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Wu H, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wu D, Shao J, Wang T, Wang C. Transcriptomics Reveals Effect of Pulsatilla Decoction Butanol Extract in Alleviating Vulvovaginal Candidiasis by Inhibiting Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Activation via TLR4 Signaling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:594. [PMID: 38794163 PMCID: PMC11124330 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Pulsatilla decoction is a well-known herbal remedy used in clinical settings for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). However, the specific mechanism that makes it effective is still unclear. Recent studies have shown that in cases of VVC, neutrophils recruited to the vagina, influenced by heparan sulfate (HS), do not successfully engulf Candida albicans (C. albicans). Instead, they release many inflammatory factors that cause damage to the vaginal mucosa. This study aims to understand the molecular mechanism by which the n-butanol extract of Pulsatilla decoction (BEPD) treats VVC through transcriptomics. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the primary active components of BEPD. A VVC mouse model was induced using an estrogen-dependent method and the mice were treated daily with BEPD (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) for seven days. The vaginal lavage fluid of the mice was analyzed for various experimental indices, including fungal morphology, fungal burden, degree of neutrophil infiltration, and cytokines. Various assessments were then performed on mouse vaginal tissues, including pathological assessment, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot (WB), quantitative real-time PCR, and transcriptome assays. Our results showed that BEPD reduced vaginal redness and swelling, decreased white discharge, inhibited C. albicans hyphae formation, reduced neutrophil infiltration and fungal burden, and attenuated vaginal tissue damage compared with the VVC model group. The high-dose BEPD group even restored the damaged vaginal tissue to normal levels. The medium- and high-dose groups of BEPD also significantly reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and LDH. Additionally, transcriptomic results showed that BEPD regulated several chemokine (CXCL1, CXCL3, and CXCL5) and S100 alarmin (S100A8 and S100A9) genes, suggesting that BEPD may treat VVC by affecting chemokine- and alarmin-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis. Finally, we verified that BEPD protects the vaginal mucosa of VVC mice by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and chemotaxis in an animal model of VVC via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. This study provides further evidence to elucidate the mechanism of BEPD treatment of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Can Li
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Yemei Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Mengxiang Zhang
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Jing Shao
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (H.W.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.); (D.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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Zayas JP, Mamede JI. HIV Infection and Spread between Th17 Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020404. [PMID: 35215997 PMCID: PMC8874668 DOI: 10.3390/v14020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV mainly targets CD4+ T cells, from which Th17 cells represent a major cell type, permissive, and are capable of supporting intracellular replication at mucosal sites. Th17 cells possess well-described dual roles, while being central to maintaining gut integrity, these may induce inflammation and contribute to autoimmune disorders; however, Th17 cells’ antiviral function in HIV infection is not completely understood. Th17 cells are star players to HIV-1 pathogenesis and a potential target to prevent or decrease HIV transmission. HIV-1 can be spread among permissive cells via direct cell-to-cell and/or cell-free infection. The debate on which mode of transmission is more efficient is still ongoing without a concrete conclusion yet. Most assessments of virus transmission analyzing either cell-to-cell or cell-free modes use in vitro systems; however, the actual interactions and conditions in vivo are not fully understood. The fact that infected breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions contain a mix of both cell-free viral particles and infected cells presents an argument for the probability of HIV taking advantage of both modes of transmission to spread. Here, we review important insights and recent findings about the role of Th17 cells during HIV pathogenesis in mucosal surfaces, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection spread among T cells in tissues.
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Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) caused by Candida species is a common fungal infection among HIV-infected individuals. Despite the wide use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) resulting in a declined prevalence, OC remains the most common oral lesions seen in those living with HIV/AIDS. Various topical and systemic antifungal drugs are available to treat OC. However, due to the patients' immunodeficiency and the nature of OC as biofilm-associated infection, relapse is frequently observed after cessation of antifungal therapy. In addition, long-term antifungal therapy may lead to drug resistance. This review article addressed three major challenges in the treatment of OC in HIV infection including antifungal drug resistance, biofilm-associated infection of OC, and the host underlying immunodeficiency. To reduce the risks of antifungal drug resistance, the author recommends that future studies should focus on herbal plant-derived compounds with antifungal activity that may be used in combination with the drugs. Also, it is recommended that more research should be carried out to explore how to enhance the host innate immunity against oral Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nittayananta
- Excellent Research Laboratory, Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Satthakarn S, Hladik F, Promsong A, Nittayananta W. Vaginal innate immune mediators are modulated by a water extract of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:183. [PMID: 26077233 PMCID: PMC4466860 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) produce antimicrobial peptides including human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), as well as cytokines and chemokines that play vital roles in mucosal innate immunity of the female reproductive tract. Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. cordata), a herbal plant found in Asia, possesses various activities including antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammation. As inflammation and infection are commonly found in female reproductive tract, we aimed to investigate the effects of H. cordata water extract in modulating innate immune factors produced by VECs. Methods Primary human VECs were cultured and treated with H. cordata at a concentration ranging from 25–200 μg/ml for 6 or 18 h. After treatment, the cells and culture supernatants were harvested. The expression of hBD2 and SLPI mRNA was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. Levels of secreted hBD2 and SLPI as well as cytokines and chemokines in the supernatants were measured by ELISA and Luminex assay, respectively. Cytotoxicity of the extract on VECs was assessed by CellTiter-Blue Cell Viability Assay. Results H. cordata did not cause measurable toxicity on VECs after exposure for 18 h. The expression of hBD2 and SLPI mRNA as well as the secreted hBD2 protein were increased in response to H. cordata exposure for 18 h when compared to the untreated controls. However, treatment with the extract for 6 h had only slight effects on the mRNA expression of hBD2 and SLPI. The secretion of IL-2 and IL-6 proteins by VECs was also increased, while the secretion of CCL5 was decreased after treatment with the extract for 18 h. Treatment with H. cordata extract had some effects on the secretion of IL-4, IL-8, CCL2, and TNF-α, but not statistically significant. Conclusions H. cordata water extract modulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines produced by VECs, which play an important role in the mucosal innate immunity in the female reproductive tract. Our findings suggest that H. cordata may have immunomodulatory effects on the vaginal mucosa. Further studies should be performed in vivo to determine if it can enhance mucosal immune defenses against microbial pathogens.
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Batraville LA, Richard J, Veillette M, Labbé AC, Alary M, Guédou F, Kaufmann DE, Poudrier J, Finzi A, Roger M. Short communication: Anti-HIV-1 envelope immunoglobulin Gs in blood and cervicovaginal samples of Beninese commercial sex workers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1145-9. [PMID: 25354025 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the immune correlates of protection against HIV infection is crucial for the development of preventive strategies. This study examined HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins, specifically immunoglobulin G (IgG), in systemic and mucosal compartments of female Beninese commercial sex workers (CSWs). Samples of 23 HIV-1-positive and 20 highly exposed HIV-1-seronegative (HESN) CSWs were studied. HIV-1 Env-specific IgG detection in sera and cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs) from the study population was done by cell-based ELISA. The HIV neutralizing activity was evaluated with a neutralization assay. The HIV-1-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response of the cohort was measured with a FACS-based assay evaluating the ADCC-mediated elimination of gp120-coated target cells. No anti-HIV-1 Env-specific IgG neutralizing or ADCC activities were detected in samples from HESN CSWs. Samples from HIV-1-infected CSWs presented ADCC activity in both sera and CVLs. Anti-Env IgG from sera and CVLs from HIV-1-infected CSWs preferentially recognized Env in its CD4-bound conformation. HIV-1-infected CSWs have ADCC-mediating IgG that preferentially recognizes Env in its CD4-bound conformation at the mucosal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Batraville
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie-Claude Labbé
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Alary
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Promsong A, Chung WO, Satthakarn S, Nittayananta W. Ellagic acid modulates the expression of oral innate immune mediators: potential role in mucosal protection. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:214-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aornrutai Promsong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand
| | - Whasun Oh Chung
- Department of Oral Health Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Surada Satthakarn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand
| | - Wipawee Nittayananta
- Excellent Research Laboratory; Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center; Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence; Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai, Songkhla Thailand
- Graduate School; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
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Mantri CK, Chen C, Dong X, Goodwin JS, Xie H. Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated Epithelial Cell Entry of HIV-1. J Dent Res 2014; 93:794-800. [PMID: 24874702 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514537647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 relies on the host's cell machinery to establish a successful infection. Surface receptors, such as CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 of T cells and macrophages, are essential for membrane fusion of HIV-1, an initiate step in viral entry. However, it is not well defined how HIV-1 infects CD4-negative mucosal epithelial cells. Here we show that there is a specific interaction between HIV-1 and an invasive oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. We found that HIV-1 was trapped on the bacterial surface, which led to internalization of HIV-1 virions as the bacteria invaded CD4-negative epithelial cells. Both bacterial and viral DNA was detected in HeLa and TERT-2 cells exposed to the HIV-1-P. gingivalis complexes 2 hr after the initial infection but not in cells exposed to HIV-1 alone. Moreover, epithelial cell entry of HIV-1 was positively correlated with invasive activity of the P. gingivalis strains tested, even when the binding affinities of HIV-1 to these strains were similar. Finally, it was demonstrated that the viral DNA was integrated into the genome of the host epithelial cells. These results reveal a receptor-independent HIV-1 entry into epithelial cells, which may be relevant in HIV transmission in other mucosal epithelia where complex microbial communities can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Mantri
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C Chen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - X Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J S Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - H Xie
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Bao R, Chen Y, Zhou D, He B, Zhong M, Li Y, Liu F, Li Q, Yang Y, Han C, Sun Y, Cao Y, Yan H. Unpolarized release of vaccinia virus and HIV antigen by colchicine treatment enhances intranasal HIV antigen expression and mucosal humoral responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24296. [PMID: 21935396 PMCID: PMC3174162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of a strong mucosal immune response is essential to building successful HIV vaccines. Highly attenuated recombinant HIV vaccinia virus can be administered mucosally, but even high doses of immunization have been found unable to induce strong mucosal antibody responses. In order to solve this problem, we studied the interactions of recombinant HIV vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (rVTT-gagpol) in mucosal epithelial cells (specifically Caco-2 cell layers) and in BALB/c mice. We evaluated the impact of this virus on HIV antigen delivery and specific immune responses. The results demonstrated that rVTT-gagpol was able to infect Caco-2 cell layers and both the nasal and lung epithelia in BALB/c mice. The progeny viruses and expressed p24 were released mainly from apical surfaces. In BALB/c mice, the infection was limited to the respiratory system and was not observed in the blood. This showed that polarized distribution limited antigen delivery into the whole body and thus limited immune response. To see if this could be improved upon, we stimulated unpolarized budding of the virus and HIV antigens by treating both Caco-2 cells and BALB/c mice with colchicine. We found that, in BALB/c mice, the degree of infection and antigen expression in the epithelia went up. As a result, specific immune responses increased correspondingly. Together, these data suggest that polarized budding limits antigen delivery and immune responses, but unpolarized distribution can increase antigen expression and delivery and thus enhance specific immune responses. This conclusion can be used to optimize mucosal HIV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Bao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoqing Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Benxia He
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoming Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Han
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, the State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Naito T, Kaneko Y, Kozbor D. Oral vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara attached covalently to TMPEG-modified cationic liposomes overcomes pre-existing poxvirus immunity from recombinant vaccinia immunization. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:61-70. [PMID: 17170437 PMCID: PMC2501116 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine for induction of mucosal immunity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein (Env, gp160) represents the best hope for containing the spread of an HIV epidemic worldwide. The highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a laboratory virus well suited as a safe vaccine vector. However, the presence of pre-existing immunity to Vaccinia virus in the adult population represents a hindrance that limits the application of the MVA vector for inducing immunity to HIV antigens. Here, cationic liposomes were covalently attached to the surface of recombinant MVA expressing the HIV-1 strain IIIB Env glycoprotein and beta-galactosidase (MVA(IIIB/beta-gal)) using tresylmonomethoxypolyethylene glycol (TMPEG) grafted into a lipid membrane without compromising viral infectivity in vitro and in vivo. The orally administered MVA(IIIB/beta-gal)-TMPEG/liposome complexes were capable of delivering the transgenes to mucosal tissues in mice with pre-existing poxvirus immunity based on beta-galactosidase gene expression in intestinal tissues measured 18 h after infection. Importantly, the MVA(IIIB/beta-gal)-TMPEG/liposome complexes enhanced Env-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in the mucosal and systemic tissues after repeated oral immunization of BALB/c mice. This approach may prove useful for induction of protective immunity against infectious diseases and cancer in populations with pre-existing immunity to vaccinia from smallpox vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization
- Liposomes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/physiology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Naito
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yutaro Kaneko
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Research for Cancer, Kinki University, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Danuta Kozbor
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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11
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Monno L, Punzi G, Scarabaggio T, Saracino A, Brindicci G, Fiore JR, Iambrenghi OC, Di Stefano M, Pastore G, Angarano G. Mutational patterns of paired blood and rectal biopsies in HIV-infected patients on HAART. J Med Virol 2003; 70:1-9. [PMID: 12629636 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Blood and concurrent rectal biopsy samples of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-positive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated patients were tested for genotypic resistance by direct sequencing of reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) regions to compare the patterns of resistance in these compartments. Fourteen subjects (five with undetectable plasma viral load (pVL) and nine persistently viremic) were studied. Four of five patients with undetectable pVL also had undetectable mucosal HIV RNA; sequence analyses from proviral DNA (PBMCs and rectal biopsy) were obtained with none or few resistance-associated mutations and no alteration of susceptibility profile. All viremic patients, and one with negative pVL, had detectable levels of mucosal HIV RNA (1.93-4.21 log(10) copies/mg); sequences of HIV RNA (plasma and/or rectal biopsy) were also obtained, and multiple mutations generally compatible with current/past medications were detected. Overall, 40 HIV-1 PR and 42 RT sequences were analyzed, yielding a total of 42 PR and 47 RT sequence pairs (plasma/tissue-RNA; plasma-RNA/tissue-DNA; PBMC/tissue-DNA; tissue-DNA/RNA; tissue-RNA/PBMC-DNA; PBMC-DNA/plasma-RNA), which almost always differed at the total amino acid level (median percentage discordance 8.08% in the PR, 4.8% in RT). The median percentage of resistance position discordance equaled 88.8% (IQR = 20-100) in the PR and 74.55% (IQR = 31.75-100%) in the RT pairs, respectively. Different resistance levels were detected by means of a computer-assisted interpretation of mutational profiles. The results support the multiform evolution of HIV genotype in various body compartments and emphasize the participation of intestinal mucosa in HIV genotype selection. Samples from diverse tissues should be used for resistance evaluation to obtain a complete picture of drug resistance for antiretroviral-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Monno
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Wierzbicki A, Kiszka I, Kaneko H, Kmieciak D, Wasik TJ, Gzyl J, Kaneko Y, Kozbor D. Immunization strategies to augment oral vaccination with DNA and viral vectors expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein. Vaccine 2002; 20:1295-307. [PMID: 11818148 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of mucosal immunity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (env; gp160) glycoprotein has been demonstrated with orally administered recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vectors and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG)-encapsulated plasmid DNA expressing gp160. In this study, we investigated the effect of an oral DNA-prime/rVV-boost vaccine regimen in conjunction with adjuvants on the level of gp160-specific cellular and humoral responses in BALB/c mice. We demonstrated that DNA priming followed by a booster with rVV expressing gp160 (vPE16) significantly augmented env-specific immunity in systemic and mucosal tissues of the immunized mice. Association of vPE16 with liposomes and coadministration of liposome-associated beta-glucan lentinan or IL-2/Ig-encoded plasmid DNA-encapsulated in PLG microparticles triggered the optimal cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Lentinan was found to increase env-specific type 1 cytokine production and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activities but had no effect on humoral responses. On the other hand, IL-2/Ig-mediated increases in both type 1 and 2 activities were associated with higher levels of env-specific CTL and antibody responses. Results of these studies demonstrated the effectiveness of oral vaccines with DNA and rVV vectors in conjunction with immunomodulators in inducing specific immune responses in systemic and mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wierzbicki
- Center for Neurovirology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Di Stefano M, Favia A, Monno L, Lopalco P, Caputi O, Scardigno AC, Pastore G, Fiore JR, Angarano G. Intracellular and cell-free (infectious) HIV-1 in rectal mucosa. J Med Virol 2001; 65:637-43. [PMID: 11745925 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa contains most of the total lymphocyte pool and plays an important role in viral transmission, but only slight attention has been given to the immunological and virological aspects of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection at this site. In this study, before initiating or changing antiretroviral therapy, paired blood samples and rectal biopsies (RB) were obtained from 26 consecutive HIV-infected subjects. HIV-1 isolation and biological characterization, DNA, and HIV-1 RNA titration were assessed, as were in vitro tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-beta (IL-1beta) spontaneous production. The rate of HIV-1 isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and RBs was 75% and 58%, respectively. All RB-derived isolates were nonsyncytium inducing (NSI), independent of the phenotype of blood-derived isolates. Proviral DNA and detectable HIV-1 RNA levels were measured in 100% and 77% of RBs, respectively. A statistical correlation was observed between HIV-1 DNA and HIV-1 RNA levels in rectal mucosa (P = 0.0075), whereas no correlation was found between these levels in blood samples (P > 0.05). Antiretroviral treatment did not seem to influence HIV-1 detection in RBs. Higher levels of in vitro proinflammmatory cytokine production were found in the RBs of most infected patients when compared with healthy controls. Therefore, the rectal mucosa is an important HIV-1 reservoir that demonstrates a discordant viral evolution with respect to blood. Both the virus type and the mucosa pathway of immunoactive substances might have important implications for therapeutic decision-making and monitoring and could influence the bidirectional transmission of HIV-1 in mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Di Stefano
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Devito C, Broliden K, Kaul R, Svensson L, Johansen K, Kiama P, Kimani J, Lopalco L, Piconi S, Bwayo JJ, Plummer F, Clerici M, Hinkula J. Mucosal and plasma IgA from HIV-1-exposed uninfected individuals inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis across human epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:5170-6. [PMID: 11046049 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-specific IgA has been described in the genital tract and plasma of HIV-1 highly exposed, persistently seronegative (HEPS) individuals, and IgA from these sites has been shown to neutralize HIV-1. This study examines the ability of IgA isolated from HEPS individuals to inhibit transcytosis across a tight epithelial cell layer. A Transwell system was established to model HIV-1 infection across the human mucosal epithelium. The apical-basolateral transcytosis of primary HIV-1 isolates across this mucosal model was examined in the presence and the absence of IgA isolated from the genital tract, saliva, and plasma of HEPS individuals enrolled in both a sex worker cohort in Nairobi, Kenya, and a discordant couple cohort in Italy. In the absence of IgA, HIV-1 primary isolates were actively transported across the epithelial membrane and were released on the opposite side of the barrier. These transcytosed HIV-1 particles retained their ability to infect human mononuclear cells. However, IgA purified from the mucosa and plasma of HEPS individuals was able to inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis. Inhibition was seen in three of six cervicovaginal fluid samples, five of 10 saliva samples, and three of six plasma samples against at least one of the two primary HIV-1 isolates tested. IgA from low risk, healthy control subjects had no inhibitory effect on HIV-1 transcytosis. The ability of mucosal and plasma IgA to inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis across the mucosal epithelium may represent an important mechanism for protection against the sexual acquisition of HIV-1 infection in HEPS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Devito
- Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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