1
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Metronomic cyclophosphamide activation of anti-tumor immunity: tumor model, mouse host, and drug schedule dependence of gene responses and their upstream regulators. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:623. [PMID: 27515027 PMCID: PMC4982114 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclophosphamide (CPA) can activate immunogenic tumor cell death, which induces immune-based tumor ablation and long-term anti-tumor immunity in a syngeneic C57BL/6 (B6) mouse GL261 glioma model when CPA is given on a 6-day repeating metronomic schedule (CPA/6d). In contrast, we find that two other syngeneic B6 mouse tumors, LLC lung carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma, do not exhibit these drug-induced immune responses despite their intrinsic sensitivity to CPA cytotoxicity. Methods To elucidate underlying mechanisms, we investigated gene expression and molecular pathway changes associated with the disparate immune responsiveness of these tumors to CPA/6d treatment. Results Global transcriptome analysis indicated substantial elevation of basal GL261 immune infiltration and strong CPA/6d activation of GL261 immune stimulatory pathways and their upstream regulators, but without preferential depletion of negative immune regulators compared to LLC and B16F10 tumors. In LLC tumors, where CPA/6d treatment is shown to be anti-angiogenic, CPA/6d suppressed VEGFA target genes and down regulated cell adhesion and leukocyte transendothelial migration genes. In GL261 tumors implanted in adaptive immune-deficient scid mice, where CPA/6d-induced GL261 regression is incomplete and late tumor growth rebound can occur, T cell receptor signaling and certain cytokine-cytokine receptor responses seen in B6 mice were deficient. Extending the CPA treatment interval from 6 to 9 days (CPA/9d) − which results in a strong but transient natural killer cell response followed by early tumor growth rebound − induced fewer cytokines and increased expression of drug metabolism genes. Conclusions These findings elucidate molecular response pathways activated by intermittent metronomic CPA treatment and identify deficiencies that characterize immune-unresponsive tumor models and drug schedules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2597-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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2
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Kamimura D, Katsunuma K, Arima Y, Atsumi T, Jiang JJ, Bando H, Meng J, Sabharwal L, Stofkova A, Nishikawa N, Suzuki H, Ogura H, Ueda N, Tsuruoka M, Harada M, Kobayashi J, Hasegawa T, Yoshida H, Koseki H, Miura I, Wakana S, Nishida K, Kitamura H, Fukada T, Hirano T, Murakami M. KDEL receptor 1 regulates T-cell homeostasis via PP1 that is a key phosphatase for ISR. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7474. [PMID: 26081938 PMCID: PMC4557295 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KDEL receptors are responsible for retrotransporting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones from the Golgi complex to the ER. Here we describe a role for KDEL receptor 1 (KDELR1) that involves the regulation of integrated stress responses (ISR) in T cells. Designing and using an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutant mouse line, T-Red (naïve T-cell reduced), we show that a point mutation in KDELR1 is responsible for the reduction in the number of naïve T cells in this model owing to an increase in ISR. Mechanistic analysis shows that KDELR1 directly regulates protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), a key phosphatase for ISR in naïve T cells. T-Red KDELR1 does not associate with PP1, resulting in reduced phosphatase activity against eIF2α and subsequent expression of stress responsive genes including the proapoptotic factor Bim. These results demonstrate that KDELR1 regulates naïve T-cell homeostasis by controlling ISR. KDEL receptors are known to be involved in retrotransporting chaperones to the endoplasmic reticulum from the Golgi complex. Here the authors unravel a role of KDEL receptor 1 in regulating integrated stress responses in naïve T cells through its association with protein phosphatase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kamimura
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kokichi Katsunuma
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Arima
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Atsumi
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jing-jing Jiang
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenori Bando
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jie Meng
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lavannya Sabharwal
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andrea Stofkova
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishikawa
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hironao Suzuki
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Ogura
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Ueda
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mineko Tsuruoka
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Harada
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takanori Hasegawa
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hisahiro Yoshida
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN Bioresource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN Bioresource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Kitamura
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshio Hirano
- Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- 1] Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan [2] Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Démoulins T, Abdallah A, Kettaf N, Baron ML, Gerarduzzi C, Gauchat D, Gratton S, Sékaly RP. Reversible blockade of thymic output: an inherent part of TLR ligand-mediated immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6757-69. [PMID: 18981093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TLRs constitute a first set of sensors that detect viral nucleic acids including dsRNA which triggers TLR3. We report the early, direct, and detrimental effect of polyinosine-polycytidilic acid treatment on T cell development. Inhibition of thymopoiesis was targeted to several thymocyte subpopulations. First, both a blockade of the double negative (DN)1-DN2 transition and a severe down-regulation of DN3-DN4 thymocyte proliferation were observed. In addition, an important decrease in the absolute numbers of double-positive thymocytes, concomitant with an increase in frequencies of apoptotic cells in this population were shown. This inhibition of thymopoiesis resulted in a reduced thymic output, as evidenced by a drop of the absolute numbers of naive T cells and TCR excision circles levels. The decrease in thymic cellularity and defects in thymic development were severely reduced, but not completely abolished in IFN-alpha/betaR(-/-) mice, showing a direct contribution of type I IFNs, known to be massively up-regulated in viral infections, to the inhibition of T cell development. Strikingly, the TCR repertoire in treated mice was biased toward shorter CDR3 lengths as a result of a decreased expression of TdT and Rag2. However, thymic integrity remained intact since thymopoiesis was restored both quantitatively and qualitatively 14 days after the cessation of polyinosine-polycytidilic acid treatment. These results demonstrate a novel immunomodulatory role for virally encoded TLR ligands and RNA sensors; they further illustrate the diversity of mechanisms that viruses use to interfere with the development of a pathogen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherches du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Saint-Luc, Canada
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4
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Haidl ID, Falk I, Nerz G, Eichmann K. Metalloproteinase-dependent control of thymocyte differentiation and proliferation. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:280-6. [PMID: 16918697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cells in the thymus is dependent on interactions between thymocytes and thymic stromal cells, on stimulation by growth factors, and on the binding to and migration along extracellular matrix (ECM) components. As metalloproteinases (MP) are involved in processes such as growth factor release and ECM modelling, we assessed the effect of MP inhibitors on T-cell development using fetal thymic organ culture systems. MP inhibitors significantly reduced the numbers of CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) and mature single-positive thymocytes generated, correlated with a reduced number of cell cycles between the double-negative (DN)3 and DP stages. The progression of early thymocyte progenitors through the DN1-4 stages of development was also severely affected, including incomplete upregulation of CD25, decreased DN3 cell numbers, reduced rearrangement of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-beta locus and expression of intracellular TCR-beta by fewer DN3 cells. When purified DN1 cells were utilized as donor cells in reaggregate thymic organ cultures, essentially no DP thymocytes were produced in the presence of MP inhibitors. The results suggest that MP inhibitors affect the differentiation of developing thymocytes before, and reduce proliferation after, pre-TCR-mediated selection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Metalloproteases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Metalloproteases/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Haidl
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Busse CE, Krotkova A, Eichmann K. The TCRbeta enhancer is dispensable for the expression of rearranged TCRbeta genes in thymic DN2/DN3 populations but not at later stages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3067-74. [PMID: 16116195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Ebeta enhancer has been shown to be dispensable for germline transcription of nonrearranged TCRbeta segments but appears to be required for TCRbeta V to DJ rearrangement. Ebeta dependency of the subsequent expression of VDJ-rearranged TCRbeta genes in thymic subpopulations has so far not been analyzed. We generated transgenic mice, using a Vbeta8.2Dbeta1Jbeta1.3-rearranged TCRbeta bacterial artificial chromosome, which lacked Ebeta, and monitored transgene expression by flow cytometry using Vbeta-specific mAbs and an IRES-eGFP reporter. Transgene expression was found in double negative (DN)2 and DN3 but not at later stages of thymopoesis. There was no toxicity associated with the transgene given that apoptosis in DN3, DN4 was not increased, and the number of DN4 cells generated from DN3 cells in reaggregate thymic organ cultures was not diminished. The transgenic TCRbeta gave rise to a pre-TCR, as suggested by its ability to suppress endogenous TCRbeta rearrangement, to facilitate beta-selection on a TCRbeta-deficient background and to inhibit gammadelta T cell lineage development. The results suggest that the Vbeta8.2 promoter is sufficient to drive expression of rearranged TCRbeta VDJ genes Ebeta independently in DN2/DN3 but not at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Busse
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Krotkova A, Smith E, Nerz G, Falk I, Eichmann K. Delayed and restricted expression limits putative instructional opportunities of Vgamma1.1/Vgamma2 gammadelta TCR in alphabeta/gammadelta lineage choice in the thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:25-32. [PMID: 15210755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells depends on productive rearrangement of the appropriate TCR genes and their subsequent expression as proteins. TCRbeta and TCRgammadelta proteins first appear in DN3 and DN4 thymocytes, respectively. So far, it is not clear whether this is due to a delayed expression of TCRgammadelta proteins or to a more rapid progression to DN4 of thymocytes expressing TCRgammadelta. The answer to this question bears on the distinction between instructive and stochastic models of alphabeta/gammadelta lineage decision. To study this question, we first monitored initial TCR protein expression in wild-type and TCR transgenic mice in reaggregate thymic organ cultures. A TCRbeta transgene was expressed in nearly all DN3 and DN4 cells, accelerated DN3 to DN4 transition, and strongly diminished the number of cells that express TCRgammadelta proteins. In contrast, TCRgammadelta transgenes were expressed only in a fraction of DN4 cells, did not accelerate DN3 to DN4 transition, and did not reduce the number of DN4 cells expressing TCRbeta proteins. The TCRbeta transgene partially inhibited endogenous TCRgamma rearrangements, whereas the TCRgammadelta transgenes did not inhibit endogenous TCRbeta rearrangements. Second, we analyzed frequencies of productive TCRbeta and TCRgammadelta V(D)J junctions in DN3 and DN4 subsets. Most importantly, frequencies of productive TCRgammadelta rearrangements (Vdelta5, Vgamma1.1, and Vgamma2) appeared unselected in DN3. The results suggest a late and restricted expression of the corresponding gammadeltaTCR, severely limiting their putative instructional opportunities in alphabeta/gammadelta divergence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krotkova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Stübeweg 541, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Mancini SJ, Candéias SM, Di Santo JP, Ferrier P, Marche PN, Jouvin-Marche E. TCRA gene rearrangement in immature thymocytes in absence of CD3, pre-TCR, and TCR signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4485-93. [PMID: 11591775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During thymocyte differentiation, TCRA genes are massively rearranged only after productively rearranged TCRB genes are expressed in association with pTalpha and CD3 complex molecules within a pre-TCR. Signaling from the pre-TCR via the CD3 complex is thought to be required to promote TCRA gene accessibility and recombination. However, alphabeta(+) thymocytes do develop in pTalpha-deficient mice, showing that TCRalpha-chain genes are rearranged, either in CD4(-)CD8(-) or CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, in the absence of pre-TCR expression. In this study, we analyzed the TCRA gene recombination status of early immature thymocytes in mutant mice with arrested thymocyte development, deficient for either CD3 or pTalpha and gammac expression. ADV genes belonging to different families were found rearranged to multiple AJ segments in both cases. Thus, TCRA gene rearrangement is independent of CD3 and gammac signaling. However, CD3 expression was found to play a role in transcription of rearranged TCRalpha-chain genes in CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the molecular control of early T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Mancini
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U548, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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8
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Mongini C, Ruybal P, Gravisaco MJ, Croci M, Sánchez Lockhart M, Fabris V, Waldner AC. Characterization of the immunophenotype and the metastatic properties of a murine T-lymphoma cell line. Unexpected expression of cytoplasmatic CD4. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:499-504. [PMID: 11669283 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0499:cotiat>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the first characterization of a mouse T-lymphoma cell line that surprisingly expresses cytoplasmatic (cy) yCD4. Phenotypically, LBC cells are CD5+, CD8+, CD16+, CD24+, CD25+, CD2-/dim, CD3-/dim, TCRbeta-/dim, TCRgammadelta, CD154 , CD40-, and CD45R. Coexpress cyTCRbeta, cyCD3, cyCD4, and yet lack surface CD4 expression. Transplantation of LBC cells into mice resulted in an aggressive T-lymphoblastic lymphoma that infiltrated lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, liver, ovary, and uterus but not peripheral blood or bone marrow. LBC cells display a modal chromosome number of 39 and a near-diploid karyotype. Based on the characterization data, we demonstrated that the LBC cell line was derived from an early T-cell lymphocyte precursor. We propose that the malignant cell transformation of LBC cells could coincide with the transition stage from late double-negative, DN3 (CD4- CD8 CD44-/low, CD25+) or DN4 (CD4-low, CD8-/low, CD44-, CD25-) to double-positive (DP: CD4+CD8+) stage of T-cell development. LBC cells provide a T-lymphoblastic lymphoma model derived from a malignant early T-lymphocyte that can be potentially useful as a model to study both cellular regulation and differentiation of T-cells. In addition, LBC tumor provides a short latency neoplasm to study cellular regulation and to perform preclinical trials of lymphoma-relatel clisorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mongini
- Institut de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, UBA-CONICET, Department of Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Baur N, Nerz G, Nil A, Eichmann K. Expression and selection of productively rearranged TCR beta VDJ genes are sequentially regulated by CD3 signaling in the development of NK1.1(+) alpha beta T cells. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1031-42. [PMID: 11470773 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.8.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of thymic NK1.1(+)alpha beta T (NKT) cells involves positive selection of cells enriched for V(alpha)14/V(beta)8 TCR by CD1d MHC class I molecules. However, it has not been determined whether positive selection is preceded by pre-TCR-dependent beta selection. Here we studied NKT cell development in CD3 signaling-deficient mice (CD3 zeta/eta(-/-) and/or p56(lck-/-)) and TCR alpha-deficient mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, NK1.1(+) thymocytes in CD3 signaling-deficient mice are approximately 10-fold reduced in number, do not exhibit V(alpha)14-J(alpha)281 rearrangements and fail to express alpha beta TCR at the cell surface. However, they exhibit TCR beta VDJ rearrangements and pre-T alpha mRNA, suggesting that they contain pre-NKT cells. Strikingly, pre-NKT cells of CD3 zeta/Lck double-deficient mice fail to express TCR beta mRNA and protein. Whereas in wild-type NKT cells TCR beta VDJ junctions are selected for productive V(beta)8 and against productive V(beta)5 rearrangements, V(beta)8 and V(beta)5 rearrangements are non-selected in pre-NKT cells of CD3 signaling-deficient mice. Thus, pre-NKT cell development in CD3 signaling-deficient mice is blocked after rearrangement of TCR beta VDJ genes but before expression of TCR beta proteins. Most NKT cells of TCR alpha-deficient mice exhibit cell surface gamma delta TCR. In contrast to pre-NKT cells of CD3 signaling-deficient mice, approximately 25% of NKT cells of TCR alpha-deficient mice exhibit intracellular TCR beta polypeptide chains. Moreover, both V(beta)8 and V(beta)5 families are selected for in-frame VDJ joints in the TCR beta(+) NKT cell subset of TCR alpha-deficient mice. The data suggest that CD3 signals regulate initial TCR beta VDJ gene expression prior to beta selection in developing pre-NKT cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA Precursors/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Baur
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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von Boehmer H, Aifantis I, Azogui O, Saint-Ruf C, Grassi F. The impact of pre-T-cell receptor signals on gene expression in developing T cells. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2001; 64:283-9. [PMID: 11232298 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H von Boehmer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U373 Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75730 Paris, France
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11
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Baur N, Eichmann K. CD3-dependent regulation of early TCRβ gene expression in mainstream αβ and NKαβ T cell development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Baldari CT, Telford JL, Acuto O. EMBO WORKSHOP REPORT: lymphocyte antigen receptor and coreceptor signaling Siena, Italy, November 6-10, 1999. EMBO J 2000; 19:4857-65. [PMID: 10990449 PMCID: PMC314226 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.18.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C T Baldari
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
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13
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Wilson A, Capone M, MacDonald HR. Unexpectedly late expression of intracellular CD3epsilon and TCR gammadelta proteins during adult thymus development. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1641-50. [PMID: 10508182 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.10.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During adult thymus development immature CD4(-)CD8(-) [double-negative (DN)] precursor cells pass through four phenotypically distinct stages defined by expression of CD44 and CD25: CD44(hi)CD25(-) (DN1), CD44(hi)CD25(+) (DN2), CD44(lo)CD25(+) (DN3) and CD44(lo)CD25(-) (DN4). Although it is well established that the TCR beta, gamma and delta genes are rearranged and expressed in association with the CD3 components in DN thymocytes, the precise timing of expression of the TCR and CD3 proteins has not been determined. In this report we have utilized a sensitive intracellular (ic) staining technique to analyze the expression of ic CD3epsilon, TCR beta and TCR gammadelta proteins in immature DN subsets. As expected from previous studies of TCR beta rearrangement and mRNA expression, icTCR beta(+) cells were first detected in the DN3 subset and their proportion increased thereafter. Surprisingly, however, both icCD3epsilon(+) and icTCR gammadelta(+) cells were detected at later stages of development than was predicted by molecular studies. In particular icCD3epsilon protein expression coincided with the transition from the DN2 to DN3 stage of development, whereas icTCR gammadelta protein expression was only detected in a minor subset of DN4 cells. The implications of these findings for alphabeta lineage divergence will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Differentiation
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne,Ch. Des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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14
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Aifantis I, Feinberg J, Fehling HJ, Di Santo JP, von Boehmer H. Early T cell receptor beta gene expression is regulated by the pre-T cell receptor-CD3 complex. J Exp Med 1999; 190:141-4. [PMID: 10429678 PMCID: PMC2195557 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the question of whether there is an additional checkpoint in T cell development that regulates T cell receptor (TCR)-beta expression in CD25+44- thymocytes by mechanisms that are independent of the pre-TCR. Our analysis in various mutant mice indicates that all changes in cytoplasmic TCR-beta expression can be accounted for by pre-TCR-dependent signal mediation, putting into question the function of a putative pro-TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Aifantis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U373, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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von Boehmer H, Aifantis I, Feinberg J, Lechner O, Saint-Ruf C, Walter U, Buer J, Azogui O. Pleiotropic changes controlled by the pre-T-cell receptor. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11:135-42. [PMID: 10322152 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(99)80024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The construction of various gene-deficient mice has facilitated the understanding of the role of various receptors and signaling pathways that control the generation of alphabeta lineage cells. A predominant role is occupied by the pre-TCR, which not only generates large numbers of alphabeta lineage cells but also controls TCRbeta allelic exclusion as well as commitment to the gammadelta lineage versus the alphabeta lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Mice
- Protein Precursors/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- H von Boehmer
- Institut Necker, INSERM U373, Faculté de Médecine Necker - Enfants Malades, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, F75730, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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16
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Biro J, Würch A, Potocnik AJ, Falk I, Mossmann H, Eichmann K. Regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) beta gene expression by CD3 complex signaling in immature thymocytes: implications for TCRbeta allelic exclusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3882-7. [PMID: 10097132 PMCID: PMC22389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During alphabeta thymocyte development, clonotype-independent CD3 complexes are expressed at the cell surface before the pre-T cell receptor (TCR). Signaling through clonotype-independent CD3 complexes is required for expression of rearranged TCRbeta genes. On expression of a TCRbeta polypeptide chain, the pre-TCR is assembled, and TCRbeta locus allelic exclusion is established. We investigated the putative contribution of clonotype-independent CD3 complex signaling to TCRbeta locus allelic exclusion in mice single-deficient or double-deficient for CD3zeta/eta and/or p56(lck). These mice display defects in the expression of endogenous TCRbeta genes in immature thymocytes, proportional to the severity of CD3 complex malfunction. Exclusion of endogenous TCRbeta VDJ (variable, diversity, joining) rearrangements by a functional TCRbeta transgene was severely compromised in the single-deficient and double-deficient mutant mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, most of the CD25(+) double-negative (DN) thymocytes of the mutant mice failed to express the TCRbeta transgene, suggesting defective expression of the TCRbeta transgene similar to endogenous TCRbeta genes. In the mutant mice, a proportion of CD25(+) DN thymocytes that failed to express the transgene expressed endogenous TCRbeta polypeptide chains. Many double-positive cells of the mutant mice coexpressed endogenous and transgenic TCRbeta chains or more than one endogenous TCRbeta chain. The data suggest that signaling through clonotype-independent CD3 complexes may contribute to allelic exclusion of the TCRbeta locus by inducing the expression of rearranged TCRbeta genes in CD25(+) DN thymocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- DNA Primers
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/deficiency
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Biro
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Würch A, Biro J, Falk I, Mossmann H, Eichmann K. Reduced Generation but Efficient TCRβ-Chain Selection of CD4+8+ Double-Positive Thymocytes in Mice with Compromised CD3 Complex Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Maturation to the CD4+8+ double-positive (DP) stage of thymocyte development is restricted to cells that have passed TCRβ selection, an important checkpoint at which immature CD4−8− double-negative (DN) cells that express TCRβ polypeptide chains are selected for further maturation. The generation of DP thymocytes following TCRβ selection is dependent on cellular survival, differentiation, and proliferation, and the entire process appears to be mediated by the pre-TCR/CD3 complex. In this study, we investigate the signaling requirements for TCRβ selection using mice single deficient and double deficient for CD3ζ/η and/or p56lck. While the numbers of DP cells are strongly reduced in the single-deficient mice, a further drastic reduction in the generation of DP thymocytes is seen in the double-deficient mice. The poor generation of DP cells in the mutant mice is primarily due to an impaired ability of CD25+ DN thymocytes to proliferate following expression of a TCRβ-chain. Nevertheless, the residual DP cells in all mutant mice are strictly selected for expression of TCRβ polypeptide chains. DN thymocytes of mutant mice expressed TCRβ and CD3ε at the cell surface and contained mRNA for pre-Tα, but not for clonotypic TCRα-chains, together suggesting that TCRβ selection is mediated by pre-TCR signaling in all cases. The data suggest differential requirements of pre-TCR signaling for cell survival on the one hand, and for the proliferative burst associated with TCRβ selection on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Würch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judit Biro
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Falk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Horst Mossmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Eichmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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