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Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Belser JA, Sun X, Pappas C, Kieran TJ, Basu Thakur P, Zeng H, Cui D, Frederick J, Fasce R, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332667. [PMID: 38494746 PMCID: PMC11177717 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have caused large outbreaks within avian populations on five continents, with concurrent spillover into a variety of mammalian species. Mutations associated with mammalian adaptation have been sporadically identified in avian isolates, and more frequently among mammalian isolates following infection. Reports of human infection with A(H5N1) viruses following contact with infected wildlife have been reported on multiple continents, highlighting the need for pandemic risk assessment of these viruses. In this study, the pathogenicity and transmissibility of A/Chile/25945/2023 HPAI A(H5N1) virus, a novel reassortant with four gene segments (PB1, PB2, NP, MP) from North American lineage, isolated from a severe human case in Chile, was evaluated in vitro and using the ferret model. This virus possessed a high capacity to cause fatal disease, characterized by high morbidity and extrapulmonary spread in virus-inoculated ferrets. The virus was capable of transmission to naïve contacts in a direct contact setting, with contact animals similarly exhibiting severe disease, but did not exhibit productive transmission in respiratory droplet or fomite transmission models. Our results indicate that the virus would need to acquire an airborne transmissible phenotype in mammals to potentially cause a pandemic. Nonetheless, this work warrants continuous monitoring of mammalian adaptations in avian viruses, especially in strains isolated from humans, to aid pandemic preparedness efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Poulami Basu Thakur
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dan Cui
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia Frederick
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Fasce
- Viral Diseases Sub Department, Public Health Institute, ISP, Santiago, Chile
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, NCIRD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Sahoo MK, Morante IEA, Huang C, Solis D, Yamamoto F, Ohiri UC, Romero D, Pinsky BA. Multiplex Dual-Target Reverse Transcription PCR for Subtyping Avian Influenza A(H5) Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1710-1713. [PMID: 38986151 PMCID: PMC11286043 DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.240785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An increased risk for human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses is of concern. We developed an internally controlled, dual-target reverse transcription PCR for influenza A(H5) subtyping. This test could be used to detect influenza A(H5) in clinical samples.
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Nelli RK, Harm TA, Siepker C, Groeltz-Thrush JM, Jones B, Twu NC, Nenninger AS, Magstadt DR, Burrough ER, Piñeyro PE, Mainenti M, Carnaccini S, Plummer PJ, Bell TM. Sialic Acid Receptor Specificity in Mammary Gland of Dairy Cattle Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1361-1373. [PMID: 38861554 PMCID: PMC11210646 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In March 2024, the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service reported detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle in the United States for the first time. One factor that determines susceptibility to HPAI H5N1 infection is the presence of specific virus receptors on host cells; however, little is known about the distribution of the sialic acid (SA) receptors in dairy cattle, particularly in mammary glands. We compared the distribution of SA receptors in the respiratory tract and mammary gland of dairy cattle naturally infected with HPAI H5N1. The respiratory and mammary glands of HPAI H5N1-infected dairy cattle are rich in SA, particularly avian influenza virus-specific SA α2,3-gal. Mammary gland tissues co-stained with sialic acids and influenza A virus nucleoprotein showed predominant co-localization with the virus and SA α2,3-gal. HPAI H5N1 exhibited epitheliotropism within the mammary gland, and we observed rare immunolabeling within macrophages.
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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Chua BY, Thwaites RS, Kedzierska K. Defining the balance between optimal immunity and immunopathology in influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1. [PMID: 38698083 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune responses that drive recovery from influenza virus infection, highlighting the fine balance between protective immune mechanisms and detrimental immunopathology. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, inflammatory modulators and antibodies to influenza virus-specific immunity, inflammation and immunopathology. We highlight recent human influenza virus challenge studies that advance our understanding of susceptibility to influenza and determinants of symptomatic disease. We also describe studies of influenza virus-specific immunity in high-risk groups following infection and vaccination that inform the design of future vaccines to promote optimal antiviral immunity, particularly in vulnerable populations. Finally, we draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to refocus our attention to the ever-changing, highly mutable influenza A virus, predicted to cause future global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Fair JM, Al-Hmoud N, Alrwashdeh M, Bartlow AW, Balkhamishvili S, Daraselia I, Elshoff A, Fakhouri L, Javakhishvili Z, Khoury F, Muzyka D, Ninua L, Tsao J, Urushadze L, Owen J. Transboundary determinants of avian zoonotic infectious diseases: challenges for strengthening research capacity and connecting surveillance networks. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1341842. [PMID: 38435695 PMCID: PMC10907996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As the climate changes, global systems have become increasingly unstable and unpredictable. This is particularly true for many disease systems, including subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenzas (HPAIs) that are circulating the world. Ecological patterns once thought stable are changing, bringing new populations and organisms into contact with one another. Wild birds continue to be hosts and reservoirs for numerous zoonotic pathogens, and strains of HPAI and other pathogens have been introduced into new regions via migrating birds and transboundary trade of wild birds. With these expanding environmental changes, it is even more crucial that regions or counties that previously did not have surveillance programs develop the appropriate skills to sample wild birds and add to the understanding of pathogens in migratory and breeding birds through research. For example, little is known about wild bird infectious diseases and migration along the Mediterranean and Black Sea Flyway (MBSF), which connects Europe, Asia, and Africa. Focusing on avian influenza and the microbiome in migratory wild birds along the MBSF, this project seeks to understand the determinants of transboundary disease propagation and coinfection in regions that are connected by this flyway. Through the creation of a threat reduction network for avian diseases (Avian Zoonotic Disease Network, AZDN) in three countries along the MBSF (Georgia, Ukraine, and Jordan), this project is strengthening capacities for disease diagnostics; microbiomes; ecoimmunology; field biosafety; proper wildlife capture and handling; experimental design; statistical analysis; and vector sampling and biology. Here, we cover what is required to build a wild bird infectious disease research and surveillance program, which includes learning skills in proper bird capture and handling; biosafety and biosecurity; permits; next generation sequencing; leading-edge bioinformatics and statistical analyses; and vector and environmental sampling. Creating connected networks for avian influenzas and other pathogen surveillance will increase coordination and strengthen biosurveillance globally in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Fair
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Nisreen Al-Hmoud
- Bio-Safety and Bio-Security Center, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mu’men Alrwashdeh
- Bio-Safety and Bio-Security Center, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan
| | - Andrew W. Bartlow
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | | | - Ivane Daraselia
- Center of Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Zura Javakhishvili
- Center of Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Fares Khoury
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan
| | - Denys Muzyka
- National Scientific Center, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Jean Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lela Urushadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC) of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Owen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Hu W, Shimoda H, Tsuchiya Y, Kishi M, Hayasaka D. pH-dependent virucidal effects of weak acids against pathogenic viruses. Trop Med Health 2024; 52:9. [PMID: 38212868 PMCID: PMC10785384 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weak acids, such as acetic acid, show virucidal effects against viruses, and disinfectants are considered effective virucidal agents possibly because of their low pH, depending on the proton concentration. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different weak acids (acetic, oxalic, and citric acids) and eligible vinegars under different pH conditions by comparing their inactivation efficacies against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. METHODS Acetic, oxalic, and citric acids were adjusted to pH values of 2, 4 and 6, respectively. They were also diluted from 1 M to 0.001 M with distilled water. Enveloped influenza A virus (FulV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and non-enveloped feline calicivirus (FCV) were treated with adjusted weak acids for up to 30 min. These viruses were also reacted with white distilled vinegar (WDV) and grain-flavored distilled vinegar (GV) for up to 30 min. Infectious viral titers after the reactions were expressed as plaque-forming units per mL. RESULTS Acetic acid showed virucidal effects against FulV at pH 4, whereas citric and oxalic acids did not. Acetic and citric acids inactivated SARS-CoV-2 at pH 2, whereas oxalic acid did not. All acids showed virucidal effects against FVC at pH 2; however, not at pH 4. The virucidal effects of the serially diluted weak acids were also reflected in the pH-dependent results. WDV and GV significantly reduced FulV titers after 1 min. SARS-CoV-2 was also susceptible to the virucidal effects of WDV and GV; however, the incubation period was extended to 30 min. In contrast, WDV and GV did not significantly inactivate FCV. CONCLUSIONS The inactivation efficacy of weak acids is different even under the same pH conditions, suggesting that the virucidal effect of weak acids is not simply determined by pH, but that additional factors may also influence these effects. Moreover, eligible vinegars, the main component of which is acetic acid, may be potential sanitizers for some enveloped viruses, such as FulV, in the domestic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyin Hu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tsuchiya
- Central Research Institute, Mizkan Holdings Co., Ltd., 2-6 Nakamura-Cho, Handa-Shi, Aichi, 475-8585, Japan
| | - Mikiya Kishi
- Central Research Institute, Mizkan Holdings Co., Ltd., 2-6 Nakamura-Cho, Handa-Shi, Aichi, 475-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8511, Japan.
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Godoy M, de Oca MM, Caro D, Pontigo JP, Kibenge M, Kibenge F. Evolution and Current Status of Influenza A Virus in Chile: A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1252. [PMID: 37887768 PMCID: PMC10610240 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant global threat to public health and food security. Particularly concerning is the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1, which has spread from Europe to North and Central/South America. This review presents recent developments in IAV evolution in birds, mammals, and humans in Chile. Chile's encounter with IAV began in 2002, with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N3 virus, derived from a unique South American low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. In 2016-2017, LPAI H7N6 caused outbreaks in turkey, linked to wild birds in Chile and Bolivia. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus in 2009 decreased egg production in turkeys. Since 2012, diverse IAV subtypes have emerged in backyard poultry and pigs. Reassortant AIVs, incorporating genes from both North and South American isolates, have been found in wild birds since 2007. Notably, from December 2022, HPAI H5N1 was detected in wild birds, sea lions, and a human, along Chile's north coast. It was introduced through Atlantic migratory flyways from North America. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced biosecurity on poultry farms and ongoing genomic surveillance to understand and manage AIVs in both wild and domestic bird populations in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.)
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Marco Montes de Oca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.)
| | - Diego Caro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.)
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Molly Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Frederick Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
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Li Z, Hasson A, Daggumati L, Zhang H, Thorek DLJ. Molecular Imaging of ACE2 Expression in Infectious Disease and Cancer. Viruses 2023; 15:1982. [PMID: 37896761 PMCID: PMC10610869 DOI: 10.3390/v15101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell-surface receptor that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Through the use of ligands engineered for the receptor, ACE2 imaging has emerged as a valuable tool for preclinical and clinical research. These can be used to visualize the expression and distribution of ACE2 in tissues and cells. A variety of techniques including optical, magnetic resonance, and nuclear medicine contrast agents have been developed and employed in the preclinical setting. Positron-emitting radiotracers for highly sensitive and quantitative tomography have also been translated in the context of SARS-CoV-2-infected and control patients. Together this information can be used to better understand the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the potential roles of ACE2 in homeostasis and disease, and to identify potential therapeutic modulators in infectious disease and cancer. This review summarizes the tools and techniques to detect and delineate ACE2 in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Abbie Hasson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lasya Daggumati
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- School of Medicine Missouri, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas, MO 64108, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel L. J. Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (Z.L.); (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Program in Quantitative Molecular Therapeutics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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