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Wang X, He W, Chen H, Yang R, Su H, DiSanto ME, Zhang X. Alteration of the Expression and Functional Activities of Myosin II Isoforms in Enlarged Hyperplastic Prostates. J Pers Med 2024; 14:381. [PMID: 38673008 PMCID: PMC11051519 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common pathologic process in aging men, and the contraction of the prostatic smooth muscles (SMs) in the stroma plays a vital role in this pathogenesis, leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs). The isoforms of both the SM myosin (SMM) and non-muscle myosin (NMM) are associated with the contraction type of the prostatic SMs, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. METHODS We collected prostate tissues from 30 BPH patients receiving surgical treatments, and normal human prostate samples were obtained from 12 brain-dead men. A testosterone-induced (T-induced) rat model was built, and the epithelial hyperplastic prostates were harvested. Competitive RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of SMM isoforms. We investigated the contractility of human prostate strips in vitro in an organ bath. RESULTS The results regarding the comparisons of SMM isoforms varied between rat models and human samples. In comparison with T-induced rats and controls, competitive RT-PCR failed to show any statistically significant difference regarding the compositions of SMM isoforms. For human prostates samples, BPH patients expressed more SM-1 isoforms (66.8% vs. 60.0%, p < 0.001) and myosin light chain-17b (MLC17b) (35.9% vs. 28.5%, p < 0.05) when compared to young donors. There was a significant decrease in prostate myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression in BPH patients, with a 66.4% decrease in MHC at the mRNA level and a 51.2% decrease at the protein level. The upregulated expression of non-muscle myosin heavy chain-B (NMMHC-B) was 1.6-fold at the mRNA level and 2.1-fold at the protein level. The organ bath study showed that isolated prostate strips from BPH patients produced slower tonic contraction compared to normal humans. CONCLUSION In this study, we claim that in the enlarged prostates of patients undergoing surgeries, MHC expression significantly decreased compared to normal tissues, with elevated levels of SM-1, MLC17b, and NMMHC-B isoforms. Modifications in SMM and NMM might play a role in the tonic contractile properties of prostatic SMs and the development of LUTS/BPH. Understanding this mechanism might provide insights into the origins of LUTS/BPH and facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.W.)
| | - Weixiang He
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.W.)
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.W.)
| | - Hongmei Su
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (X.W.)
| | - Michael E. DiSanto
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Sun H, Liu F, Lin Z, Jiang Z, Wen X, Xu J, Zhang Z, Ma R. Silencing of NOTCH3 Signaling in Meniscus Smooth Muscle Cells Inhibits Fibrosis and Exacerbates Degeneration in a HEYL-Dependent Manner. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207020. [PMID: 37026620 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of meniscus fibrosis and novel ways to enhance fibrosis is unclear. This work reveals human meniscus fibrosis initiated at E24 weeks. Smooth muscle cell cluster is identified in embryonic meniscus, and the combined analysis with previous data suggests smooth muscle cell in embryonic meniscus as precursors of progenitor cells in the mature meniscus. NOTCH3 is constantly expressed in smooth muscle cells throughout embryogenesis to adulthood. Inhibition of NOTCH3 signaling in vivo inhibits meniscus fibrosis and exacerbates degeneration. Continuous histological sections show that HEYL, NOTCH3 downstream target gene, is expressed consistently with NOTCH3. HEYL knockdown in meniscus cells attenuated the COL1A1 upregulation by CTGF and TGF-β stimulation. Thus, this study discovers the existence of smooth muscle cells and fibers in the meniscus. Inhibition of NOTCH3 signaling in meniscus smooth muscle cells in a HEYL-dependent manner prevented meniscus fibrosis and exacerbated degeneration. Therefore, NOTCH3/HEYL signaling might be a potential therapeutic target for meniscus fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Fangzhou Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhencan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zongrui Jiang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xingzhao Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ruofan Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
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Grinzato A, Auguin D, Kikuti C, Nandwani N, Moussaoui D, Pathak D, Kandiah E, Ruppel KM, Spudich JA, Houdusse A, Robert-Paganin J. Cryo-EM structure of the folded-back state of human β-cardiac myosin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3166. [PMID: 37258552 PMCID: PMC10232470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To save energy and precisely regulate cardiac contractility, cardiac muscle myosin heads are sequestered in an 'off' state that can be converted to an 'on' state when exertion is increased. The 'off' state is equated with a folded-back structure known as the interacting-heads motif (IHM), which is a regulatory feature of all class-2 muscle and non-muscle myosins. We report here the human β-cardiac myosin IHM structure determined by cryo-electron microscopy to 3.6 Å resolution, providing details of all the interfaces stabilizing the 'off' state. The structure shows that these interfaces are hot spots of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations that are thought to cause hypercontractility by destabilizing the 'off' state. Importantly, the cardiac and smooth muscle myosin IHM structures dramatically differ, providing structural evidence for the divergent physiological regulation of these muscle types. The cardiac IHM structure will facilitate development of clinically useful new molecules that modulate IHM stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grinzato
- CM01 beamline. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d'Orléans, UPRES EA 1207, INRA-USC1328, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Carlos Kikuti
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Neha Nandwani
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dihia Moussaoui
- BM29 BIOSAXS beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Divya Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eaazhisai Kandiah
- CM01 beamline. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Kathleen M Ruppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - James A Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Julien Robert-Paganin
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Purification of Myosin from Bovine Tracheal Smooth Muscle, Filament Formation and Endogenous Association of Its Regulatory Complex. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030514. [PMID: 36766856 PMCID: PMC9914928 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of myosin filaments is a crucial factor in the ability of airway smooth muscle (ASM) to adapt to a wide length range. Increased stability or robustness of myosin filaments may play a role in the pathophysiology of asthmatic airways. Biochemical techniques for the purification of myosin and associated regulatory proteins could help elucidate potential alterations in myosin filament properties of asthmatic ASM. An effective myosin purification approach was originally developed for chicken gizzard smooth muscle myosin. More recently, we successfully adapted the procedure to bovine tracheal smooth muscle. This method yields purified myosin with or without the endogenous regulatory complex of myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphatase. The tight association of the regulatory complex with the assembled myosin filaments can be valuable in functional experiments. The purification protocol discussed here allows for enzymatic comparisons of myosin regulatory proteins. Furthermore, we detail the methodology for quantification and removal of the co-purified regulatory enzymes as a tool for exploring potentially altered phenotypes of the contractile apparatus in diseases such as asthma.
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Boucher M, Henry C, Bossé Y. Force adaptation through the intravenous route in naïve mice. Exp Lung Res 2023; 49:131-141. [PMID: 37477352 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2023.2237127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Aim of the study: Force adaptation is a process whereby the contractile capacity of the airway smooth muscle increases during a sustained contraction (aka tone). Tone also increases the response to a nebulized challenge with methacholine in vivo, presumably through force adaptation. Yet, due to its patchy pattern of deposition, nebulized methacholine often spurs small airway narrowing heterogeneity and closure, two important enhancers of the methacholine response. This raises the possibility that the potentiating effect of tone on the methacholine response is not due to force adaptation but by furthering heterogeneity and closure. Herein, methacholine was delivered homogenously through the intravenous (i.v.) route. Materials and Methods: Female and male BALB/c mice were subjected to one of two i.v. methacholine challenges, each of the same cumulative dose but starting by a 20-min period either with or without tone induced by serial i.v. boluses. Changes in respiratory mechanics were monitored throughout by oscillometry, and the response after the final dose was compared between the two challenges to assess the effect of tone. Results: For the elastance of the respiratory system (Ers), tone potentiated the methacholine response by 64 and 405% in females (37.4 ± 10.7 vs. 61.5 ± 15.1 cmH2O/mL; p = 0.01) and males (33.0 ± 14.3 vs. 166.7 ± 60.6 cmH2O/mL; p = 0.0004), respectively. For the resistance of the respiratory system (Rrs), tone potentiated the methacholine response by 129 and 225% in females (9.7 ± 3.5 vs. 22.2 ± 4.3 cmH2O·s/mL; p = 0.0003) and males (10.7 ± 3.1 vs. 34.7 ± 7.9 cmH2O·s/mL; p < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusions: As previously reported with nebulized challenges, tone increases the response to i.v. methacholine in both sexes; albeit sexual dimorphisms were obvious regarding the relative resistive versus elastic nature of this potentiation. This represents further support that tone increases the lung response to methacholine through force adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Boucher
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ) - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyndi Henry
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ) - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ynuk Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ) - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Zheng Y, Li X, Kuang L, Wang Y. New insights into the characteristics of DRAK2 and its role in apoptosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinically applied potential. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1014508. [PMID: 36386181 PMCID: PMC9649744 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1014508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) family, DAP kinase-associated apoptosis-inducing kinase 2 (DRAK2) performs apoptosis-related functions. Compelling evidence suggests that DRAK2 is involved in regulating the activation of T lymphocytes as well as pancreatic β-cell apoptosis in type I diabetes. In addition, DRAK2 has been shown to be involved in the development of related tumor and non-tumor diseases through a variety of mechanisms, including exacerbation of alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through SRSF6-associated RNA selective splicing mechanism, regulation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, and progression of colorectal cancer. This review focuses on the structure, function, and upstream pathways of DRAK2 and discusses the potential and challenges associated with the clinical application of DRAK2-based small-molecule inhibitors, with the aim of advancing DRAK2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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McMillan SN, Scarff CA. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis of myosin at work and at rest. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Myosin assembly of smooth muscle: from ribbons and side polarity to a row polar helical model. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:113-133. [PMID: 35841444 PMCID: PMC9420085 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
After decades of debate over the structure of smooth muscle myosin filaments, it is still unclear whether they are helical, as in all other muscle types, or square in shape. In both cases bipolar building units are proposed, but the deduced cross-bridge arrangements are fundamentally different. The opposite polarity of the adjusting longitudinal rows is proposed for the helical structure, while in the case of square filaments, or myosin ribbons, only their two faces are appositively polarized. Analysis of our unpublished archival data on light meromyosin (LMM) paracrystals and myosin rod assemblies as well as the filaments themselves indicated that the rods were assembled with a 6°-7° tilt angle from the rods' longitudinal axis, in contrast to the lack of tilt in LMM, both exhibiting a 14.3 nm myosin periodicity. Optical diffraction analysis of EM images of the rod assemblies and those of intact myosin confirmed their helical architecture characterized by 28 nm residue translations, 172 nm repeats and 516 nm pitch. A detailed helical model of these filaments was elucidated with bipolar tetramer building units made of two polar trimers. The filaments elongate at their two ends in a head-to-head manner, enabling targeted cross-bridge polarity of the adjacent rows, in the form of a unique Boerdijk-Coxeter type helix, similar to that of collagen or desmin fibers, with the covalent links replaced by a head-to-head clasp.
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Boucher M, Dufour-Mailhot A, Tremblay-Pitre S, Khadangi F, Rojas-Ruiz A, Henry C, Bossé Y. In mice of both sexes, repeated contractions of smooth muscle in vivo greatly enhance the response of peripheral airways to methacholine. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 304:103938. [PMID: 35716869 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BALB/c mice from both sexes underwent one of two nebulized methacholine challenges that were preceded by a period of 20 min either with or without tone induced by repeated contractions of the airway smooth muscle. Impedance was monitored throughout and the constant phase model was used to dissociate the impact of tone on conducting airways (RN - Newtonian resistance) versus the lung periphery (G and H - tissue resistance and elastance). The effect of tone on smooth muscle contractility was also tested on excised tracheas. While tone markedly potentiated the methacholine-induced gains in H and G in both sexes, the gain in RN was only potentiated in males. The contractility of female and male tracheas was also potentiated by tone. Inversely, the methacholine-induced gain in hysteresivity (G/H) was mitigated by tone in both sexes. Therefore, the tone-induced muscle hypercontractility impacts predominantly the lung periphery in vivo, but also promotes further airway narrowing in males while protecting against narrowing heterogeneity in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Boucher
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Dufour-Mailhot
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Tremblay-Pitre
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Khadangi
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Rojas-Ruiz
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyndi Henry
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ynuk Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Han YS, Delmotte PF, Arteaga GM, Sieck GC. Dynamic cytosolic Ca 2+ and force responses to muscarinic stimulation in airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L91-L101. [PMID: 33908264 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00596.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During agonist stimulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM), agonists such as ACh induce a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), which leads to a contractile response [excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling]. Previously, the sensitivity of the contractile response of ASM to elevated [Ca2+]cyt (Ca2+ sensitivity) was assessed as the ratio of maximum force to maximum [Ca2+]cyt. However, this static assessment of Ca2+ sensitivity overlooks the dynamic nature of E-C coupling in ASM. In this study, we simultaneously measured [Ca2+]cyt and isometric force responses to three concentrations of ACh (1, 2.6, and 10 μM). Both maximum [Ca2+]cyt and maximum force responses were ACh concentration dependent, but force increased disproportionately, thereby increasing static Ca2+ sensitivity. The dynamic properties of E-C coupling were assessed in several ways. The temporal delay between the onset of ACh-induced [Ca2+]cyt and onset force responses was not affected by ACh concentration. The rates of rise of the ACh-induced [Ca2+]cyt and force responses increased with increasing ACh concentration. The integral of the phase-loop plot of [Ca2+]cyt and force from onset to steady state also increased with increasing ACh concentration, whereas the rate of relaxation remained unchanged. Although these results suggest an ACh concentration-dependent increase in the rate of cross-bridge recruitment and in the rate of rise of [Ca2+]cyt, the extent of regulatory myosin light-chain (rMLC20) phosphorylation was not dependent on ACh concentration. We conclude that the dynamic properties of [Ca2+]cyt and force responses in ASM are dependent on ACh concentration but reflect more than changes in the extent of rMLC20 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soo Han
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Philippe F Delmotte
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Grace M Arteaga
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Moss RL, Cremo C, Granzier HL. Toward an understanding of myofibrillar function in health and disease. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:211822. [PMID: 33620422 PMCID: PMC7905996 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202112880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Moss
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Christine Cremo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
| | - Henk L Granzier
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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