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Vásquez GM, Ragland WL. Avian thymic hormone treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young chicks stimulates acute graft-versus-host reaction in chicken embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 29:663-668. [PMID: 15784296 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Avian thymic hormone (ATH) is a parvalbumin produced by epithelial cells in the thymic cortex of chickens and circulates in the blood on a 5-day cycle. It stimulates precocious development of cell-mediated immunity. The effect of partially purified extracts of thymus (TE) and purified ATH were tested for their effect on the acute graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). Treatment of chicks for their first 3-days of life did not enhance the acute GVHR produced by their PBMC in 14-day-old embryos. PBMC from 3-day-old chicks were treated in vitro with TE, ATH, thymosin fraction 5 or thymosin alpha1 for 2 h and injected into 14-day-old embryos. Bone marrow cells and thymic lymphocytes were treated with TE. Only PBMC treated with TE or ATH produced an enhanced acute GVHR. Because ATH targets gammadelta T cells, the data implicate participation of donor gammadelta T cells in the acute GVHR.
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Kouttab NM, Goldstein AL, Lu M, Lu L, Campbell B, Maizel AL. Production of human B and T cell growth factors is enhanced by thymic hormones. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1988; 16:97-105. [PMID: 3264553 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(88)90018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The thymic preparations thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) and synthetic thymosin alpha 1 (T alpha 1) were examined for their ability to enhance growth factor production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The results showed that both TF5 and T alpha 1 were capable of enhancing the production of a B cell growth factor (BCGF-12kD) and T cell growth factor (TCGF; IL-2). Enhancement by T alpha 1 could be obtained at 100-200-fold lower concentrations than that seen with TF5. In contrast, no enhancement of growth factor production was obtained with control preparations of non-thymic tissue extracts at any concentrations used. It was observed that stimulation of BCGF-12kD and IL-2 was most significantly obtained when the PBMC were activated with lectin. Furthermore, no direct effect of thymic hormones on test B and T cells was observed. These observations provide the first direct evidence that production of B cell growth factors can be enhanced by thymic hormones. In addition, these studies suggest that thymic hormones may regulate B cell responses by acting on mature activated T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Kouttab
- Department of Pathology, Roger Williams General Hospital, Providence, RI
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Kaiserlian D, Dujic A, Dardenne M, Bach JF, Blanot D, Bricas E. Prolongation of murine skin grafts by FTS and its synthetic analogues. Clin Exp Immunol 1981; 45:338-43. [PMID: 7032771 PMCID: PMC1537364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic serum thymic factor (FTS) and several of its analogues have been examined for immunoregulatory properties in a murine skin graft rejection model, including a syngeneic male-to-female system and an allogeneic system. In the syngeneic system, control animals with and without placebo had a mean graft survival time of 29 +/- 2 and 24 +/- 2 days respectively. Administration of FTS [10 ng bound to a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) vehicle three times weekly until rejection] significantly delayed rejection (49 +/- 3 days). Similar although less striking results were obtained across the H-2 barrier. Several FTS analogues with retarded degradation were tested in the same system without CMC. All of them were as immunosuppressive as FTS. Interestingly, an analogue accelerated or delayed rejection depending on dosage, indicating the multiplicity of action of thymic peptides on the various T cell subsets.
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5
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Chermeneva LM, Arion VY, Gladysheva TV, Petrov RV, Khaitov RM. Activation of precursors of T killers of hematopoietic stem cells by thymosine. Bull Exp Biol Med 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00806401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Press OW, Rosse C, Clagett J. The distribution of rapidly and slowly renewed T, B, and "null" lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. Cell Immunol 1977; 33:114-24. [PMID: 302757 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Nakumura K. The proliferation of plasma cells from mouse bone marrow in vitro. II-Stimulation of IgG-producing cells by a RNase-sensitive thymocyte homogenate. Cell Immunol 1976; 25:163-77. [PMID: 1085199 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Rosse C. Small lymphocyte and transitional cell populations of the bone marrow; their role in the mediation of immune and hemopoietic progenitor cell functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 45:155-290. [PMID: 783066 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Small M, Trainin N. Control of autoimmune processes by a thymic humoral factor (THF). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 66:659-64. [PMID: 4966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4355-4_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Rotter V, Trainin N. Increased mitogenic reactivity of normal spleen cells to T lectins induced by thymus humoral factor (THF). Cell Immunol 1975; 16:413-21. [PMID: 1090382 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(75)90130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Cohen GH, Hopper JA, Goldstein AL. Thymosin-induced differentiation of murine thymocytes in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 249:145-53. [PMID: 165764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calf thymosin is shown to enhance the one-way MLR of CBA thymocytes cultured with allogeneic mitomycin-C- treated C57BL/J6 spleen cells. Thymosin does not enhance the one-way MLR of CBA thymocytes cultured with syngeneic mitomucin-C-treated spleen cells. Based on this finding we present a relatively simple, rapid and quantitative in vitro microculture hioassay for inducers of T-cell differentiation and propose that thymosin treatment, when accompanied by antigen presentation, induces the two-step maturational sequence of pre-T yields T1 yields T2.
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Waksal SD, Cohen IR, Waksal HW, Wekerle H, St Pierre RL, Feldman M. Induction of T-cells differentiation in vitro by thymus epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 249:492-8. [PMID: 236721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymus-reticular epithelial cells (TE-cells) were grown in a cell culture devoid of any lymphocytic elements. These cells were able to induce T-cell differentiation in spleen cells from T-dificient mice as expressed by con-A responsiveness and GvH reactivity. It was also shown that xenogeneic rat TE cells were as effective in the induction of T-cell differentiation in vitro as syngeneic TE cells. This system is therefore ideal for the study of T-cell development.
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Umiel T, Trainin N. Increased reactivity of responding cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction by a thymic humoral factor. Eur J Immunol 1975; 5:85-8. [PMID: 135681 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A thymic humoral factor (THF) induces competence in a certain sector of the lymphoid cell population. The target cell for THF activity was studied using the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Cells from various lymphoid tissues (responding cells) were preincubated in THF for 1 hour and then mixed with mitomycin-C-treated cells (stimulating cells). The results obtained indicate that THF increases MLC competence of lymphocytes from spleen and thymus origin of intact mice and that of spleen of thymus-deprived mice. In contrast, no enhancing effect in the MLC response by THF could be observed when bone marrow-derived spleen cells, cortisone-resistant thymocytes or lymph node cells were used as responding cells. These results confirm our hypothesis that THF leads to differentiation of young thymus-derived (T) cells, promoting them to maturation and thus to the acquisition of full immune competence.
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Kook AI, Trainin N. Hormone-like activity of a thymus humoral factor on the induction of immune competence in lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 1974; 139:193-207. [PMID: 4148648 PMCID: PMC2139502 DOI: 10.1084/jem.139.1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments reported here were performed to understand the mechanism by which THF increases the immunocompetence of spleen cells from NTx mice. Dibutyryl cAMP or substances which increase intracellular levels of cAMP in lymphocytes such as Poly(A:U), theophylline, or PGE(2) were shown to mimic the effect of THF and confer reactivity in an in vitro GvH response to spleen cells from NTx mice. Flufenamic acid, an antagonist to PGE(2), was shown to inhibit the induction of competence by this substance. It was found that THF induces competence by activating membranal adenyl cyclase which leads to a rise in intracellular cAMP in thymus-derived cells only. These biochemical changes occur before antigenic stimulation and are unrelated to antigenic challenge. These findings indicate that THF exerts its effect via cAMP and are in agreement with the concepts which permit to classify THF as a thymus hormone.
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Wekerle H, Cohen IR, Feldman M. Thymus reticulum cell cultures confer T cell properties on spleen cells from thymus-deprived animals. Eur J Immunol 1973; 3:745-8. [PMID: 4544457 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Carnaud C, Ilfeld D, Brook I, Trainin N. Increased reactivity of mouse spleen cells sensitized in vitro against syngeneic tumor cells in the presence of a thymic humoral factor. J Exp Med 1973; 138:1521-32. [PMID: 4543457 PMCID: PMC2139458 DOI: 10.1084/jem.138.6.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprimed mouse spleen cells cultured in vitro on syngeneic tumor cell monolayers have been previously shown to become specifically sensitized and to mediate cytotoxicity against the same type of tumor cells. This complete in vitro system of cell-mediated response has been presently used to test the effect of a thymic humoral factor (THF) upon the differentiation process leading to the generation of specifically committed lymphocytes. Culture media were supplemented with 2% THF during either the sensitization or effector phase, or both phases of the reaction. Whereas the addition of THF during both phases or during sensitization only resulted in a significant increase in the cytotoxicity index, THF added during the effector phase was ineffective. The behavior of unsensitized spleen cells and of spleen cells sensitized against nonrelated transplantation antigens remained unmodified by THF. After showing that the entire reaction is mediated by lymphocytes of thymic origin, THF was directly tested on T or B spleen cells. It was found that only T cells reacted to THF by an increased cytotoxic capacity, while B cells remained inactive after addition of THF. It was therefore concluded that THF activates a postthymic population of lymphoid cells, transforming them into fully competent lymphocytes.
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Umiel T. Requirements for Development of Immunocompetence of Embryonic Liver Cells: the Graft-versus-Host Response. Differentiation 1973. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1973.tb00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rotter V, Globerson A, Nakamura I, Trainin N. Studies on characterization of the lymphoid target cell for activity of a thymus humoral factor. J Exp Med 1973; 138:130-42. [PMID: 4577615 PMCID: PMC2180536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.138.1.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to SRBC was measured in the spleens of adult thymectomized, total body irradiated mice injected with various combinations of thymus and bone marrow cells together with thymic humoral factor (THF). It was found that the number of plaque-forming cells was significantly increased when THF was given in vivo immediately after thymus cell administration or when thymus cells were incubated in THF before injection. On the other hand, bone marrow cells equally treated did not manifest any T cell activity, since THF-treated bone marrow cells were not able to substitute thymus cells in the system used. The results accumulated in the present experiments indicate, therefore, that the target cells for THF activity are thymus cells which acquire a higher T helper cell capacity after THF treatment.
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Lonai P, Mogilner B, Rotter V, Trainin N. Studies on the effect of a thymic humoral factor on differentiation of thymus-derived lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1973; 3:21-6. [PMID: 4146225 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Globerson A, Rotter V, Nakamura I, Trainin N. Thymus extracts induce differentiation of thymus derived cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1973; 29:183-9. [PMID: 4605385 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9017-0_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Karniely Y, Mozes E, Shearer GM, Sela M. The role of thymocytes and bone marrow cells in defining the response to the dinitrophenyl hapten attached to positively and negatively charged synthetic polypeptide carriers. Cell fractionation over charged columns. J Exp Med 1973; 137:183-95. [PMID: 4734591 PMCID: PMC2139364 DOI: 10.1084/jem.137.1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An inverse relationship exists between the net electrical charge of immunogens and the antibodies they elicit (1). Results of an earlier study have demonstrated that the net charge phenomenon has a cellular basis, since the immune response potential of murine spleen cells to 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) on a negatively charged synthetic polypeptide carrier was reduced by cell fractionation over negatively charged glass beads, whereas the response to the same hapten on a positively charged carrier was unaffected (14). To verify that the net charge correlation is expressed at the cellular level, spleen cells were fractionated over positively charged poly-L-lysine-coated glass bead columns, and their immunocompetence to DNP on positively and negatively charged carriers was tested by cell transfers in irradiated recipient mice. In this case, the fractionated cells showed reduced response potential to DNP on the positively charged carrier only. Thus, the cellular basis of the net charge phenomenon has been demonstrated for both positively and negatively charged immunogens (for the same specificity) by cell separation techniques over columns of opposite charge. In order to establish whether the cell population relevant for the charge properties of immunogens was of thymus or marrow origin, thymocytes and bone marrow cells were selectively passed over positively or negatively charged columns and mixed with unfractionated cells of the complementary type. Transfers of the filtered and unfiltered cell mixtures in irradiated recipient mice immunized with DNP on either a positive or a negative synthetic polypeptide carrier indicated that fractionation of thymocytes, but not of marrow cells, correlated with the spleen population. Thus, thymocytes fractionated over negatively charged columns and mixed with unfractionated marrow cells exhibited reduced response to DNP on the negative carrier, but normal responses to DNP on the positive carrier. The opposite result was obtained when thymocytes were passed over positively charged columns. No effect on the anti-DNP response was detected by filtration of bone marrow cells over columns of either charge. These findings indicate that it is possible to distinguish between thymocytes on the basis of their capacity to react with more acidic or more basic surfaces and that a population of thymus-derived cells may recognize immunogens on the basis of their overall electrical charge. No evidence was found by these techniques that marrow-derived cells contribute to the net charge phenomenon.
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Lafleur L, Miller RG, Phillips RA. A quantitative assay for the progenitors of bone marrow-associated lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1972; 135:1363-74. [PMID: 4554453 PMCID: PMC2139178 DOI: 10.1084/jem.135.6.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A cell transfer assay system was developed to study the precursors of bone marrow-associated (B) lymphocytes in the adult mouse. The rationale of the assay is to inject into irradiated mice a cell suspension depleted of B lymphocytes, to wait a period of time to let precursor cells differentiate to B lymphocytes, then to correlate the number of B cells present in the recipient mice with the number of precursor cells injected. The assay as described was shown to be linear in the range of 10(5)-3 x 10(6) fractionated bone marrow cells. Kinetic studies indicated that precursor cells start producing detectable numbers of B cells within 3 days after transplantation; B cell activity then increases with a doubling time of 24 hr. Physical characterization of that precursor cell has shown that it is lighter and sediments faster than small lymphocytes. Precursor cells were found in bone marrow and spleen but could not be detected in peripheral lymph nodes. Results of physical analysis also indicate that the precursors of B lymphocytes described here may not be pluripotent stem cells for the immune system.
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