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Guay P, Genest J, Fleisher AJ. Precision spectroscopy of H 13CN using a free-running, all-fiber dual electro-optic frequency comb system. OPTICS LETTERS 2018. [PMID: 29543247 PMCID: PMC5962960 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the precision molecular spectroscopy of H13CN using a free-running, all-fiber dual electro-optic frequency comb system. Successive interferograms, acquired at a rate of Δfrep=1 MHz, were phase-corrected in post-processing, averaged, and normalized to yield the complex transmission spectrum of several transitions within the 2ν1H13CN band centered near λ=1545 nm. With spectral signal-to-noise ratios as high as 326:1 achieved in 2 ms of integration time, we report accurate measurements of H13CN transition intensities which will aid in the study of extreme astrophysical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guay
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Centre d’optique, photonique et laser, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jérôme Genest
- Centre d’optique, photonique et laser, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Adam J. Fleisher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Corresponding author:
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Is Photolytic Production a Viable Source of HCN and HNC in Astrophysical Environments? A Laboratory-based Feasibility Study of Methyl Cyanoformate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8ea7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mandt K, Mousis O, Marty B, Cavalié T, Harris W, Hartogh P, Willacy K. Constraints from Comets on the Formation and Volatile Acquisition of the Planets and Satellites. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2015; 197:297-342. [PMID: 31105346 PMCID: PMC6525011 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-015-0161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Comets play a dual role in understanding the formation and evolution of the solar system. First, the composition of comets provides information about the origin of the giant planets and their moons because comets formed early and their composition is not expected to have evolved significantly since formation. They, therefore serve as a record of conditions during the early stages of solar system formation. Once comets had formed, their orbits were perturbed allowing them to travel into the inner solar system and impact the planets. In this way they contributed to the volatile inventory of planetary atmospheres. We review here how knowledge of comet composition up to the time of the Rosetta mission has contributed to understanding the formation processes of the giant planets, their moons and small icy bodies in the solar system. We also discuss how comets contributed to the volatile inventories of the giant and terrestrial planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Mandt
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - O. Mousis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France
| | - B. Marty
- CRPG-CNRS, Nancy-Université, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - T. Cavalié
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - W. Harris
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - P. Hartogh
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K. Willacy
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Kalescky R, Kraka E, Cremer D. Identification of the strongest bonds in chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8981-95. [PMID: 23927609 DOI: 10.1021/jp406200w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the effective electronegativity of two atoms forming a triple bond can increase the strength of the latter. The strongest bonds found in chemistry involve protonated species of hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and dinitrogen. CCSD(T)/CBS (complete basis set) and G4 calculations reveal that bond dissociation energies are misleading strength descriptors. The strength of the bond is assessed via the local stretching force constants, which suggest relative bond strength orders (RBSO) between 2.9 and 3.4 for heavy atom bonding (relative to the CO bond strength in methanol (RBSO = 1) and formaldehyde (RBSO = 2)) in [HCNH](+)((1)Σ(+)), [HCO](+)((1)Σ(+)), [HNN](+)((1)Σ(+)), and [HNNH](2+)((1)Σg(+)). The increase in strength is caused by protonation, which increases the electronegativity of the heavy atom and thereby decreases the energy of the bonding AB orbitals (A, B: C, N, O). A similar effect can be achieved by ionization of a nonbonding or antibonding electron in CO or NO. The strongest bond with a RBSO value of 3.38 is found for [HNNH](2+) using scaled CCSD(T)/CBS frequencies determined for CCSD(T)/CBS geometries. Less strong is the NN bond in [FNNH](2+) and [FNNF](2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kalescky
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Abstract
AbstractComets are made of ices, organics and minerals that record the chemistry of the outer regions of the primitive solar nebula where they agglomerated 4.6 Gyr ago. Compositional analyses of comets can provide important clues on the chemical and physical processes that occurred in the early phases of Solar System formation, and possibly in the natal molecular cloud that predated the formation of the solar nebula. This paper presents a short review of our present knowledge of the composition of comets. Implications for the origin of cometary materials are discussed.
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Atreya SK. The significance of trace constituents in the solar system. Faraday Discuss 2011; 147:9-29; discussion 83-102. [PMID: 21302540 DOI: 10.1039/c005460g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trace or minor constituents are key to the origin, maintenance, and the eventual fate of atmospheres of solar system objects. In this Introductory Paper, I illustrate this point by discussing certain cross cutting themes, including the chemistry of the formation and stability of a nitrogen atmosphere on Titan and the Earth, the chemical and biochemical origin of methane on the terrestrial planets and Titan, production and role of photochemical haze and aerosols, especially on Titan, and the significance of electro-photochemistry for habitability of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Atreya
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences Space Research Building, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA
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Pilling S, Lago AF, Coutinho LH, de Castilho RB, de Souza GGB, de Brito AN. Dissociative photoionization of adenine following valence excitation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3646-3652. [PMID: 17937451 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present results on the valence level excitation, ionization and dissociation of adenine, using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and synchrotron radiation, in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range of 12-21 eV. The measurements were performed using a gas-phase (Ne) harmonics filter in order to eliminate contributions from higher-order harmonics. Mass spectra were obtained using the photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique (PEPICO). The relative abundances for each ionic fragment and their mean kinetic energy release have been determined from the analysis of the corresponding peak shapes in the mass spectra. Comparison with the available photoelectron spectra and previous measurements allowed the assignment of the main features in the spectra. A discussion on the dissociative photoionization channels of this molecule has also been included. Due to our harmonics-free incident photon beam we were able to propose new appearance energy (AE) for the most important ionic channels in this energy range. The precursor ion, C(5)H(5)N(5)+, is the most abundant species (40% at 15 eV and 20% at 20 eV), which confirms the high stability of adenine upon absorption of VUV photons. We have observed other intense fragment ions such as: C(4)H(4)N(4)+, C(3)H(3)N(3) (+), C(2)H(2)N(2)+ and HCNH+. The production of the neutral HCN fragment represents up to 40% of the dissociative channels for this molecule as induced by VUV photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pilling
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), Box 6192, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil.
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Palacios A, Martín F, Mó O, Yáñez M, Maksić ZB. Stable doubly charged positive molecular ions formed by direct attachment of alpha particles to HCN and HNC. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:133001. [PMID: 15089599 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The existence of [HeNCH](2+) and [HeCNH](2+) is examined by reliable high-level ab initio methods. It is shown that both species are metastable with respect to the proton loss process, but the activation barriers are high enough to accommodate several resonant states. Their estimated lifetimes are practically infinite for v<3, implying that the attachment of alpha particles to HNC and HCN yields kinetically stable dications. This could be an important factor in the cyanide chemistry in interstellar and comet environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Palacios
- Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Arpigny C, Jehin E, Manfroid J, Hutsemékers D, Schulz R, Stüwe JA, Zucconi JM, Ilyin I. Anomalous nitrogen isotope ratio in comets. Science 2003; 301:1522-4. [PMID: 12970562 DOI: 10.1126/science.1086711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution spectra of the CN B2 summation operator +-X2 summation operator + (0,0) band at 390 nanometers yield isotopic ratios for comets C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) as follows: 165 +/- 40 and 115 +/- 20 for 12C/13C, 140 +/- 35 and 140 +/- 30 for 14N/15N. Our N isotopic measurements are lower than the terrestrial 14N/15N = 272 and the ratio for Hale-Bopp from measurements of HCN, the presumed parent species of CN. This isotopic anomaly suggests the existence of other parent(s) of CN, with an even lower N isotopic ratio. Organic compounds like those found in interplanetary dust particles are good candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Arpigny
- Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Sart-Tilman, Bâtiment B5c, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Petrie
- School of Chemistry, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT 2600 Australia, and Chemistry Department, The Faculties, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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