1
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Demirturk M, Cinar MS, Avci FY. The immune interactions of gut glycans and microbiota in health and disease. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38703041 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The human digestive system harbors a vast diversity of commensal bacteria and maintains a symbiotic relationship with them. However, imbalances in the gut microbiota accompany various diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colorectal cancers (CRCs), which significantly impact the well-being of populations globally. Glycosylation of the mucus layer is a crucial factor that plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostatic environment in the gut. This review delves into how the gut microbiota, immune cells, and gut mucus layer work together to establish a balanced gut environment. Specifically, the role of glycosylation in regulating immune cell responses and mucus metabolism in this process is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Demirturk
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mukaddes Sena Cinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Sudol ASL, Crispin M, Tews I. The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 are distinguished by conformation and antibody recognition. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107245. [PMID: 38569940 PMCID: PMC11063906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 from Streptococcus pyogenes can remove conserved N-linked glycans present on the Fc region of host antibodies to inhibit Fc-mediated effector functions. These enzymes are therefore being investigated as therapeutics for suppressing unwanted immune activation, and have additional application as tools for antibody glycan remodeling. EndoS and EndoS2 differ in Fc glycan substrate specificity due to structural differences within their catalytic glycosyl hydrolase domains. However, a chimeric EndoS enzyme with a substituted glycosyl hydrolase from EndoS2 loses catalytic activity, despite high structural homology between the two enzymes, indicating either mechanistic divergence of EndoS and EndoS2, or improperly-formed domain interfaces in the chimeric enzyme. Here, we present the crystal structure of the EndoS2-IgG1 Fc complex determined to 3.0 Å resolution. Comparison of complexed and unliganded EndoS2 reveals relative reorientation of the glycosyl hydrolase, leucine-rich repeat and hybrid immunoglobulin domains. The conformation of the complexed EndoS2 enzyme is also different when compared to the earlier EndoS-IgG1 Fc complex, and results in distinct contact surfaces between the two enzymes and their Fc substrate. These findings indicate mechanistic divergence of EndoS2 and EndoS. It will be important to consider these differences in the design of IgG-specific enzymes, developed to enable customizable antibody glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S L Sudol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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3
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Carlsson F, Råberg L. The germ theory revisited: A noncentric view on infection outcome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319605121. [PMID: 38578984 PMCID: PMC11047106 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319605121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The germ theory states that pathogenic microorganisms are responsible for causing infectious diseases. The theory is inherently microbe-centric and does not account for variability in disease severity among individuals and asymptomatic carriership-two phenomena indicating an important role for host variability in infection outcome. The basic tenet of the germ theory was recently challenged, and a radically host-centric paradigm referred to as the "full-blown host theory" was proposed. According to this view, the pathogen is reduced to a passive environmental trigger, and the development of disease is instead due to pre-existing immunodeficiencies of the host. Here, we consider the factors that determine disease severity using established knowledge concerning evolutionary biology, microbial pathogenesis, and host-pathogen interactions. We note that the available data support a noncentric view that recognizes key roles for both the causative microbe and the host in dictating infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Råberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund223 62, Sweden
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4
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Happonen L, Collin M. Immunomodulating Enzymes from Streptococcus pyogenes-In Pathogenesis, as Biotechnological Tools, and as Biological Drugs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38258026 PMCID: PMC10818452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus, is an exclusively human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild throat and skin infections to severe invasive disease. The pathogenesis of S. pyogenes infection has been extensively studied, but the pathophysiology, especially of the more severe infections, is still somewhat elusive. One key feature of S. pyogenes is the expression of secreted, surface-associated, and intracellular enzymes that directly or indirectly affect both the innate and adaptive host immune systems. Undoubtedly, S. pyogenes is one of the major bacterial sources for immunomodulating enzymes. Major targets for these enzymes are immunoglobulins that are destroyed or modified through proteolysis or glycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, several enzymes degrade components of the complement system and a group of DNAses degrade host DNA in neutrophil extracellular traps. Additional types of enzymes interfere with cellular inflammatory and innate immunity responses. In this review, we attempt to give a broad overview of the functions of these enzymes and their roles in pathogenesis. For those enzymes where experimentally determined structures exist, the structural aspects of the enzymatic activity are further discussed. Lastly, we also discuss the emerging use of some of the enzymes as biotechnological tools as well as biological drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Happonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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5
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van Rijswijck DMH, Bondt A, de Kat N, Lood R, Heck AJR. Direct Comparison of the Hinge-Cleaving Proteases IgdE and BdpK for LC-MS-Based IgG1 Clonal Profiling. Anal Chem 2024; 96:23-27. [PMID: 38105593 PMCID: PMC10782413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Human antibodies are heterogeneous molecules primarily due to clonal sequence variations. Analytical techniques to assess antibody levels quantitatively, such as ELISA, lack the power to resolve abundances at the clonal level. Recently, we introduced an LC-MS-based approach that can distinguish and quantify antibody clones using the mass and retention time of their corresponding Fab-fragments. We used specific hinge-cleaving protease IgdE (FabALACTICA) to release the Fab-fragments from the constant Fc region of the antibody. Here, we explore an alternative IgG1 hinge-cleaving protease, BdpK (FabDELLO), and compare it directly to IgdE for use in IgG1 repertoire profiling. We used IgdE and BdpK in parallel to digest all IgG1s from the same set of plasma samples. Both proteases cleave IgG1 specifically in the hinge, albeit via different mechanisms and at two distinct cleavage sites. Notwithstanding these differences, the Fab fragments generated by IgdE or BdpK produced highly similar clonal repertoires. However, IgdE required ∼16 h of incubation to digest plasma IgG1s, while BdpK required ∼2 h. We authenticated the similarity of the clones by top-down proteomics using electron transfer dissociation. We conclude that BdpK performs very well in digesting polyclonal plasma IgG1s and that neither BdpK nor IgdE displays detectable biases in cleaving IgG1s. We anticipate that BdpK may emerge as the preferred protease for IgG1 hinge-digestion because it offers a shorter digestion time compared to IgdE, an equally specific digestion site, and no bias against any IgG1 present in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique M H van Rijswijck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bondt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi de Kat
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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6
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Toledo AG, Bratanis E, Velásquez E, Chowdhury S, Olofsson B, Sorrentino JT, Karlsson C, Lewis NE, Esko JD, Collin M, Shannon O, Malmström J. Pathogen-driven degradation of endogenous and therapeutic antibodies during streptococcal infections. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6693. [PMID: 37872209 PMCID: PMC10593946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a major bacterial pathogen responsible for both local and systemic infections in humans. The molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here we show that the transition from a local to a systemic GAS infection is paralleled by pathogen-driven alterations in IgG homeostasis. Using animal models and a combination of sensitive proteomics and glycoproteomics readouts, we documented the progressive accumulation of IgG cleavage products in plasma, due to extensive enzymatic degradation triggered by GAS infection in vivo. The level of IgG degradation was modulated by the route of pathogen inoculation, and mechanistically linked to the combined activities of the bacterial protease IdeS and the endoglycosidase EndoS, upregulated during infection. Importantly, we show that these virulence factors can alter the structure and function of exogenous therapeutic IgG in vivo. These results shed light on the role of bacterial virulence factors in shaping GAS pathogenesis, and potentially blunting the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Velásquez
- IPSC Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sounak Chowdhury
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - James T Sorrentino
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christofer Karlsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mattias Collin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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7
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Brouwer S, Rivera-Hernandez T, Curren BF, Harbison-Price N, De Oliveira DMP, Jespersen MG, Davies MR, Walker MJ. Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:431-447. [PMID: 36894668 PMCID: PMC9998027 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is exquisitely adapted to the human host, resulting in asymptomatic infection, pharyngitis, pyoderma, scarlet fever or invasive diseases, with potential for triggering post-infection immune sequelae. GAS deploys a range of virulence determinants to allow colonization, dissemination within the host and transmission, disrupting both innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Fluctuating global GAS epidemiology is characterized by the emergence of new GAS clones, often associated with the acquisition of new virulence or antimicrobial determinants that are better adapted to the infection niche or averting host immunity. The recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced penicillin sensitivity and increasing macrolide resistance threatens both frontline and penicillin-adjunctive antibiotic treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a GAS research and technology road map and has outlined preferred vaccine characteristics, stimulating renewed interest in the development of safe and effective GAS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Bodie F Curren
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nichaela Harbison-Price
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M P De Oliveira
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus G Jespersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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8
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Trastoy B, Du JJ, Cifuente JO, Rudolph L, García-Alija M, Klontz EH, Deredge D, Sultana N, Huynh CG, Flowers MW, Li C, Sastre DE, Wang LX, Corzana F, Mallagaray A, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Mechanism of antibody-specific deglycosylation and immune evasion by Streptococcal IgG-specific endoglycosidases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1705. [PMID: 36973249 PMCID: PMC10042849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved intricate mechanisms to evade the human immune system, including the production of immunomodulatory enzymes. Streptococcus pyogenes serotypes secrete two multi-modular endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, EndoS and EndoS2, that specifically deglycosylate the conserved N-glycan at Asn297 on IgG Fc, disabling antibody-mediated effector functions. Amongst thousands of known carbohydrate-active enzymes, EndoS and EndoS2 represent just a handful of enzymes that are specific to the protein portion of the glycoprotein substrate, not just the glycan component. Here, we present the cryoEM structure of EndoS in complex with the IgG1 Fc fragment. In combination with small-angle X-ray scattering, alanine scanning mutagenesis, hydrolytic activity measurements, enzyme kinetics, nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics analyses, we establish the mechanisms of recognition and specific deglycosylation of IgG antibodies by EndoS and EndoS2. Our results provide a rational basis from which to engineer novel enzymes with antibody and glycan selectivity for clinical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Javier O Cifuente
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Lorena Rudolph
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Erik H Klontz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nazneen Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chau G Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maria W Flowers
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento Química and Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Quı́mica, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Rioja, Spain
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
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9
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Du JJ, Sastre D, Trastoy B, Roberts B, Deredge D, Klontz EH, Flowers MW, Sultana N, Guerin ME, Sundberg EJ. Mass Spectrometry-Based Methods to Determine the Substrate Specificities and Kinetics of N-Linked Glycan Hydrolysis by Endo-β-N-Acetylglucosaminidases. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2674:147-167. [PMID: 37258966 PMCID: PMC10988651 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3243-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of proteins and refers to the covalent addition of glycans, chains of polysaccharides, onto proteins producing glycoproteins. The glycans influence the structure, function, and stability of proteins. They also play an integral role in the immune system, and aberrantly glycosylated proteins have wide ranging effects, including leading to diseases such as autoimmune conditions and cancer. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are produced in bacteria, fungi, and humans and are enzymes which modify glycans via the addition or subtraction of individual or multiple saccharides from glycans. One of the hurdles in studying these enzymes is determining the types of substrates each enzyme is specific for and the kinetics of enzymatic activity. In this chapter, we discuss methods which are currently used to study the substrate specificity and kinetics of CAZymes and introduce a novel mass spectrometry-based technique which enables the specificity and kinetics of CAZymes to be determined accurately and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Diego Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Blaine Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erik H Klontz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria W Flowers
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nazneen Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Ye J, Chen X. Current Promising Strategies against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010067. [PMID: 36671268 PMCID: PMC9854991 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are one of the major global health challenges of our time. In addition to developing new antibiotics to combat ARB, sensitizing ARB, or pursuing alternatives to existing antibiotics are promising options to counter antibiotic resistance. This review compiles the most promising anti-ARB strategies currently under development. These strategies include the following: (i) discovery of novel antibiotics by modification of existing antibiotics, screening of small-molecule libraries, or exploration of peculiar places; (ii) improvement in the efficacy of existing antibiotics through metabolic stimulation or by loading a novel, more efficient delivery systems; (iii) development of alternatives to conventional antibiotics such as bacteriophages and their encoded endolysins, anti-biofilm drugs, probiotics, nanomaterials, vaccines, and antibody therapies. Clinical or preclinical studies show that these treatments possess great potential against ARB. Some anti-ARB products are expected to become commercially available in the near future.
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11
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Plasma Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Relationship between Immune Function and Metabolic Changes in Holstein Peripartum Dairy Cows. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100953. [PMID: 36295855 PMCID: PMC9611258 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo dynamic physiological changes from late gestation to early lactation, including metabolic changes and immune dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between immune function and metabolic changes in peripartum dairy cows. Fifteen healthy Holstein dairy cows were enrolled 14 days prior to parturition, and plasma was collected on day −7, 0, 7, and 21 relative to calving. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), glucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 levels were measured, and metabolic profiles were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography−quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The data were analyzed using Tukey−Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons, and multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were performed to screen for differential metabolites. The results showed that the concentrations of NEFAs, glucose, BHBA, and TNF-α in the plasma significantly increased and concentrations of IgG and interleukin-2 in plasma significantly decreased from −7 d to the calving day (p < 0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of glucose, IgG, and TNF-α significantly decreased from 0 to +7 d, and concentrations of NEFAs decreased significantly from +7 to +21 d (p < 0.05). The following six primary metabolic pathways were identified in all time point comparisons, and L-glutamate, linoleic acid, taurine, and L-tryptophan were involved in these major metabolic pathways. Correlation and pathway analyses indicated that a negative energy balance during the transition period adversely affects immune responses in cows, and L-tryptophan exerts immunomodulatory effects through the Trp-Kyn pathway, resulting in depletion of Trp and elevation of Kyn.
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12
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Jahagirdar S, Morris L, Benis N, Oppegaard O, Svenson M, Hyldegaard O, Skrede S, Norrby-Teglund A, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Saccenti E. Analysis of host-pathogen gene association networks reveals patient-specific response to streptococcal and polymicrobial necrotising soft tissue infections. BMC Med 2022; 20:173. [PMID: 35505341 PMCID: PMC9066942 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are rapidly progressing bacterial infections usually caused by either several pathogens in unison (polymicrobial infections) or Streptococcus pyogenes (mono-microbial infection). These infections are rare and are associated with high mortality rates. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in this heterogeneous group remain elusive. METHODS In this study, we built interactomes at both the population and individual levels consisting of host-pathogen interactions inferred from dual RNA-Seq gene transcriptomic profiles of the biopsies from NSTI patients. RESULTS NSTI type-specific responses in the host were uncovered. The S. pyogenes mono-microbial subnetwork was enriched with host genes annotated with involved in cytokine production and regulation of response to stress. The polymicrobial network consisted of several significant associations between different species (S. pyogenes, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Escherichia coli) and host genes. The host genes associated with S. pyogenes in this subnetwork were characterised by cellular response to cytokines. We further found several virulence factors including hyaluronan synthase, Sic1, Isp, SagF, SagG, ScfAB-operon, Fba and genes upstream and downstream of EndoS along with bacterial housekeeping genes interacting with the human stress and immune response in various subnetworks between host and pathogen. CONCLUSIONS At the population level, we found aetiology-dependent responses showing the potential modes of entry and immune evasion strategies employed by S. pyogenes, congruent with general cellular processes such as differentiation and proliferation. After stratifying the patients based on the subject-specific networks to study the patient-specific response, we observed different patient groups with different collagens, cytoskeleton and actin monomers in association with virulence factors, immunogenic proteins and housekeeping genes which we utilised to postulate differing modes of entry and immune evasion for different bacteria in relationship to the patients' phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevan Jahagirdar
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lorna Morris
- Lifeglimmer GmbH, Markelstraße 38, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nirupama Benis
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Present affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oddvar Oppegaard
- Department of Medicine, Division for infectious diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mattias Svenson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Medicine, Division for infectious diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Lifeglimmer GmbH, Markelstraße 38, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Indraratna AD, Everest-Dass A, Skropeta D, Sanderson-Smith M. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6519265. [PMID: 35104861 PMCID: PMC9075583 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host carbohydrates, or glycans, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that readily colonises the skin and oropharynx, and is a significant cause of mortality in humans. While the glycointeractions orchestrated by many other pathogens are increasingly well-described, the understanding of the role of human glycans in GAS disease remains incomplete. Although basic investigation into the mechanisms of GAS disease is ongoing, several glycointeractions have been identified and are examined herein. The majority of research in this context has focussed on bacterial adherence, however, glycointeractions have also been implicated in carbohydrate metabolism; evasion of host immunity; biofilm adaptations; and toxin-mediated haemolysis. The involvement of human glycans in these diverse avenues of pathogenesis highlights the clinical value of understanding glycointeractions in combatting GAS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuk D Indraratna
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- Corresponding author: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Bld 32, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia. Tel: +61 2 42981935; E-mail:
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14
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Kim Y, Ko JY, Yang WH. Remodeling of host glycoproteins during bacterial infection. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34674797 PMCID: PMC8633524 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification found in all living organisms. This modification in bacterial pathogens plays a pivotal role in their infectious processes including pathogenicity, immune evasion, and host-pathogen interactions. Importantly, many key proteins of host immune systems are also glycosylated and bacterial pathogens can notably modulate glycosylation of these host proteins to facilitate pathogenesis through the induction of abnormal host protein activity and abundance. In recent years, interest in studying the regulation of host protein glycosylation caused by bacterial pathogens is increasing to fully understand bacterial pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on how bacterial pathogens regulate remodeling of host glycoproteins during infections to promote the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeolhoe Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, BK21 Plus Project, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Ko
- Department of Systems Biology, BK21 Plus Project, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Won Ho Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, BK21 Plus Project, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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15
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Activity of CcpA-Regulated GH18 Family Glycosyl Hydrolases That Contributes to Nutrient Acquisition and Fitness in Enterococcus faecalis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0034321. [PMID: 34424752 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00343-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of Enterococcus faecalis to colonize host anatomical sites is dependent on its adaptive response to host conditions. Three glycosyl hydrolase gene clusters, each belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 18 (GH18) (ef0114, ef0361, and ef2863), in E. faecalis were previously found to be upregulated under glucose-limiting conditions. The GH18 catalytic domain is present in proteins that are classified as either chitinases or β-1,4 endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) based on their β-1,4 endo-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity, and ENGase activity is commonly associated with cleaving N-linked glycoprotein, an abundant glycan structure on host epithelial surfaces. Here, we show that all three hydrolases are negatively regulated by the transcriptional regulator carbon catabolite protein A (CcpA). Additionally, we demonstrate that a constitutively active CcpA variant represses the expression of CcpA-regulated genes irrespective of glucose availability. Previous studies showed that the GH18 catalytic domains of EndoE (EF0114) and EfEndo18A (EF2863) were capable of deglycosylating RNase B, a model high-mannose-type glycoprotein. However, it remained uncertain which glycosidase is primarily responsible for the deglycosylation of high-mannose-type glycoproteins. In this study, we show by mutation analysis as well as a dose-dependent analysis of recombinant protein expression that EfEndo18A is primarily responsible for deglycosylating high-mannose glycoproteins and that the glycans removed by EfEndo18A support growth under nutrient-limiting conditions in vitro. In contrast, IgG is representative of a complex-type glycoprotein, and we demonstrate that the GH18 domain of EndoE is primarily responsible for the removal of this glycan decoration. Finally, our data highlight the combined contribution of glycosidases to the virulence of E. faecalis in vivo.
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16
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Jiang Y, Miao Q, Hu L, Zhou T, Hu Y, Tian Y. FYN and CD247: key Genes for Septic Shock Based on Bioinformatics and Meta-Analysis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1722-1730. [PMID: 34397323 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210816123508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic shock is sepsis accompanied by hemodynamic instability and high clinical mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS GSE95233, GSE57065, GSE131761 gene-expression profiles of healthy control subjects and septic shock patients were downloaded from the Gene-Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and differences of expression profiles and their intersection were analysed using GEO2R. Function and pathway enrichment analysis was performed on common differentially expressed genes (DEG), and key genes for septic shock were screened using a protein-protein interaction network created with STRING. Also, data from the GEO database were used for survival analysis for key genes, and a meta-analysis was used to explore expression trends of core genes. Finally, high-throughput sequencing using the blood of a murine sepsis model was performed to analyse the expression of CD247 and FYN in mice. RESULTS A total of 539 DEGs were obtained (p < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis showed that key genes were enriched in functions, such as immune response and T cell activity, and DEGs were enriched in signal pathways, such as T cell receptors. FYN and CD247 are in the centre of the protein-protein interaction network, and survival analysis found that they are positively correlated with survival from sepsis. Further, meta-analysis results showed that FYN could be useful for the prognosis of patients, and CD247 might distinguish between sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome patients. Finally, RNA sequencing using a mouse septic shock model showed low expression of CD247 and FYN in this model. CONCLUSION FYN and CD247 are expected to become new biomarkers of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, people's Hospital of Lushan County, Ya'an, 625600. 0
| | - Tingyan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated of Southwest Medical University, 646000, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated of Southwest Medical University, 646000, China
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17
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Streptococcus pyogenes ("Group A Streptococcus"), a Highly Adapted Human Pathogen-Potential Implications of Its Virulence Regulation for Epidemiology and Disease Management. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060776. [PMID: 34205500 PMCID: PMC8234341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci; GAS) is an exclusively human pathogen. It causes a variety of suppurative and non-suppurative diseases in people of all ages worldwide. Not all can be successfully treated with antibiotics. A licensed vaccine, in spite of its global importance, is not yet available. GAS express an arsenal of virulence factors responsible for pathological immune reactions. The transcription of all these virulence factors is under the control of three types of virulence-related regulators: (i) two-component systems (TCS), (ii) stand-alone regulators, and (iii) non-coding RNAs. This review summarizes major TCS and stand-alone transcriptional regulatory systems, which are directly associated with virulence control. It is suggested that this treasure of knowledge on the genetics of virulence regulation should be better harnessed for new therapies and prevention methods for GAS infections, thereby changing its global epidemiology for the better.
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18
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Yamawaki T, Nakakido M, Ujiie K, Aikawa C, Nakagawa I, Tsumoto K. Characterization of a putative maltodextrin-binding protein of Streptococcus pyogenes, SPs0871 and the development of a VHH inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 565:1-7. [PMID: 34077827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a wide range of human infections. Currently, antibiotics are the main treatment for S. pyogenes infection, but serious anti-microbial resistance requires alternative treatment options. To develop a novel strategy for treatment, we physicochemically characterized SPs0871, a putative maltose/maltodextrin-binding protein that is thought to have important roles in the pathogenesis of invasive streptococci. We obtained a variable domain of heavy chain of heavy-chain antibody, the smallest unit of an antibody, which specifically binds to SPs0871. Although the VHH completely inhibited the binding of maltodextrins to SPs0871, the inhibition did not lead to growth suppression of the bacteria. Our results provide important insights for development of VHH as an anti-streptococcal therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukushi Yamawaki
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kan Ujiie
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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19
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Qin R, Mahal LK. The host glycomic response to pathogens. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:149-156. [PMID: 33529786 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycans play important roles in the biology of infectious diseases. Although glycans are expressed on both the pathogens and the host, the functions and dynamics of the host glycome during infection are not well understood. Recent years have witnessed new discoveries on the host glycome respsonse to infection, as well as related mechanisms and their implications. Herein, we present a brief review on the latest findings in this field and put them in the context of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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20
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Siemens N, Snäll J, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1294:127-150. [PMID: 33079367 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are severe life-threatening and rapidly progressing infections. Beta-hemolytic streptococci, particularly S. pyogenes (group A streptococci (GAS)) but also S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE, most group G and C streptococcus), are the main causative agents of monomicrobial NSTIs and certain types, such as emm1 and emm3, are over-represented in NSTI cases. An arsenal of bacterial virulence factors contribute to disease pathogenesis, which is a complex and multifactorial process. In this chapter, we summarize data that have provided mechanistic and immuno-pathologic insight into host-pathogens interactions that contribute to tissue pathology in streptococcal NSTIs. The role of streptococcal surface associated and secreted factors contributing to the hyper-inflammatory state and immune evasion, bacterial load in the tissue and persistence strategies, including intracellular survival and biofilm formation, as well as strategies to mimic NSTIs in vitro are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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21
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Sjögren J, Lood R, Nägeli A. On enzymatic remodeling of IgG glycosylation; unique tools with broad applications. Glycobiology 2020; 30:254-267. [PMID: 31616919 PMCID: PMC7109354 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of IgG glycosylation has been known for many years not only by scientists in glycobiology but also by human pathogens that have evolved specific enzymes to modify these glycans with fundamental impact on IgG function. The rise of IgG as a major therapeutic scaffold for many cancer and immunological indications combined with the availability of unique enzymes acting specifically on IgG Fc-glycans have spurred a range of applications to study this important post-translational modification on IgG. This review article introduces why the IgG glycans are of distinguished interest, gives a background on the unique enzymatic tools available to study the IgG glycans and finally presents an overview of applications utilizing these enzymes for various modifications of the IgG glycans. The applications covered include site-specific glycan transglycosylation and conjugation, analytical workflows for monoclonal antibodies and serum diagnostics. Additionally, the review looks ahead and discusses the importance of O-glycosylation for IgG3, Fc-fusion proteins and other new formats of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Cohen ND, Cywes-Bentley C, Kahn SM, Bordin AI, Bray JM, Wehmeyer SG, Pier GB. Vaccination of yearling horses against poly-N-acetyl glucosamine fails to protect against infection with Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240479. [PMID: 33057397 PMCID: PMC7561144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Strangles is a common disease of horses with worldwide distribution caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (SEE). Although vaccines against strangles are available commercially, these products have limitations in safety and efficacy. The microbial surface antigen β 1→6 poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is expressed by SEE. Here we show that intramuscular (IM) injection alone or a combination of IM plus intranasal (IN) immunization generated antibodies to PNAG that functioned to deposit complement and mediate opsonophagocytic killing of SEE ex vivo. However, immunization strategies targeting PNAG either by either IM only injection or a combination of IM and IN immunizations failed to protect yearling horses against infection following contact with infected horses in an experimental setting. We speculate that a protective vaccine against strangles will require additional components, such as those targeting SEE enzymes that degrade or inactivate equine IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D. Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NDC); (GBP)
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Susanne M. Kahn
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Angela I. Bordin
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Jocelyne M. Bray
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - S. Garrett Wehmeyer
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NDC); (GBP)
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