one another. One of these components is represented by 150 A granules which, in places, are arranged into thread-like structures approximately 0.1 µ in diameter; the other component apparently consists of fibrils 60 to 100 A in diameter. The large and medium sized intranucleolar vacuoles contain loosely scattered granules and fibrils similar to those just described. The granular and fibrillar components of the denser portion of the nucleolus persist as such during prophase and disperse throughout the nuclear cavity at the time of nucleolar disintegration. After nuclear membrane breakdown, these granules and fibrils, as well as those of the nucleoplasm, mix freely with similar elements already present within the forming spindle. No evidence has been obtained that, during or after nucleolar disintegration, the structural components of the nucleolus become associated as such with the chromosomes to form an external or internal matrix. Our observations suggest the existence, of a matrix substance within late prophase, metaphase, and anaphase chromosomes, the fine structure of which bears strong resemblance to that of their constituent coiled chromonemata. Data are presented, moreover, that indicate that part of this matrix substance, presumably formed at some time during prophase, is released from the chromosomes during their anaphasic movement. A number of observations indicate that the main bulk of the next nucleolus is derived from a prenucleolar fibrillogranular material, arranged into thread-like structures some 0.1 µ in diameter, which collect in the interchromosomal spaces during early and midtelophase. Finally, our data would seem to favour the view that most of this prenucleolar material results from a resumption of the synthetic activity of the early and midtelophase chromosomes rather than from a mere shedding of a preexisting matrix substance.
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DAS NK. Synthetic capacitie of chromosome fragments correlated with their ability to maintain nucleolar material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 15:121-30. [PMID: 14025179 PMCID: PMC2106138 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.15.1.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Onion (Allium cepa) and bean (Vicia faba) root tip cells containing many micronuclei, derived from x-ray-induced chromosome fragments, were exposed to H3-thymidine and H3-cytidine to determine the ability of such fragments to undergo DNA and RNA synthesis. Only a few micronuclei in onion and many in bean roots synthesize nucleic acid simultaneously with their main nuclei. A few micronuclei labeled with H3-thymidine undergo mitotic chromosome condensation along with the main nuclei, while the unlabeled ones never do so. The onset of nucleic acid synthesis as well as mitosis in micronuclei appears to be under generalized cellular control. Although all chromosomes and chromosome fragments at telophase give a positive reaction for a silver stainable nucleolar fraction, in the subsequent interphase only some micronuclei, derived from such chromosome fragments, are found to maintain nucleoli; others lose them with time. Those micronuclei which maintain nucleoli, perhaps due to the presence of specific chromosomal regions, are also active in DNA and RNA synthesis. These results are compatible with the concept that nucleoli and associated chromosome regions play an important role in the primary biosynthetic processes of the cell.
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NATARAJAN AT, RAO RN. CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE INDUCED BY FLUORINATED THYMIDINE IN SECONDARY ROOTS OF VICIA FABA. Exp Cell Res 1996; 38:580-4. [PMID: 14329389 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(65)90381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Protein synthesis and RNA synthesis during mitosis were studied by autoradiography on mammalian tissue culture cells. Protein synthesis was followed by incubating hamster epithelial and human amnion cells for 10 or 15 minutes with phenylalanine-C(14). To study RNA synthesis the hamster cells were incubated for 10 minutes with uridine-C(14). Comparisons of the synthetic capacity of the interphase and mitotic cells were then made using whole cell grain counts. The rate of RNA synthesis decreased during prophase and reached a low of 13 to 16 per cent of the average interphase rate during metaphase-anaphase. Protein synthesis in the hamster cells showed a 42 per cent increase during prophase with a subsequent return to the average interphase value during metaphase-anaphase. The human amnion cells showed no significant change at prophase but there was a 52 to 56 per cent drop in phenylalanine incorporation at metaphase-anaphase as compared to the average interphase rate. Colcemide was used on the hamster cells to study the effect of a prolonged mitotic condition on protein and RNA synthesis. Under this condition, uridine incorporation was extremely low whereas phenylalanine incorporation was still relatively high. The drastic reduction of RNA synthesis observed under mitotic conditions is believed to be due to the coiled condition of the chromosomes. The lack of a comparable reduction in protein synthesis during mitosis is interpreted as evidence for the presence in these cells of a relatively stable messenger RNA.
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YOUNG CW, HODAS S. ACUTE EFFECTS OF CYTOTOXIC COMPOUNDS ON INCORPORATION OF PRECURSORS INTO DNA, RNA, AND PROTEIN OF HELA MONOLAYERS. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 14:205-14. [PMID: 14314318 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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KOULISH S, KLEINFELD RG. THE ROLE OF THE NUCLEOLUS. I. TRITIATED CYTIDINE ACTIVITY IN LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS OF THIOACETAMIDE-TREATED RATS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 23:39-51. [PMID: 14228517 PMCID: PMC2106508 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.23.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Male rats of the Sherman strain were fed for 2 weeks a diet of ground purina rat chow containing 0.04 per cent thioacetamide. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with tritiated cytidine, 200µc/100 gm body weight, and sacrificed in pairs, a control and a thioacetamide-treated rat, at prescribed intervals. Liver tissues were preserved with the freeze-substitution method and postfixed in anhydrous OsO4. Other samples were fixed directly with an acetic acid-ethanol mixture (1:3). AR-10 stripping film was applied to 2- and 4-µ sections and exposed for appropriate lengths of time. Nuclear and nucleolar volumes were obtained by direct measurement. Cytoplasmic volumes were obtained with the aid of Chalkley ratios. Nucleolar and cytoplasmic RNA concentrations were calculated from cytophotometric extinction (E540 mµ) measurements. Data were expressed as grains/unit area, grains/unit area/concentration (or specific activity) and grains/total structure. In the liver parenchymal cells of thioacetamide-treated rats, the nucleolus shows vast increases in volume, RNA content, and grain count/total structure, 14-fold, 25-fold, and over 30-fold, respectively. The nucleus increases 2-fold in volume and about 3-fold in total grain count. Cytoplasmic volume increases only 20 per cent and displays a total grain count about equal to that in the control. The time course of incorporation curves for nucleolus and non-nucleolar nucleus (NNN) contain 2 distinct turnover fractions, rapid and slow. Both fractions were increased after thioacetamide treatment but remained proportional to those of controls. The unique stimulated RNA turnover in the nucleus and nucleolus, coupled to a "normal" turnover in the cytoplasm, suggests that this nuclear-nucleolar loss of label does not represent an exclusive passage of formed nuclear RNA to the cytoplasm.
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TANDLER CJ, SIRLIN JL. DIFFERENTIAL UPTAKE OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE AND RIBONUCLEOSIDES INTO NUCLEOLAR RIBONUCLEIC ACID. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 80:315-24. [PMID: 14164212 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Shahin SA, el-Amoodi KH. Induction of numerical chromosomal aberrations during DNA synthesis using the fungicides nimrod and rubigan-4 in root tips of Vicia faba L. Mutat Res 1991; 261:169-76. [PMID: 1719408 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(91)90064-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The 2 fungicides nimrod and rubigan-4 were tested for genotoxicity using Vicia faba root tips as the biological test system. Treating lateral roots with different concentrations of each fungicide for different periods showed that both fungicides were able to produce numerical but not structural chromosomal aberrations. The percentage of total aberrations in root tips exposed to nimrod reached 54.39% at 250 ppm for 4 h, and 64.69% in root tips exposed to rubigan-4 at 250 ppm for 6 h. The types of numerical chromosomal aberrations produced by both fungicides included: binucleate cells, c-metaphases, sticky chromosomes, polyploid cells, and laggards. Recovery experiments for 24, 48, and 96 h showed no significant differences between the percentage of total aberrations in treated and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Shahin
- Department of Botany, Girls' College of Education, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Cohn NS, Mitchell JP, van den Broek K. Nuclear and nucleolar protein during the cell cycle in differentiating Pisum sativum vascular tissue. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1983; 79:353-64. [PMID: 6654701 DOI: 10.1007/bf00491771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Squash preparations of Pisum sativum fourth internode tissue were stained with a combined Feulgen and dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) procedure. Nuclei from differentiating xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tube elements and phloem fibres were measured for their DNA and protein contents with a Zeiss scanning cytophotometer linked to an interactive computer system. Nuclei were examined from both slowly growing and more rapidly growing internodes. A computer program was constructed to calculate nuclear protein alone as well as the ratio of DNFB (protein) to Feulgen (DNA) staining in each 0.5 X 0.5 micron measuring point. Nuclei were assigned to each of ten interphase fractions based on DNA content, nuclear area and percent condensed chromatin. There was a slight increase of nuclear protein during G1, a gradual increase in S, and a continued, often sharper, rise as G2 proceeded. In all three cell types, there was, on the average, a higher protein content throughout interphase in nuclei from the more rapidly growing internodes than from the slower growing ones. A population of fibre nuclei designated G0, however, differed from phloem and xylem G0 nuclei in the pattern of protein change. The nucleolar protein/DNA ratios of xylem nuclei increased in G1, showed no significant change in S, but increased thereafter.
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Mitchell JP, van der Ploeg M. Nuclear changes accompanying cell differentiation in stems of Pisum sativum L. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1982; 75:327-40. [PMID: 7141887 DOI: 10.1007/bf00496736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear DNA, nuclear protein and nuclear size have been measured in cells of the cortex, pith and vascular tissue from three successive internodes in the stem of Pisum sativum. New techniques of computer-linked cytophotometry were used to measure these parameters simultaneously in both section and squash preparations. In cortical cells no endoreduplicated nuclei were seen in the internodes measured. In cortical cells from the oldest internode measured, a population of large nuclei with the 2C DNA amount was observed which was not present in the younger internodes. In the oldest pith nuclei measured a few 8C nuclei were present, but maturing pith was most characterized by increasing nuclear size and the population of nuclei accumulating with the 4C DNA amount. Polyploid nuclei were present in all of the vascular tissue measured, including the youngest internode. Maturing vascular tissue was also characterized by increasing nuclear size. Nuclear protein measurements demonstrated a close link between nuclear protein and nuclear size and suggest that increased nuclear size, with constant DNA content, may be due to increased nuclear protein. This raises the question of the nature and function of this nuclear protein, perhaps more characteristic of differentiating cells than dividing cells.
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Rowland RE. Chromosome banding and heterochromatin in Vicia faba. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1981; 60:275-280. [PMID: 24276866 DOI: 10.1007/bf00263717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of bands in Vicia faba (broad bean) root-tip chromosomes as shown by acid treatment, quinacrine mustard fluorescence, SSC-Giemsa banding and orcein banding is documented. These bands coincide with the position of heterochromatin revealed by cold treatment. Heterochromatin in the large M chromosome is located in two areas: (a) around the centromere and (b) adjacent to the secondary constriction. Heterochromatin in the smaller, sub-telocentric S chromosomes is located in the intercalary and proximal areas of their long arms and in the short arm of two chromosomes. Most of the observed bands were not exclusive to one treatment but could be recognized in chromosomes prepared by several methods. The variable expression of particular chromosome segments with different banding techniques testifies to the existence of several classes of heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Rowland
- Botany Department, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Plant tissue culture and the cell cycle. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-09936-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hetrogeneity of nuclear volumes and interphase nuclear growth in cells of root apical meristems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(79)90150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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RNA Metabolism in the Quiescent Centre and Neighbouring Cells in the Root Meristem of Zea mays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(78)80094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arceci RJ, Gross PR. Noncoincidence of histone and DNA synthesis in cleavage cycles of early development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:5016-20. [PMID: 270737 PMCID: PMC432089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The times of histone and DNA synthesis do not coincide in early cleavage of the sea urchin embryo. In fact, the production of histones increases during the interval after DNA synthesis (G2). Enucleate merogones, parthenogenetically activated, synthesize histones encoded upon maternal histone messenger RNA. The pattern of protein synthesis changes following fertilization, in part, but not solely, due to the increasing synthesis of histones relative to other proteins. Regulation of histone synthesis and the loading of newly replicated DNA with histones must themselves undergo change at the time of transition from cleavage cycles to cycles more typical of somatic cells.
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Electron-microscopic autoradiography of RNA synthesis in the injured myocardium. Bull Exp Biol Med 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00798910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bogdanov YF, Antropova EN. Delayed termination of nuclear histone doubling after premeiotic DNA synthesis in Triturus vulgaris male meiosis. Chromosoma 1971; 35:353-73. [PMID: 5145012 DOI: 10.1007/bf02451443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Pachter BR. Autoradiographic evidence for a thymidine precursor pool in the root of Allium cepa. EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:226-7. [PMID: 5544762 DOI: 10.1007/bf02145911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Smith JA, Martin L, King RJ, Vértes M. Effects of oestradiol-17-beta and progesterone on total and nuclear-protein synthesis in epithelial and stromal tissues of the mouse uterus, and of progesterone on the ability of these tissues to bind oestradiol-17-beta. Biochem J 1970; 119:773-84. [PMID: 5493510 PMCID: PMC1179465 DOI: 10.1042/bj1190773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1. A method is described for separating uterine epithelium that is 80% pure and connective-tissue stroma that is 60% pure. This was used to study the effects of steroid hormones on total and nuclear-protein synthesis in these tissues. 2. Oestradiol-17beta given alone produces mitoses in the epithelium but not in the stroma. It stimulated incorporation in vitro of [(14)C]lysine into total protein, histones and acidic nuclear proteins to a greater extent in epithelium than stroma. Incorporation into acidic nuclear proteins was most markedly stimulated, reaching four to six times the normal value 4h after treatment, and then declining rapidly. This peak was only seen in epithelial preparations. 3. After pretreatment with progesterone, oestradiol-17beta has the reverse effect, producing mitoses only in stroma. Progesterone alone had no effect on the amounts or rates of incorporation of [(14)C]lysine into stromal nuclear proteins, but changes after oestradiol-17beta treatment were similar to those seen in epithelium with oestradiol-17beta alone. In the epithelium, progesterone alone depressed incorporation into histones and acidic nuclear proteins, but did not abolish the subsequent response to oestradiol-17beta. With this treatment there was a rapid, large and transient increase in incorporation into epithelial total protein not seen with oestradiol-17beta alone. 4. Progesterone had no qualitative effect on the distribution of specific oestrogen-binding proteins, as judged by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. However, progesterone treatment increased the uptake in vivo of [6,7-(3)H]oestradiol-17beta by stroma, and it is possible that this is important although the differences were not apparent after labelling in vitro.
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Burns RG, Ingle J. The Relationship between the Kinetics of Ribonucleic Acid Accumulation and the Morphological Development of the Fern Gametophyte, Dryopteris borreri. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1970; 46:423-8. [PMID: 16657479 PMCID: PMC396608 DOI: 10.1104/pp.46.3.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fern gametophytes were grown under blue light with and without the addition of 5-fluorouracil or 8-azaguanine, and under red light. Nucleic acids were extracted by either the detergent-chloroform or the detergent-diethylpyrocarbonate method and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No significant differences in the relative distribution of the stable RNA components accompanied the transition to biplanar growth. The RNA content per average cell decreased with growth and also varied between the cultural conditions, yet it was independent of the pattern of morphological development. The falling RNA content per average cell resulted from a progressive reduction of the RNA content of the apical cell, as determined histochemically. Since filamentous growth occurred by division of this apical cell, the rate of cell division was independent of the RNA content of the dividing cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Burns
- Department of Botany, King's Buildings, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Mukherjee AB. Relationship between nucleic acids, histone and non-histone protein synthesis in human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1970; 12:151-9. [PMID: 5487918 DOI: 10.1139/g70-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The temporal relationship between the synthesis of histone and non-histone proteins and nucleic acids has been investigated by autoradiography in PHA stimulated human lymphocytes throughout the 72-hour culture period. It was found that a significant amount of3H-arginine and3H-lysine incorporation took place at a time when the cells were actively synthesizing DNA. Non-histone protein synthesis, as evidenced by3H-tryptophan incorporation, was found to be dependent on PHA stimulation in human lymphocytes. Inhibition of histone and/or non-histone protein synthesis leads to the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.
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Cave MD, Allen ER. Synthesis of nucleic acids associated with a DNA-containing body in oocytes of Acheta. Exp Cell Res 1969; 58:201-12. [PMID: 4935419 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(69)90498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sadgopal A, Bonner J. The relationship between histone and DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 186:349-57. [PMID: 5822837 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cox PG. Some aspects of tail regeneration in the lizard,Anolis carolinensis. I. A description based on histology and autoradiography.,. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401710202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Van de Walle C, Bernier G. The onset of cellular synthetic activity in roots of germinating corn. Exp Cell Res 1969; 55:378-84. [PMID: 5786852 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(69)90572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Alfert M, Das NK. Evidence for control of the rate of nuclear DNA synthesis by the nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 63:123-8. [PMID: 5257957 PMCID: PMC534010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.63.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rates of DNA synthesis in root tip cells of diploid and autotetraploid snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) seedlings and in diploid and tetraploid (mononucleate and bidiploid-nucleate) regenerating mouse-liver cells have been studied. The increase in this rate in the tetraploid cells is closely correlated with the increase in nuclear surface area, but not with the nuclear volume; this suggests a possible control of the rate of DNA synthesis by the nuclear membrane.
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Fallon JF, Saunders JW. In vitro analysis of the control of cell death in a zone of prospective necrosis from the chick wing bud. Dev Biol 1968; 18:553-70. [PMID: 5710080 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(68)90026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fussell CP. Cytoplasmic label following tritiated thymidine treatment of Allium cepa L. roots. Cytochemical and electron microscope study. J Cell Biol 1968; 39:264-85. [PMID: 5677966 PMCID: PMC2107535 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.39.2.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tritiated thymidine routinely labels onion root cytoplasm during most of the cell cycle. One-third of this label could be cytochemically identified as DNA. The balance of the label was not RNA or a lipid, or attributable to labeled impurities in thymidine-(3)H. In electron microscope radioautographs one-third of the cytoplasmic silver grains was over organelles, presumably mitochondria and plastids. The other two-thirds of the silver grains in electron micrographs was distributed widely, 41% over ground cytoplasm and 10% over cell walls-cell membranes. Snake venom phosphodiesterase (SVDase) extracted a cytoplasmic fraction not degraded by DNase, and did not appear to extract nuclear DNA. The SVDase-extractable fraction may be DNA or a thymidine 5'-phosphoryl group in an ester linkage with another hydroxylic compound. The nature of the nonextractable fraction is considered. Possibilities discussed are: (1) technical problems such as the binding of an acid-labile nuclear DNA in the cytoplasm; (2) non-DNA, such as breakdown products, and thymine compounds other than DNA; (3) DNA, not extractable because of the nature of its binding to other compounds or because it is a "core" resistant to DNase. Until the chemical nature of this nonextractable fraction is known, cytoplasmic label following thymidine-(3)H treatment cannot necessarily be considered DNA, nor the assumption made that thymidine-(3)H exclusively labels DNA.
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Bogdanov YF, Liapunova NA, Sherudilo AI, Antropova EN. Uncoupling of DNA and histone synthesis prior to prophase I of meiosis in the cricket Grillus (Acheta) domesticus L. Exp Cell Res 1968; 52:59-70. [PMID: 5675561 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nardone RM. Cyclic nucleolar changes during the cell cycle. I. Variations in number, size, morphology and position. Exp Cell Res 1968; 50:599-615. [PMID: 5663069 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chernick B, Davidson L. The incorporation of tritiated arginine by chromosomal proteins of the human lymphocyte. Exp Cell Res 1968; 50:257-64. [PMID: 5759607 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Matthysse AG, Torrey JG. DNA synthesis in relation to polyploid mitoses in excised pea root segments cultured in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1967; 48:484-98. [PMID: 4230122 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(67)90371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Przybylski RJ. Cytodifferentiation of the chick pancreas. 3. The content and synthesis of ribonucleic acid and proteins in developing acinar cells. J Morphol 1967; 123:173-90. [PMID: 6073685 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051230206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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