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Sandford SA, Nuevo M, Bera PP, Lee TJ. Prebiotic Astrochemistry and the Formation of Molecules of Astrobiological Interest in Interstellar Clouds and Protostellar Disks. Chem Rev 2020; 120:4616-4659. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Sandford
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Michel Nuevo
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
- BAER Institute, NASA Research Park, MS 18-4, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Partha P. Bera
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
- BAER Institute, NASA Research Park, MS 18-4, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Timothy J. Lee
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
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Ferullo RM, Zubieta CE, Belelli PG. Hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HnPAHs) as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions in the interstellar medium: a quantum chemical model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12012-12020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional studies show that neutral HnPAHs are able to catalyze the formation of water with no activation barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M. Ferullo
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Nacional del Sur – INQUISUR (UNS, CONICET)
- 8000 Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Carolina E. Zubieta
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Nacional del Sur – INQUISUR (UNS, CONICET)
- 8000 Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Patricia G. Belelli
- Grupo de Materiales y Sistemas Catalíticos – IFISUR (UNS, CONICET)
- 8000 Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
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Öberg KI. Photochemistry and Astrochemistry: Photochemical Pathways to Interstellar Complex Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9631-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin I. Öberg
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60
Garden St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Cleeves LI, Bergin EA, Alexander CMO, Du F, Graninger D, Öberg KI, Harries TJ. EXPLORING THE ORIGINS OF DEUTERIUM ENRICHMENTS IN SOLAR NEBULAR ORGANICS. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 2016; 819:13. [PMID: 30842682 PMCID: PMC6398959 DOI: 10.3847/0004-637x/819/1/13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) enrichments in molecular species provide clues about their original formation environment. The organic materials in primitive solar system bodies generally have higher D/H ratios and show greater D/H variation when compared to D/H in solar system water. We propose this difference arises at least in part due to (1) the availability of additional chemical fractionation pathways for organics beyond that for water, and (2) the higher volatility of key carbon reservoirs compared to oxygen. We test this hypothesis using detailed disk models, including a sophisticated, new disk ionization treatment with a low cosmic-ray ionization rate, and find that disk chemistry leads to higher deuterium enrichment in organics compared to water, helped especially by fractionation via the precursorsCH 2 D + / CH 3 + . We also find that the D/H ratio in individual species varies significantly depending on their particular formation pathways. For example, from ~20-40 au, CH4 can reach D/H ~ 2 × 10-3, while D/H in CH3OH remains locally unaltered. Finally, while the global organic D/H in our models can reproduce intermediately elevated D/H in the bulk hydrocarbon reservoir, our models are unable to reproduce the most deuterium-enriched organic materials in the solar system, and thus our model requires some inheritance from the cold interstellar medium from which the Sun formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ilsedore Cleeves
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Edwin A Bergin
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Fujun Du
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dawn Graninger
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Karin I Öberg
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Tim J Harries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
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Quantum tunneling observed without its characteristic large kinetic isotope effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7438-43. [PMID: 26034285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501328112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical transition-state theory is fundamental to describing chemical kinetics; however, quantum tunneling is also important in explaining the unexpectedly large reaction efficiencies observed in many chemical systems. Tunneling is often indicated by anomalously large kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), because a particle's ability to tunnel decreases significantly with its increasing mass. Here we experimentally demonstrate that cold hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) atoms can add to solid benzene by tunneling; however, the observed H/D KIE was very small (1-1.5) despite the large intrinsic H/D KIE of tunneling (≳ 100). This strong reduction is due to the chemical kinetics being controlled not by tunneling but by the surface diffusion of the H/D atoms, a process not greatly affected by the isotope type. Because tunneling need not be accompanied by a large KIE in surface and interfacial chemical systems, it might be overlooked in other systems such as aerosols or enzymes. Our results suggest that surface tunneling reactions on interstellar dust may contribute to the deuteration of interstellar aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, which could represent a major source of the deuterium enrichment observed in carbonaceous meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. These findings could improve our understanding of interstellar physicochemical processes, including those during the formation of the solar system.
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Materese CK, Nuevo M, Sandford SA. N- ANDO-HETEROCYCLES PRODUCED FROM THE IRRADIATION OF BENZENE AND NAPHTHALENE IN H2O/NH3-CONTAINING ICES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/800/2/116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yang R, Gudipati MS. Novel two-step laser ablation and ionization mass spectrometry (2S-LAIMS) of actor-spectator ice layers: probing chemical composition of D2O ice beneath a H2O ice layer. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:104202. [PMID: 24628162 DOI: 10.1063/1.4867279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report for the first time successful analysis of organic aromatic analytes imbedded in D2O ices by novel infrared (IR) laser ablation of a layered non-absorbing D2O ice (spectator) containing the analytes and an ablation-active IR-absorbing H2O ice layer (actor) without the analyte. With these studies we have opened up a new method for the in situ analysis of solids containing analytes when covered with an IR laser-absorbing layer that can be resonantly ablated. This soft ejection method takes advantage of the tenability of two-step infrared laser ablation and ultraviolet laser ionization mass spectrometry, previously demonstrated in this lab to study chemical reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cryogenic ices. The IR laser pulse tuned to resonantly excite only the upper H2O ice layer (actor) generates a shockwave upon impact. This shockwave penetrates the lower analyte-containing D2O ice layer (spectator, a non-absorbing ice that cannot be ablated directly with the wavelength of the IR laser employed) and is reflected back, ejecting the contents of the D2O layer into the vacuum where they are intersected by a UV laser for ionization and detection by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Thus, energy is transmitted from the laser-absorbing actor layer into the non-absorbing spectator layer resulting its ablation. We found that isotope cross-contamination between layers was negligible. We also did not see any evidence for thermal or collisional chemistry of PAH molecules with H2O molecules in the shockwave. We call this "shockwave mediated surface resonance enhanced subsurface ablation" technique as "two-step laser ablation and ionization mass spectrometry of actor-spectator ice layers." This method has its roots in the well-established MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption and ionization) method. Our method offers more flexibility to optimize both the processes--ablation and ionization. This new technique can thus be potentially employed to undertake in situ analysis of materials imbedded in diverse media, such as cryogenic ices, biological samples, tissues, minerals, etc., by covered with an IR-absorbing laser ablation medium and study the chemical composition and reaction pathways of the analyte in its natural surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Science Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 183-301, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Murthy S Gudipati
- Science Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 183-301, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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Sandford SA, Bernstein MP, Materese CK. The Infrared Spectra of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Excess Peripheral H Atoms (H n-PAHs) and their Relation to the 3.4 and 6.9 µm PAH Emission Features. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2013; 205:8. [PMID: 26435553 PMCID: PMC4589261 DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/205/1/8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are likely responsible for the family of infrared emission features seen in a wide variety of astrophysical environments. A potentially important subclass of these materials are PAHs whose edges contain excess H atoms (Hn-PAHs). This type of compound may be present in space, but it has been difficult to assess this possibility because of a lack of suitable laboratory spectra to assist with analysis of astronomical data. We present 4000-500 cm-1 (2.5-20 µm) infrared spectra of 23 Hn-PAHs and related molecules isolated in argon matrices under conditions suitable for interpretation of astronomical data. Spectra of molecules with mixed aromatic and aliphatic domains show characteristics that distinguish them from fully aromatic PAH equivalents. Two major changes occur as PAHs become more hydrogenated: (1) aromatic C-H stretching bands near 3.3 µm weaken and are replaced with stronger aliphatic bands near 3.4 µm, and (2) aromatic C-H out-of-plane bending mode bands in the 11-15 µm region shift and weaken concurrent with growth of a strong aliphatic -CH2-deformation mode near 6.9 µm. Implications for interpreting astronomical spectra are discussed with emphasis on the 3.4 and 6.9 µm features. Laboratory data is compared with emission spectra from IRAS 21282+5050, an object with normal PAH emission features, and IRAS 22272+5435 and IRAS 0496+3429, two protoplanetary nebulae with abnormally large 3.4 µm features. We show that 'normal' PAH emission objects contain relatively few Hn-PAHs in their emitter populations, but less evolved protoplanetary nebulae may contain significant abundances of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sandford
- NASA-Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000
| | - Max P Bernstein
- NASA-Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 ; NASA Headquarters, Mail Code 3K39, 300 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20546
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Laser mass spectrometric detection of extraterrestrial aromatic molecules: mini-review and examination of pulsed heating effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18096-101. [PMID: 18687897 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801860105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the sensitive, selective, and spatially resolved analysis of organic compounds in extraterrestrial materials. Using microprobe two-step laser mass spectrometry (muL(2)MS), we have explored the organic composition of many different exogenous materials, including meteorites, interplanetary dust particles, and interstellar ice analogs, gaining significant insight into the nature of extraterrestrial materials. Recently, we applied muL(2)MS to analyze the effect of heating caused by hypervelocity particle capture in aerogel, which was used on the NASA Stardust Mission to capture comet particles. We show that this material exhibits complex organic molecules upon sudden heating. Similar pulsed heating of carbonaceous materials is shown to produce an artifactual fullerene signal. We review the use of muL(2)MS to investigate extraterrestrial materials, and we discuss its recent application to characterize the effect of pulsed heating on samples of interest.
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Sandford SA. Terrestrial analysis of the organic component of comet dust. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:549-578. [PMID: 20636089 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The nature of cometary organics is of great interest, both because these materials are thought to represent a reservoir of the original carbon-containing materials from which everything else in our solar system was made and because these materials may have played key roles in the origin of life on Earth. Because these organic materials are the products of a series of universal chemical processes expected to operate in the interstellar media and star-formation regions of all galaxies, the nature of cometary organics also provides information on the composition of organics in other planetary systems and, by extension, provides insights into the possible abundance of life elsewhere in the universe. Our current understanding of cometary organics represents a synthesis of information from telescopic and spacecraft observations of individual comets, the study of meteoritic materials, laboratory simulations, and, now, the study of samples collected directly from a comet, Comet P81/Wild 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sandford
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA.
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Mahajan TB, Elsila JE, Deamer DW, Zare RN. Formation of carbon-carbon bonds in the photochemical alkylation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2003; 33:17-35. [PMID: 12967271 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023996314942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with alkanes was examined in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light under model prebiotic Earth and interstellar medium (ISM) conditions. We observed the formation of alkylated PAHs from a variety of PAHs and alkanes, which was caused by the absorption of UV light by the PAH molecule. Photoalkylation occurred in PAHs and alkanes in solution, in thin films in contact with simulated ocean water, and in matrices simulating ISM conditions. Photoalkylation occurred readily, with significant product yields within 5 h of irradiation. Because alkanes and PAHs are presumed to be part of the organic inventory in the ISM and on the early Earth, we propose that this photoalkylation reaction is a plausible pathway for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in both these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania B Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA
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Klán P, Holoubek I. Ice (photo)chemistry. Ice as a medium for long-term (photo)chemical transformations--environmental implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 46:1201-1210. [PMID: 11951987 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review accounts for the current knowledge about the distribution, accumulation, and chemical/photochemical transformations of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic compounds (PBTs) in water ice, especially in the connection with polar regions and atmospheric cloud particles. (Photo)reactions on/in ice are discussed in terms of photochemistry, photobiology, paleochemistry, as well as astrophysics. Authors propose a model, in which a significant amount of some PBTs are generated by (photo)chemistry of primary pollutants in ice, which may subsequently be released to the environment. It is argued that ice photochemistry might play an important role in the chemical transformations in cold ecosystems and in the upper atmosphere, particularly now when the ozone layer is partially depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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