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Bemark M, Pitcher MJ, Dionisi C, Spencer J. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue: a microbiota-driven hub of B cell immunity. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:211-223. [PMID: 38402045 PMCID: PMC11227984 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The diverse gut microbiota, which is associated with mucosal health and general wellbeing, maintains gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in a chronically activated state, including sustainment of germinal centers in a context of high antigenic load. This influences the rules for B cell engagement with antigen and the potential consequences. Recent data have highlighted differences between GALT and other lymphoid tissues. For example, GALT propagates IgA responses against glycans that show signs of having been generated in germinal centers. Other findings suggest that humans are among those species where GALT supports the diversification, propagation, and possibly selection of systemic B cells. Here, we review novel findings that identify GALT as distinctive, and able to support these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Translational Medicine - Human Immunology, Lund University, J Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Michael J Pitcher
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Chiara Dionisi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas' Street, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Della Mina E, Jackson KJL, Crawford AJI, Faulks ML, Pathmanandavel K, Acquarola N, O'Sullivan M, Kerre T, Naesens L, Claes K, Goodnow CC, Haerynck F, Kracker S, Meyts I, D'Orsogna LJ, Ma CS, Tangye SG. A Novel Heterozygous Variant in AICDA Impairs Ig Class Switching and Somatic Hypermutation in Human B Cells and is Associated with Autosomal Dominant HIGM2 Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:66. [PMID: 38363477 PMCID: PMC10873450 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
B cells and their secreted antibodies are fundamental for host-defense against pathogens. The generation of high-affinity class switched antibodies results from both somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region genes of the B-cell receptor and class switch recombination (CSR) which alters the Ig heavy chain constant region. Both of these processes are initiated by the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), encoded by AICDA. Deleterious variants in AICDA are causal of hyper-IgM syndrome type 2 (HIGM2), a B-cell intrinsic primary immunodeficiency characterised by recurrent infections and low serum IgG and IgA levels. Biallelic variants affecting exons 2, 3 or 4 of AICDA have been identified that impair both CSR and SHM in patients with autosomal recessive HIGM2. Interestingly, B cells from patients with autosomal dominant HIGM2, caused by heterozygous variants (V186X, R190X) located in AICDA exon 5 encoding the nuclear export signal (NES) domain, show abolished CSR but variable SHM. We herein report the immunological and functional phenotype of two related patients presenting with common variable immunodeficiency who were found to have a novel heterozygous variant in AICDA (L189X). This variant led to a truncated AID protein lacking the last 10 amino acids of the NES at the C-terminal domain. Interestingly, patients' B cells carrying the L189X variant exhibited not only greatly impaired CSR but also SHM in vivo, as well as CSR and production of IgG and IgA in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that the NES domain of AID can be essential for SHM, as well as for CSR, thereby refining the correlation between AICDA genotype and SHM phenotype as well as broadening our understanding of the pathophysiology of HIGM disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Della Mina
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katherine J L Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Alexander J I Crawford
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Megan L Faulks
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Karrnan Pathmanandavel
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicolino Acquarola
- Department of Clinical Immunology and PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent (CPIG), Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, ERN Rita Network Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leslie Naesens
- Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent (CPIG), Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, ERN Rita Network Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Claes
- Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent (CPIG), Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, ERN Rita Network Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent (CPIG), Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, ERN Rita Network Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Kracker
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, 75015, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Pediatric Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Lloyd J D'Orsogna
- Department of Clinical Immunology and PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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