1
|
Felmy A, Streiff AB, Jokela J. Propensity for selfing varies within a population of hermaphroditic snails: coexistence of selfers, outcrossers and mixed-mating individuals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230532. [PMID: 37800152 PMCID: PMC10548103 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand mating-system evolution in self-compatible hermaphrodites, variation in selfing rates is highly relevant. Empirical studies are rarely designed to capture variation between individuals, instead often comparing species and populations. Yet, evolution primarily occurs within populations, rendering among-individual variation essential. Observed individual selfing rates depend on the environment (e.g. differences in mate availability) and individuals' propensity for selfing. We quantified individual variation in selfing propensity in the snail Radix balthica by conducting laboratory mating trials that manipulated mate availability (low versus moderate) and estimating selfing rates from progeny arrays. We also measured female lifetime fitness. We found substantial among-individual variation in selfing propensity, including pure selfers (32%), pure outcrossers (31%) and mixed-mating individuals that selfed and outcrossed (37%). Experimental levels of mate availability did not significantly affect selfing rates. Selfers had reduced female liftetime fitness. Our results show that the propensity for selfing can differ considerably among individuals, with similar proportions of selfers, outcrossers and mixed maters. As mate availability did not affect selfing, our 'moderate' experimental level of mate availability might still have been too low to prompt selfers to outcross. This and the observed fitness differences also cautiously suggest that investigating the heritability of selfing propensities might be worthwhile in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Felmy
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alena B. Streiff
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maternal effects, paternal effects, and their interactions in the freshwater snail Physa acuta. Oecologia 2023; 201:409-419. [PMID: 36682011 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Individuals exposed to predation risk can produce offspring with altered phenotypes. Most work on predation-induced parental effects has focused on maternal effects or on generalized parental effects where both parents are exposed to risk. We conducted an experiment to measure and compare maternal and paternal effects on offspring phenotypes and test for interactions in those effects. We exposed 82 snails from 22 lines to control or predator cues and created line dyads with the four possible mating pairings of control and predator cue exposed individuals. We measured the resulting body masses, shell masses, shell shapes, and anti-predator behaviors of the offspring. We found some evidence that offspring were larger and heavier when the mother was exposed to predation cues, but that this effect was negated when the father was also exposed. The mass of offspring shells relative to their total mass was unaffected by parental treatments. Shell shape was marginally affected by maternal treatment, but not paternal treatment. Behavioral responses to cues were not affected by maternal or paternal treatments. Our results suggest potential conflict between male and female parental effects and highlight the importance of examining the interactions of maternal and paternal effects.
Collapse
|
3
|
Blüml C, Ramm SA, van Benthem KJ, Wittmann MJ. Waiting for love but not forever: Modeling the evolution of waiting time to selfing in hermaphrodites. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mixed mating systems involving both selfing and outcrossing are fairly common in hermaphrodites, the mechanisms maintaining mixed mating are still unknown in many cases. In some species, individuals that have not yet found a mating partner delay self-fertilization for some time. This “waiting time” to selfing (WT) can exhibit heritable variation between individuals and is subject to two opposing selection pressures: waiting longer increases the density-dependent probability to encounter a mate within that time and thereby the chance to avoid inbreeding depression (ID) in offspring, but also increases the risk of dying before reproduction. It has long been hypothesized that fluctuations in population density and thus mate availability can lead to stable intermediate WTs, but to our knowledge there are so far no quantitative models that also take into account the joint evolutionary dynamics of ID. We use an individual-based model and a mathematical approximation to explore how delayed selfing evolves in response to density and density fluctuations. We find that at high density, when individuals meet often, WT evolution is dominated by genetic drift; at intermediate densities, strong ID causes WT to increase; and at low densities, ID is purged and WT approaches zero. Positive feedback loops drive the system to either complete selfing or complete outcrossing. Fluctuating density can slow down convergence to these alternative stable states. However, mixed mating, in the sense of either a stable polymorphism in WT, or stable intermediate waiting times, was never observed. Thus, additional factors need to be explored to explain the persistence of delayed selfing.
Collapse
|
4
|
Provost T, McCarthy TM. Aquatic Hermaphrodite Snails Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Experience Increased Mortality, Reduced Reproduction, and Endocrine Disruption. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2022. [DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
David P, Degletagne C, Saclier N, Jennan A, Jarne P, Plénet S, Konecny L, François C, Guéguen L, Garcia N, Lefébure T, Luquet E. Extreme mitochondrial DNA divergence underlies genetic conflict over sex determination. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2325-2333.e6. [PMID: 35483362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a form of genetic conflict over sex determination that results from differences in modes of inheritance between genomic compartments.1-3 Indeed, maternally transmitted (usually mitochondrial) genes sometimes enhance their transmission by suppressing the male function in a hermaphroditic organism to the detriment of biparentally inherited nuclear genes. Therefore, these hermaphrodites become functionally female and may coexist with regular hermaphrodites in so-called gynodioecious populations.3 CMS has been known in plants since Darwin's times4 but is previously unknown in the animal kingdom.5-8 We relate the first observation of CMS in animals. It occurs in a freshwater snail population, where some individuals appear unable to sire offspring in controlled crosses and show anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characters consistent with a suppression of the male function. Male sterility is associated with a mitochondrial lineage that underwent a spectacular acceleration of DNA substitution rates, affecting the entire mitochondrial genome-this acceleration concerns both synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions and therefore results from increased mitogenome mutation rates. Consequently, mitochondrial haplotype divergence within the population is exceptionally high, matching that observed between snail taxa that diverged 475 million years ago. This result is reminiscent of similar accelerations in mitogenome evolution observed in plant clades where gynodioecy is frequent,9,10 both being consistent with arms-race evolution of genome regions implicated in CMS.11,12 Our study shows that genomic conflicts can trigger independent evolution of similar sex-determination systems in plants and animals and dramatically accelerate molecular evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice David
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cyril Degletagne
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Aurel Jennan
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Plénet
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lara Konecny
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Laurent Guéguen
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Noéline Garcia
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tristan Lefébure
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilien Luquet
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Foe VE. Does the Pachytene Checkpoint, a Feature of Meiosis, Filter Out Mistakes in Double-Strand DNA Break Repair and as a side-Effect Strongly Promote Adaptive Speciation? Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac008. [PMID: 36827645 PMCID: PMC8998493 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This essay aims to explain two biological puzzles: why eukaryotic transcription units are composed of short segments of coding DNA interspersed with long stretches of non-coding (intron) DNA, and the near ubiquity of sexual reproduction. As is well known, alternative splicing of its coding sequences enables one transcription unit to produce multiple variants of each encoded protein. Additionally, padding transcription units with non-coding DNA (often many thousands of base pairs long) provides a readily evolvable way to set how soon in a cell cycle the various mRNAs will begin being expressed and the total amount of mRNA that each transcription unit can make during a cell cycle. This regulation complements control via the transcriptional promoter and facilitates the creation of complex eukaryotic cell types, tissues, and organisms. However, it also makes eukaryotes exceedingly vulnerable to double-strand DNA breaks, which end-joining break repair pathways can repair incorrectly. Transcription units cover such a large fraction of the genome that any mis-repair producing a reorganized chromosome has a high probability of destroying a gene. During meiosis, the synaptonemal complex aligns homologous chromosome pairs and the pachytene checkpoint detects, selectively arrests, and in many organisms actively destroys gamete-producing cells with chromosomes that cannot adequately synapse; this creates a filter favoring transmission to the next generation of chromosomes that retain the parental organization, while selectively culling those with interrupted transcription units. This same meiotic checkpoint, reacting to accidental chromosomal reorganizations inflicted by error-prone break repair, can, as a side effect, provide a mechanism for the formation of new species in sympatry. It has been a long-standing puzzle how something as seemingly maladaptive as hybrid sterility between such new species can arise. I suggest that this paradox is resolved by understanding the adaptive importance of the pachytene checkpoint, as outlined above.
Collapse
|
7
|
Henry J, Brand JA, Bai Y, Martin JM, Wong BBM, Wlodkowic D. Multi-generational impacts of exposure to antidepressant fluoxetine on behaviour, reproduction, and morphology of freshwater snail Physa acuta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152731. [PMID: 34974022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment by pharmaceutical pollutants poses an increasingly critical threat to aquatic ecosystems around the world. This is particularly true of psychoactive compounds, such as antidepressant drugs, which have become ubiquitous contaminants and have been demonstrated to modify aquatic animal behaviours at very low concentrations (i.e. ng/L). Despite raising risks to the hydrosphere, there is a notable paucity of data on the long term, multigenerational effects of antidepressants at environmentally realistic concentrations. Moreover, current research has predominantly focused on mean-level effects, with little research on variation among and within individuals when considering key behavioural traits. In this work, we used a multigenerational exposure of a freshwater snail (Physa acuta) to an environmentally relevant concentration of the antidepressant fluoxetine (mean measured concentration: 32.7 ng/L, SE: 2.3). The snails were allowed to breed freely in large mesocosm populations over 3 years. Upon completion of the exposure, we repeatedly measured the locomotory activity (624 measures total), reproductive output (234 measures total) as well as morphometric endpoints (78 measures total). While we found no mean-level differences between treatments in locomotory activities, we did find that fluoxetine exposed snails (n = 46) had significantly reduced behavioural plasticity (i.e. VW; within-individual variation) in activity levels compared to unexposed snails (n = 32). As a result, fluoxetine exposed snails demonstrated significant behavioural repeatability, which was not the case for unexposed snails. Further, we report a reduction in egg mass production in fluoxetine exposed snails, and a marginally non-significant difference in morphology between treatment groups. These results highlight the potential detrimental effects of long-term fluoxetine exposure on non-target organisms at environmentally realistic dosages. Additionally, our findings demonstrate the underappreciated potential for psychoactive contaminants to have impacts beyond mean-level effects, with consequences for population resilience to current and future environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Henry
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jack A Brand
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yutao Bai
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spatial variation of life-history traits in Bulinus truncatus, the intermediate host of schistosomes, in the context of field application of niclosamide in Côte d’Ivoire. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:7. [PMID: 37170324 PMCID: PMC10127057 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Control of intermediate host snails using molluscicides for the control and/or elimination of schistosomiasis is a strategy in line with WHO recommendations. Niclosamide is the main chemical molluscicide recommended by WHO. However, except the immediate killing of the snail, the extent of the impact of the molluscicide application on the evolution of snail life-history traits, in relation to recolonization of treated sites is not well known. This study aimed to characterize the spatial variation of life-history traits of populations of the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus, in relation to niclosamide spraying in the field.
From 2016 to 2018, we conducted a trial, using niclosamide to control the intermediate host snails for interrupting the seasonal transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in northern and central Côte d’Ivoire. Five villages (sites) were considered, including three test and two control villages. In the test villages, the molluscicide was sprayed in habitats harboring B. truncatus snails three times a year (November, February–March and June). We sampled six B. truncatus populations: two populations from the control villages without any treatment; one collected before treatment and three sampled 2–3 months after treatment of the site with niclosamide. The snail populations were monitored for several life-history traits, including survival, growth, fecundity and hatchability, under laboratory conditions, over one generation (G1). We tested the population, region (North/Centre) and treatment status (treated/untreated) effects on the variation of the measured life-history traits and correlations between pairs of traits were estimated.
Results
On the whole, the traits varied among populations. The risk of death was lower in northern populations compared to central ones. The age at first reproduction was reached earlier with a smaller size of snails in northern populations. Values of first reproduction features (size and fecundity) were lower in treated snail populations. The overall growth of untreated populations was higher than that of treated ones. The late fecundity and egg hatching were higher in northern than in central snails. At first reproduction, age was negatively correlated with some fecundity parameters. However, growth was positively associated with fecundity.
Conclusions
Our study showed a spatial variation of life-history traits in B. truncatus snails. The mollusciciding seems to have led to the depression of some life-history traits in the snail populations. However, investigations should be carried out over several generations of snails to better clarify the impact of niclosamide on the evolution of the life-history traits.
Collapse
|
9
|
Camus C, Solas M, Martínez C, Vargas J, Garcés C, Gil-Kodaka P, Ladah LB, Serrão EA, Faugeron S. Mates Matter: Gametophyte Kinship Recognition and Inbreeding in the Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:711-725. [PMID: 33583038 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding, the mating between genetically related individuals, often results in reduced survival and fecundity of offspring, relative to outcrossing. Yet, high inbreeding rates are commonly observed in seaweeds, suggesting compensatory reproductive traits may affect the costs and benefits of the mating system. We experimentally manipulated inbreeding levels in controlled crossing experiments, using gametophytes from 19 populations of Macrocystis pyrifera along its Eastern Pacific coastal distribution (EPC). The objective was to investigate the effects of male-female kinship on female fecundity and fertility, to estimate inbreeding depression in the F1 progeny, and to assess the variability of these effects among different regions and habitats of the EPC. Results revealed that the presence and kinship of males had a significant effect on fecundity and fertility of female gametophytes. Females left alone or in the presence of sibling males express the highest gametophyte size, number, and size of oogonia, suggesting they were able to sense the presence and the identity of their mates before gamete contact. The opposite trend was observed for the production of embryos per female gametes, indicating higher costs of selfing and parthenogenesis than outcrossing on fertility. However, the increased fecundity compensated for the reduced fertility, leading to a stable overall reproductive output. Inbreeding also affected morphological traits of juvenile sporophytes, but not their heatwave tolerance. The male-female kinship effect was stronger in high-latitude populations, suggesting that females from low-latitude marginal populations might have evolved to mate with any male gamete to guarantee reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Camus
- Centro i~mar and CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Maribel Solas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jaime Vargas
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | | | - Lydia B Ladah
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, México
| | | | - Sylvain Faugeron
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UMI3614 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad Austral de Chile, Roscoff, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yamaguchi S, Iwasa Y. Evolutionary game in an androdioecious population: Coupling of outcrossing and male production. J Theor Biol 2021; 513:110594. [PMID: 33460652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Androdioecy, the coexistence of hermaphrodites and males, is very rare in vertebrates but occurs in mangrove killifish living in ephemeral or unstable habitats. Hermaphrodites reproduce both by outcrossing with males and by selfing. Outbreeding is advantageous because of inbreeding depression, but it requires encounters with males. The advantages of a propensity for outcrossing among hermaphrodites and the production of males affect each other very strongly. To study the evolutionary coupling of these two aspects, we here analyze a simple evolutionary game for a population composed of three phenotypes: outcrossing-oriented hermaphrodites, selfing-oriented hermaphrodites, and males. Outcrossing-oriented hermaphrodites first attempt to search for males and perform outcrossing if they encounter males. If they fail to encounter males, they reproduce via selfing. Selfing-oriented hermaphrodites simply reproduce by selfing. The replicator dynamics may show bistability, in which both the androdioecious population (with outcrossing-oriented hermaphrodites and males) and the pure hermaphroditic population are locally stable. The model shows the fraction of males is either zero or relatively high (more than 25%), which is not consistent with the observed low fraction of males (less than 5%). To explain this discrepancy, we studied several models including immigration and enforced copulation. We concluded that the observed pattern can be most likely explained by a population dominated by selfing-oriented hermaphrodites receiving immigration of males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Yamaguchi
- Division of Mathematical Sciences, Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoh Iwasa
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tariel J, Luquet É, Plénet S. Interactions Between Maternal, Paternal, Developmental, and Immediate Environmental Effects on Anti-predator Behavior of the Snail Physa acuta. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.591074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational plasticity, which occurs when the environment experienced by parents changes the phenotype of offspring, is widespread in animal and plant species. Both maternal and paternal environments can underlie transgenerational plasticity, but experimental studies unraveling how their effects interact together and with the personal (both developmental and immediate) environments are still rare. Yet unraveling these interactions is fundamental to understanding how offspring integrate past and present environmental cues to produce adaptive phenotype. Using the hermaphroditic and freshwater snail Physa acuta, we tested how predator cues experienced by offspring, mothers and fathers interact to shape offspring anti-predator behavior. We raised a first generation of snails in the laboratory with or without chemical predator cues and realized full-factorial crosses to disentangle maternal and paternal cues. We then raised the second generation of snails with or without predator cues and assessed, when adults, their escape behavior in two immediate environments (with or without predator cues) and activity in the immediate environment without predator cues. We found that personal, maternal, and paternal predator cues interacted to shape offspring escape behavior and activity. Firstly, for escape behavior, snails integrated the cues from developmental and parental environments only when exposed to predator cues in their immediate environment, suggesting that personal immediate experience must corroborate the risky parental environment to reveal transgenerational plasticity. For activity, this same hypothesis helps explain why no clear pattern of transgenerational plasticity was revealed, as activity was only measured without predator cues in the immediate environment. Secondly, a single maternal exposure to predator cues decreased offspring escape behavior while a single paternal exposure had no effect, surprisingly demonstrating sex-specific transgenerational plasticity for a simultaneous hermaphroditic species. Thirdly, when both mother and father were exposed, paternal cues were integrated by offspring according to their own developmental environment. The paternal exposure then mitigated the reduction in escape behavior due to the maternal exposure only when offspring developed in control condition. Overall, our study highlighted complex patterns of sex-specific transgenerational plasticity resulting from non-additive interactions between parental, developmental and immediate experiences.
Collapse
|
12
|
Felmy A, Weissert N, Travis J, Jokela J. Mate availability determines use of alternative reproductive phenotypes in hermaphrodites. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In many species, individuals can employ alternative reproductive phenotypes, with profound consequences for individual fitness and population dynamics. This is particularly relevant for self-compatible hermaphrodites, which have exceptionally many reproductive options. Here we investigated the occurrence of reproductive phenotypes in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Radix balthica under experimentally simulated conditions of low versus moderate population density. We captured all mating behavior on camera and measured individual female lifetime reproductive success. We found every possible reproductive phenotype: (1) both male and female (i.e., truly hermaphroditic) reproduction, (2) purely female and (3) purely male reproduction, (4) male reproduction combined with self-fertilization and (5) female mating activity, (6) pure self-fertilization without mating and (7–8) two types of reproductive failure. Variation in alternative reproductive phenotypes was explained by mate availability (10.8%) and individual condition, approximated by a snail’s mean daily growth rate (17.5%). Increased mate availability resulted in a lower diversity of reproductive phenotypes, in particular increasing the frequency of true hermaphrodites. However, it lowered phenotype-specific fecundities and hence reduced the population growth rate. Snails in better condition were more likely to reproduce as true hermaphrodites or pure females, whereas low-condition snails tended to suffer reproductive failure. Overall, we show substantial variation in alternative reproductive phenotypes in a hermaphrodite, which is possibly in part maintained by fluctuations in population density and thus mate availability, and by variation in individual condition. We also provide evidence of an almost 2-fold increase in clutch size that can be ascribed specifically to mating as a female.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Felmy
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nora Weissert
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Giannakara A, Ramm SA. Evidence for inter-population variation in waiting times in a self-fertilizing flatworm. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2020.1732485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A. Ramm
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dubart M, Pantel JH, Pointier J, Jarne P, David P. Modeling competition, niche, and coexistence between an invasive and a native species in a two‐species metapopulation. Ecology 2019; 100:e02700. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Dubart
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS ‐ Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – IRD ‐ EPHE 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Jelena H. Pantel
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS ‐ Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – IRD ‐ EPHE 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
- Department of Biology The College of William and Mary P.O. Box 8795 Williamsburg Virginia VA 23187‐8795 USA
| | | | - Philippe Jarne
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS ‐ Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – IRD ‐ EPHE 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Patrice David
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS ‐ Université de Montpellier ‐ Université Paul‐Valéry Montpellier – IRD ‐ EPHE 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakadera Y, Giannakara A, Ramm SA. Plastic expression of seminal fluid protein genes in a simultaneously hermaphroditic snail. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Nakadera
- Evolutionary Biology Department, Bielefeld University, Germany Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Athina Giannakara
- Evolutionary Biology Department, Bielefeld University, Germany Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Steven A Ramm
- Evolutionary Biology Department, Bielefeld University, Germany Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Noël E, Fruitet E, Lelaurin D, Bonel N, Ségard A, Sarda V, Jarne P, David P. Sexual selection and inbreeding: Two efficient ways to limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Evol Lett 2018; 3:80-92. [PMID: 30788144 PMCID: PMC6369961 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory and empirical data showed that two processes can boost selection against deleterious mutations, thus facilitating the purging of the mutation load: inbreeding, by exposing recessive deleterious alleles to selection in homozygous form, and sexual selection, by enhancing the relative reproductive success of males with small mutation loads. These processes tend to be mutually exclusive because sexual selection is reduced under mating systems that promote inbreeding, such as self‐fertilization in hermaphrodites. We estimated the relative efficiency of inbreeding and sexual selection at purging the genetic load, using 50 generations of experimental evolution, in a hermaphroditic snail (Physa acuta). To this end, we generated lines that were exposed to various intensities of inbreeding, sexual selection (on the male function), and nonsexual selection (on the female function). We measured how these regimes affected the mutation load, quantified through the survival of outcrossed and selfed juveniles. We found that juvenile survival strongly decreased in outbred lines with reduced male selection, but not when female selection was relaxed, showing that male‐specific sexual selection does purge deleterious mutations. However, in lines exposed to inbreeding, where sexual selection was also relaxed, survival did not decrease, and even increased for self‐fertilized juveniles, showing that purging through inbreeding can compensate for the absence of sexual selection. Our results point to the further question of whether a mixed strategy combining the advantages of both mechanisms of genetic purging could be evolutionary stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Noël
- UMR AGAP (CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro) 2 Place Pierre Viala 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1 France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Elise Fruitet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France.,Department of Entomology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Strasse 8 Jena 07745 Germany.,IBED University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dennyss Lelaurin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Nicolas Bonel
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France.,Universidad Nacional del Sur B8000ICN Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Adeline Ségard
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Violette Sarda
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Patrice David
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stratton C, Kolpas A, Auld JR. Optimal Mating Strategies for Preferentially Outcrossing Simultaneous Hermaphrodites in the Presence of Predators. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:2652-2668. [PMID: 30094769 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The optimal timing for initiating reproduction (i.e., the age at first reproduction) is a critical life history trait describing aspects of an individual's resource-allocation strategy. Recent theoretical and empirical work has demonstrated that this trait is also tied to mating system expression when individuals have the opportunity to reproduce via both self-fertilization and cross-fertilization. A strategy of "delayed selfing" has emerged as a "best of both worlds" arrangement where, in the absence of a mate, an individual will delay reproduction (selfing) to "wait" for a mate. Herein, we extend previously developed predictive optimization models for the timing of reproduction to a situation where organisms can allocate their resources to size-dependent and size-independent defensive strategies to counter the threat of predation. By incorporating inducible defenses into a predictive framework for analyzing life history expression and evolution, we can more accurately evaluate the role that allocation strategy plays in altering the optimal waiting time. We compare our model to previous models and empirical results highlighting that incorporation of inducible defenses into the model broadens the parameter space in which a waiting time is expected and often leads to a predicted waiting time that is longer than in the situation without inducible defenses. In particular, a waiting time is predicted to exist regardless of the strength of inbreeding depression in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corin Stratton
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Allison Kolpas
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA.
| | - Josh R Auld
- Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chapuis E, Lamy T, Pointier JP, Juillet N, Ségard A, Jarne P, David P. Bioinvasion Triggers Rapid Evolution of Life Histories in Freshwater Snails. Am Nat 2017; 190:694-706. [PMID: 29053358 DOI: 10.1086/693854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions offer interesting situations for observing how novel interactions between closely related, formerly allopatric species may trigger phenotypic evolution in situ. Assuming that successful invaders are usually filtered to be competitively dominant, invasive and native species may follow different trajectories. Natives may evolve traits that minimize the negative impact of competition, while trait shifts in invasives should mostly reflect expansion dynamics, through selection for colonization ability and transiently enhanced mutation load at the colonization front. These ideas were tested through a large-scale common-garden experiment measuring life-history traits in two closely related snail species, one invasive and one native, co-occurring in a network of freshwater ponds in Guadeloupe. We looked for evidence of recent evolution by comparing uninvaded or recently invaded sites with long-invaded ones. The native species adopted a life history favoring rapid population growth (i.e., increased fecundity, earlier reproduction, and increased juvenile survival) that may increase its prospects of coexistence with the more competitive invader. We discuss why these effects are more likely to result from genetic change than from maternal effects. The invader exhibited slightly decreased overall performances in recently colonized sites, consistent with a moderate expansion load resulting from local founder effects. Our study highlights a rare example of rapid life-history evolution following invasion.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kruckenhauser L, Haring E, Tautscher B, Cadahía L, Zopp L, Duda M, Harl J, Sattmann H. Indication for selfing in geographically separated populations and evidence for Pleistocene survival within the Alps: the case of Cylindrus obtusus (Pulmonata: Helicidae). BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:138. [PMID: 28610555 PMCID: PMC5470289 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cylindrus obtusus is one of the most prominent endemic snail species of the Eastern Alps. It is restricted to alpine meadows and calcareous rocky habitats above 1500 m. Peculiar intraspecific differences have been observed in its genital tract in the eastern populations the two mucus glands associated with the love dart sac are highly variable, while almost no variation was observed in the western populations. This raises the question whether the mode and success of reproduction of the respective populations are different. To find out whether these anatomical differences reflect genetic differentiation, which might be an indication for distinct glacial refugia, we investigated a 650 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) (280 individuals) and 9 microsatellite loci from samples (487 individuals from 29 populations) covering the whole distribution range of the species. Results The COI sequences show a geographic differentiation between eastern, central and western populations. The westernmost localities, which were covered under ice sheets during glacial periods, are characterized by extreme low variability. Overall genetic distances among all individuals are small (max. 1.7% p-distance). The microsatellite analysis reveals a high differentiation between populations, implying restriction of gene flow. The highest genetic variability was found in the central populations. Remarkably, nearly all individuals from the eastern populations, which are more variable in their genital morphology, are homozygous in all microsatellite loci, although different alleles were found within populations. Conclusions The most peculiar outcome of the study is the strong evidence for selfing in C. obtusus as indicated by the microsatellite data in the easternmost populations. This finding is supported by the deformation of the mucus glands in the same populations. Since mucus glands play an important role in sexual reproduction, it seems plausible that in selfing organisms these structures are reduced. The phylogeographic structure revealed by COI sequences implies that the species has survived the ice ages within the Calcareous Alps. The small genetic distances among all individuals (max. 1.7%) suggest that C. obtusus has experienced severe bottlenecks in the past. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0977-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luise Kruckenhauser
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Haring
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Tautscher
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Cadahía
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Zopp
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Duda
- Third Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Harl
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Central Research Laboratories, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Sattmann
- Third Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Giannakara A, Ramm SA. Self-fertilization, sex allocation and spermatogenesis kinetics in the hypodermically inseminating flatworm Macrostomum pusillum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1568-1577. [PMID: 28183866 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.149682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The free-living flatworm genus Macrostomum is an emerging model system for studying the links between sex allocation, sexual selection and mating system evolution, as well as the underlying developmental and physiological mechanisms responsible for wide intra- and inter-specific variability in reproductive phenotypes. Despite compelling comparative morphological evidence of sexual diversity, detailed experimental work on reproductive behaviour and physiology in Macrostomum has so far been largely limited to just two species, M. lignano and M. hystrix, an obligate and a preferential outcrosser, respectively. In this study, we establish that a third species, M. pusillum, exhibits a combination of reproductive traits strikingly different from both of its congeners. Unlike M. lignano, we demonstrate that M. pusillum does not adjust sex allocation or the speed of spermatogenesis to the prevailing social group size. Macrostomumpusillum's relatively simple sperm morphology likely explains the short spermatogenesis duration we report, and is linked to a hypodermically inseminating mode of fertilization, which we show also means that these worms are capable of self-fertilization. Surprisingly, and unlike M. hystrix, selfing in isolated worms commences after only a short (if any) delay compared with the onset of reproduction in grouped individuals, with little evidence of differential inbreeding depression in 'isolated' progeny. These combined results suggest that, in nature, M. pusillum may be regularly selfing, in contrast to the congeners studied to date. Our findings highlight the rapid and correlated evolution of reproductive traits, and reinforce the utility of the genus Macrostomum for understanding the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms responsible for this diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Giannakara
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Steven A Ramm
- Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Morgenbreede 45, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Paternity Outcomes in the Freshwater Gastropod, Chilina dombeiana in the Biobío River, Chile. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169574. [PMID: 28068418 PMCID: PMC5221823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the mating system of obligate aquatic organisms that inhabit river ecosystems is important for understanding its evolution as well as the role of biological and environmental factors in modulating population dynamics and species distributional patterns. Here, we studied the reproductive strategy of the Chilean endemic freshwater snail, Chilina dombeiana, in the Biobío River, one of the largest rivers in Chile. This species has a low potential for dispersal given the absence of a free-swimming larval stage (benthic larval development) and given that adults have a low capacity for mobility. We hypothesized that: 1. Females would mate with different males (polyandry) resulting in intrabrood multiple paternity, 2. Individuals from closer sites would be more related than individuals from distant sites, and 3. Male parental contributions would be unevenly distributed within broods. Individuals from three different sites were sampled along the river: upper, mid, and river mouth. In the laboratory, hatching juveniles from a total of 15 broods were collected for paternity analyses. We used microsatellite markers and the programs GERUD and COLONY to determine whether multiple paternity exists and to estimate the contribution of different males to the brood. We found that multiple paternity was very common at all of the sites analyzed with as many as 8 males fertilizing a single female and a mean of 4.2 fathers per brood estimated by COLONY. Sire contribution was skewed to particular males in several broods. In addition, overall relatedness among broods for the three sites ranged from 0.17 to 0.45 with evidence of many half-siblings. Relatedness differed among the three sites. Particularly in upstream sites or in anthropogenically disturbed populations, the high levels of multiple paternity observed in C. dombeiana may be an efficient strategy to avoid inbreeding and prevent the loss of genetic diversity within populations.
Collapse
|
22
|
Auld JR, Helker AD, Kolpas A. Consequences of mating and predation risk for longevity in a freshwater snail: abstinence makes the heart beat longer. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2539-2544. [PMID: 27591368 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Auld
- Department of Biology West Chester University West Chester PA USA
| | - A. D. Helker
- Department of Mathematics West Chester University West Chester PA USA
| | - A. Kolpas
- Department of Mathematics West Chester University West Chester PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ellison A, Rodríguez López CM, Moran P, Breen J, Swain M, Megias M, Hegarty M, Wilkinson M, Pawluk R, Consuegra S. Epigenetic regulation of sex ratios may explain natural variation in self-fertilization rates. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1900. [PMID: 26559950 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-fertilization (selfing) favours reproductive success when mate availability is low, but renders populations more vulnerable to environmental change by reducing genetic variability. A mixed-breeding strategy (alternating selfing and outcrossing) may allow species to balance these needs, but requires a system for regulating sexual identity. We explored the role of DNA methylation as a regulatory system for sex-ratio modulation in the mixed-mating fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. We found a significant interaction between sexual identity (male or hermaphrodite), temperature and methylation patterns when two selfing lines were exposed to different temperatures during development. We also identified several genes differentially methylated in males and hermaphrodites that represent candidates for the temperature-mediated sex regulation in K. marmoratus. We conclude that an epigenetic mechanism regulated by temperature modulates sexual identity in this selfing species, providing a potentially widespread mechanism by which environmental change may influence selfing rates. We also suggest that K. marmoratus, with naturally inbred populations, represents a good vertebrate model for epigenetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ellison
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | | | - Paloma Moran
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - James Breen
- School of Agriculture, Wine and Food, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Martin Swain
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Manuel Megias
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Matthew Hegarty
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Mike Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Wine and Food, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pawluk
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wolak ME, Reid JM. Is Pairing with a Relative Heritable? Estimating Female and Male Genetic Contributions to the Degree of Biparental Inbreeding in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Am Nat 2016; 187:736-52. [DOI: 10.1086/686198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
25
|
Noël E, Chemtob Y, Janicke T, Sarda V, Pélissié B, Jarne P, David P. Reduced mate availability leads to evolution of self-fertilization and purging of inbreeding depression in a hermaphrodite. Evolution 2016; 70:625-40. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Noël
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier; EPHE, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Yohann Chemtob
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier; EPHE, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236; Université Paris Diderot; UFR Physique, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 Rue A. Domon et L. Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Tim Janicke
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier; EPHE, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Violette Sarda
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier; EPHE, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Benjamin Pélissié
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier; EPHE, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier; EPHE, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Patrice David
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier; EPHE, 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kengne-Fokam AC, Nana-Djeunga HC, Djuikwo-Teukeng FF, Njiokou F. Analysis of mating system, fecundity, hatching and survival rates in two Schistosoma mansoni intermediate hosts (Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria camerunensis) in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:10. [PMID: 26739376 PMCID: PMC4702333 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria camerunensis are intermediate hosts of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Up till now, very scanty data report the life history traits of these freshwater snails. This study was therefore conducted to provide further knowledge on the mating system of these two S. mansoni intermediate hosts in Cameroon. The study was performed following a three-step experimental design as follows: (i) for each species, a sample of young snails (G1), virgin and sexually mature was constituted and divided into two groups; (ii) in the first group, individuals were maintained isolated for the evaluation of the impact of self-fertilization on life history traits while in the second group, individuals were paired for few hours for the evaluation of cross-fertilization impact; (iii) in each group, fitness parameters (fecundity of G1 snails and survival of G2 offspring) were monitored during one month. Results The sexual maturity (age at first egg-laying) was reached, on average, at 63.9 (sd: 3.0) and 103.7 (sd: 36.6) days for B. pfeifferi and B. camerunensis, respectively. Copulation was observed in all paired individuals in both species. In B. pfeifferi, the fecundity (number of egg capsules and eggs) of young G1 individuals and survival of G2 offspring on D0 and D8 were similar between selfing and outcrossing individuals, and a very low inbreeding depression (0.063) was observed. In B. camerunensis, the fecundity of outcrossed individuals was significantly higher than that of selfed individuals. The hatching rate was significantly higher and the incubation time significantly shorter for cross-fertilized eggs as compared with self-fertilized eggs, and a high inbreeding depression (0.71) was observed. Conclusion These findings may explain the high adaptability to more diverse and inconstant habitats, as well as the better compatibility of B. pfeifferi to S. mansoni compared with B. camerunensis, and may support the sustainability of S. mansoni life cycle where this intermediate host prevails. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1285-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvine C Kengne-Fokam
- University of Yaoundé 1, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Hugues C Nana-Djeunga
- University of Yaoundé 1, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Centre for Research on Filariasis and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), PO Box 5797, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | | | - Flobert Njiokou
- University of Yaoundé 1, Parasitology and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Caplins SA, Turbeville JM. High Rates of Self-Fertilization in a Marine Ribbon Worm (Nemertea). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2015; 229:255-264. [PMID: 26695824 DOI: 10.1086/bblv229n3p255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organisms capable of self-fertilization ("selfing") typically exhibit two evolutionary syndromes: uniting high inbreeding depression with low levels of selfing, or low inbreeding depression with high levels of selfing. We examined the effect of inbreeding on fecundity and time to first reproduction in an apparently self-compatible, simultaneously hermaphroditic marine nemertean worm Prosorhochmus americanus. Adult and juvenile worms were raised in isolation or in pairs. Isolated worms produced significantly more offspring than paired worms (in the adult experiment), and did not exhibit inbreeding avoidance (in the juvenile experiment). The selfing rate of six natural populations was evaluated using 17 species-specific, microsatellite markers, and was consistent with preferential selfing (mean: 0.843, SD: 0.027). Our results showed that P. americanus exhibited an interesting suite of life-history traits, uniting high colonization potential through self-fertilization and high fecundity, with no dispersive larval stage, and with moderate levels of gene flow. We believe that P. americanus is an ideal model system for studies of mating system evolution, inbreeding, and sex allocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena A Caplins
- Center for Population Biology, Department of Evolution and Ecology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616; and
| | - James M Turbeville
- Department of Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 W. Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Burgarella C, Gayral P, Ballenghien M, Bernard A, David P, Jarne P, Correa A, Hurtrez-Boussès S, Escobar J, Galtier N, Glémin S. Molecular Evolution of Freshwater Snails with Contrasting Mating Systems. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:2403-16. [PMID: 25980005 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Because mating systems affect population genetics and ecology, they are expected to impact the molecular evolution of species. Self-fertilizing species experience reduced effective population size, recombination rates, and heterozygosity, which in turn should decrease the efficacy of natural selection, both adaptive and purifying, and the strength of meiotic drive processes such as GC-biased gene conversion. The empirical evidence is only partly congruent with these predictions, depending on the analyzed species, some, but not all, of the expected effects have been observed. One possible reason is that self-fertilization is an evolutionary dead-end, so that most current selfers recently evolved self-fertilization, and their genome has not yet been strongly impacted by selfing. Here, we investigate the molecular evolution of two groups of freshwater snails in which mating systems have likely been stable for several millions of years. Analyzing coding sequence polymorphism, divergence, and expression levels, we report a strongly reduced genetic diversity, decreased efficacy of purifying selection, slower rate of adaptive evolution, and weakened codon usage bias/GC-biased gene conversion in the selfer Galba compared with the outcrosser Physa, in full agreement with theoretical expectations. Our results demonstrate that self-fertilization, when effective in the long run, is a major driver of population genomic and molecular evolutionary processes. Despite the genomic effects of selfing, Galba truncatula seems to escape the demographic consequences of the genetic load. We suggest that the particular ecology of the species may buffer the negative consequences of selfing, shedding new light on the dead-end hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Burgarella
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR, CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR, CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Ballenghien
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR, CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélien Bernard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR, CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Ana Correa
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution, Contrôle), UMR (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD224), IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution, Contrôle), UMR (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD224), IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Escobar
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR, CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Galtier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR, CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Glémin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR, CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Priklopil T, Kisdi E, Gyllenberg M. Evolutionarily stable mating decisions for sequentially searching females and the stability of reproductive isolation by assortative mating. Evolution 2015; 69:1015-26. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeas Priklopil
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 68 (Gustaf Hallstromin katu 2b) FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria; Am Campus 1 A-3400 Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Eva Kisdi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 68 (Gustaf Hallstromin katu 2b) FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Mats Gyllenberg
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 68 (Gustaf Hallstromin katu 2b) FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Auld JR, Henkel JF. Diet alters delayed selfing, inbreeding depression, and reproductive senescence in a freshwater snail. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2968-77. [PMID: 25165532 PMCID: PMC4130452 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive success is a critical fitness attribute that is directly influenced by resource availability. Here, we investigate the effects of diet-based resource availability on three interrelated aspects of reproductive success: a change in mating system based on mate availability, consequent inbreeding depression, and the deterioration of reproductive efficiency with age (senescence). We employed a factorial experimental design using 22 full-sib families of the hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta to explore these interactions. Individual snails were reared in one of two mate-availability treatments (isolated [selfing] or occasionally paired [outcrossing]) and one of two diet treatments (boiled lettuce or Spirulina, an algae that is rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals). Spirulina-fed snails initiated reproduction at a 13% earlier age and 7% larger size than lettuce-fed snails. Spirulina also resulted in a 30% reduction in the time delay before selfing. Compared to lettuce, a diet of Spirulina increased inbreeding depression by 52% for egg hatching rate and 64% for posthatching juvenile survival. Furthermore, Spirulina led to a 15-fold increase in the rate of reproductive senescence compared with a diet of lettuce. These transgenerational, interactive effects of diet on inbreeding depression and reproductive senescence are discussed in the context of diet-induced phenotypic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh R Auld
- Department of Biology, West Chester University 750 S. Church St., West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19383
| | - John F Henkel
- Department of Biology, West Chester University 750 S. Church St., West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19383
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Auld JR, Jarne P, Sarda V, Jourdan-Pineau H, Lamy T, Pélissié B, David P. Evaluating the contributions of change in investment and change in efficiency to age-related declines in male and female reproduction. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1837-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Auld
- Department of Biology; West Chester University; West Chester PA USA
| | - P. Jarne
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - V. Sarda
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - H. Jourdan-Pineau
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - T. Lamy
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - B. Pélissié
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - P. David
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pélissié B, Jarne P, Sarda V, David P. DISENTANGLING PRECOPULATORY AND POSTCOPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION IN POLYANDROUS SPECIES. Evolution 2014; 68:1320-31. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pélissié
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE); UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE); UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Violette Sarda
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE); UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Patrice David
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE); UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tian-Bi YNT, Jarne P, Konan JNK, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK. Contrasting the distribution of phenotypic and molecular variation in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:466-74. [PMID: 23321708 PMCID: PMC3630815 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Population differentiation was investigated by confronting phenotypic and molecular variation in the highly selfing freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. We sampled seven natural populations separated by a few kilometers, and characterized by different habitat regimes (permanent/temporary) and openness (open/closed). A genetic analysis based on five microsatellite markers confirms that B. pfeifferi is a selfer (s≈0.9) and exhibits limited variation within populations. Most pairwise FST were significant indicating marked population structure, though no isolation by distance was detected. Families from the seven populations were monitored under laboratory conditions over two generations (G1 and G2), allowing to record several life-history traits, including growth, fecundity and survival, over 25 weeks. Marked differences were detected among populations for traits expressed early in the life cycle (up to sexual maturity). Age and size at first reproduction had high heritability values, but such a trend was not found for early reproductive traits. In most populations, G1 snails matured later and at a larger size than G2 individuals. Individuals from permanent habitats matured at a smaller size and were more fecund than those from temporary habitats. The mean phenotypic differentiation over all populations (QST) was lower than the mean genetic differentiation (FST), suggesting stabilizing selection. However, no difference was detected between QST and FST for both habitat regime and habitat openness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-N T Tian-Bi
- Laboratoire de Génétique, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 1106 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Suski JG, Salice CJ, Patiño R. Species-specific and transgenerational responses to increasing salinity in sympatric freshwater gastropods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2517-2524. [PMID: 22865709 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater salinization is a global concern partly attributable to anthropogenic salt contamination. The authors examined the effects of increased salinity (as NaCl, 250-4,000 µS/cm, specific conductance) on two sympatric freshwater gastropods (Helisoma trivolvis and Physa pomillia). Life stage sensitivities were determined by exposing naive eggs or naive juveniles (through adulthood and reproduction). Additionally, progeny eggs from the juvenile-adult exposures were maintained at their respective parental salinities to examine transgenerational effects. Naive H. trivolvis eggs experienced delayed development at specific conductance > 250 µS/cm; reduced survivorship and reproduction were also seen in juvenile H. trivolvis at 4,000 µS/cm. Survival and growth of P. pomilia were not affected by increased salinity following egg or juvenile exposures. Interestingly, the progeny of H. trivolvis exposed to higher salinity may have gained tolerance to increased salinity whereas P. pomilia progeny may have experienced negative transgenerational effects. The present study demonstrates that freshwater snail species vary in their tolerance to salinization and also highlights the importance of multigenerational studies, as stressor impacts may not be readily apparent from shorter term exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G Suski
- Department of Biological Sciences and Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ramm SA, Vizoso DB, Schärer L. Occurrence, costs and heritability of delayed selfing in a free-living flatworm. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2559-68. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Ramm
- Evolutionary Biology; Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
| | - D. B. Vizoso
- Evolutionary Biology; Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - L. Schärer
- Evolutionary Biology; Zoological Institute; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ellison A, Wright P, Taylor DS, Cooper C, Regan K, Currie S, Consuegra S. Environmental diel variation, parasite loads, and local population structuring of a mixed-mating mangrove fish. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1682-95. [PMID: 22957172 PMCID: PMC3434939 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation within populations depends on population size, spatial structuring, and environmental variation, but is also influenced by mating system. Mangroves are some of the most productive and threatened ecosystems on earth and harbor a large proportion of species with mixed-mating (self-fertilization and outcrossing). Understanding population structuring in mixed-mating species is critical for conserving and managing these complex ecosystems. Kryptolebias marmoratus is a unique mixed-mating vertebrate inhabiting mangrove swamps under highly variable tidal regimes and environmental conditions. We hypothesized that geographical isolation and ecological pressures influence outcrossing rates and genetic diversity, and ultimately determine the local population structuring of K. marmoratus. By comparing genetic variation at 32 microsatellites, diel fluctuations of environmental parameters, and parasite loads among four locations with different degrees of isolation, we found significant differences in genetic diversity and genotypic composition but little evidence of isolation by distance. Locations also differed in environmental diel fluctuation and parasite composition. Our results suggest that mating system, influenced by environmental instability and parasites, underpins local population structuring of K. marmoratus. More generally, we discuss how the conservation of selfing species inhabiting mangroves and other biodiversity hotspots may benefit from knowledge of mating strategies and population structuring at small spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ellison
- IBERS, Aberystwyth UniversityPenglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D Scott Taylor
- Brevard County Environmentally Endangered Lands ProgramMelbourne, Florida 32904
| | - Chris Cooper
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kelly Regan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Suzie Currie
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison UniversitySackville, NB, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- IBERS, Aberystwyth UniversityPenglais Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pélissié B, Jarne P, David P. SEXUAL SELECTION WITHOUT SEXUAL DIMORPHISM: BATEMAN GRADIENTS IN A SIMULTANEOUS HERMAPHRODITE. Evolution 2011; 66:66-81. [PMID: 22220865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pélissié
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS. 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Does life in unstable environments favour facultative selfing? A case study in the freshwater snail Drepanotrema depressissimum (Basommatophora: Planorbidae). Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
39
|
Dillon RT, Wethington AR, Lydeard C. The evolution of reproductive isolation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite, the freshwater snail Physa. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:144. [PMID: 21615966 PMCID: PMC3128045 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cosmopolitan freshwater snail Physa acuta has recently found widespread use as a model organism for the study of mating systems and reproductive allocation. Mitochondrial DNA phylogenies suggest that Physa carolinae, recently described from the American southeast, is a sister species of P. acuta. The divergence of the acuta/carolinae ancestor from the more widespread P. pomilia appears to be somewhat older, and the split between a hypothetical acuta/carolinae/pomilia ancestor and P. gyrina appears older still. RESULTS Here we report the results of no-choice mating experiments yielding no evidence of hybridization between gyrina and any of four other populations (pomilia, carolinae, Philadelphia acuta, or Charleston acuta), nor between pomilia and carolinae. Crosses between pomilia and both acuta populations yielded sterile F1 progeny with reduced viability, while crosses between carolinae and both acuta populations yielded sterile F1 hybrids of normal viability. A set of mate-choice tests also revealed significant sexual isolation between gyrina and all four of our other Physa populations, between pomilia and carolinae, and between pomilia and Charleston acuta, but not between pomilia and the acuta population from Philadelphia, nor between carolinae and either acuta population. These observations are consistent with the origin of hybrid sterility prior to hybrid inviability, and a hypothesis that speciation between pomilia and acuta may have been reinforced by selection for prezygotic reproductive isolation in sympatry. CONCLUSIONS We propose a two-factor model for the evolution of postzygotic reproductive incompatibility in this set of five Physa populations consistent with the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation, and a second two-factor model for the evolution of sexual incompatibility. Under these models, species trees may be said to correspond with gene trees in American populations of the freshwater snail, Physa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Dillon
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pfenninger M, Salinger M, Haun T, Feldmeyer B. Factors and processes shaping the population structure and distribution of genetic variation across the species range of the freshwater snail radix balthica (Pulmonata, Basommatophora). BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:135. [PMID: 21599918 PMCID: PMC3115865 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors and processes shaping the population structure and spatial distribution of genetic diversity across a species' distribution range are important in determining the range limits. We comprehensively analysed the influence of recurrent and historic factors and processes on the population genetic structure, mating system and the distribution of genetic variability of the pulmonate freshwater snail Radix balthica. This analysis was based on microsatellite variation and mitochondrial haplotypes using Generalised Linear Statistical Modelling in a Model Selection framework. RESULTS Populations of R. balthica were found throughout North-Western Europe with range margins marked either by dispersal barriers or the presence of other Radix taxa. Overall, the population structure was characterised by distance independent passive dispersal mainly along a Southwest-Northeast axis, the absence of isolation-by-distance together with rather isolated and genetically depauperated populations compared to the variation present in the entire species due to strong local drift. A recent, climate driven range expansion explained most of the variance in genetic variation, reducing at least temporarily the genetic variability in this area. Other factors such as geographic marginality and dispersal barriers play only a minor role. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, such a population structure has rarely been reported before. It might nevertheless be typical for passively dispersed, patchily distributed taxa (e.g. freshwater invertebrates). The strong local drift implied in such a structure is expected to erode genetic variation at both neutral and coding loci and thus probably diminish evolutionary potential. This study shows that the analysis of multiple factors is crucial for the inference of the processes shaping the distribution of genetic variation throughout species ranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pfenninger
- Molecular Ecology Group, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Biocampus Siesmayerstraße, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Moritz Salinger
- Molecular Ecology Group, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Biocampus Siesmayerstraße, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timm Haun
- Molecular Ecology Group, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Biocampus Siesmayerstraße, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Molecular Ecology Group, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Biocampus Siesmayerstraße, Goethe-University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Environmental effects on mating system expression are central to understanding mating system evolution in nature. Here, I report the results from a quantitative-genetic experiment aimed at understanding the role of predation risk in the expression and evolution of life-history and mating-system traits in a hermaphroditic freshwater snail (Physa acuta). I reared 30 full-sib families in four environments that factorially contrast predation risk and mate availability and measured age/size at first reproduction, growth rate, a morphological defense, and the early survival of outcrossed/selfed eggs that were laid under predator/no-predator conditions. I evaluated the genetic basis of trade-offs among traits and the stability of the G matrix across environments. Mating reduced growth while predation risk increased growth, but the effects of mating were weaker for predator-induced snails and the effects of predation risk were weaker for snails without mates. Predation risk reduced the amount of time that individuals waited before self-fertilizing and reduced inbreeding depression in the offspring. There was a positive among-family relationship between the amount of time that individuals delayed selfing under predation risk and the magnitude of inbreeding depression. These results highlight several potential roles of enemies in mating-system expression and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh R Auld
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Escobar JS, Auld JR, Correa AC, Alonso JM, Bony YK, Coutellec M, Koene JM, Pointier J, Jarne P, David P. PATTERNS OF MATING‐SYSTEM EVOLUTION IN HERMAPHRODITIC ANIMALS: CORRELATIONS AMONG SELFING RATE, INBREEDING DEPRESSION, AND THE TIMING OF REPRODUCTION. Evolution 2011; 65:1233-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan S. Escobar
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, Campus CNRS, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- E‐mail:
| | - Josh R. Auld
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Clapp Hall, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Ana C. Correa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, GEMI UMR 2724 CNRS‐IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 N° 52–59, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan M. Alonso
- USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 68860 Perpignan cedex, France
| | - Yves K. Bony
- USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 68860 Perpignan cedex, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratoire d’Environnement et de Biologie Aquatique (LEBA), URES de Daloa (University of Abobo‐Adjamé), 28 BP 465, Abidjan 28, Ivory Coast
| | - Marie‐Agnès Coutellec
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UMR0985 Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, 65 rue de Saint‐Brieuc, CS 84215, F‐35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Joris M. Koene
- Animal Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean‐Pierre Pointier
- USR 3278 CNRS‐EPHE CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 68860 Perpignan cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, Campus CNRS, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrice David
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, Campus CNRS, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Auld JR, Relyea RA. Life-history plasticity and inbreeding depression under mate limitation and predation risk: cumulative lifetime fitness dissected with a life table response experiment. Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
44
|
Escobar JS, Facon B, Jarne P, Goudet J, David P. CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF MATING STRATEGY AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION WITHIN AND AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE HERMAPHRODITIC SNAILPHYSA ACUTA. Evolution 2009; 63:2790-804. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
45
|
Gottlieb D, Holzman JP, Lubin Y, Bouskila A, Kelley ST, Harari AR. Mate availability contributes to maintain the mixed-mating system in a scolytid beetle. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1526-34. [PMID: 19496926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Gottlieb
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Smolensky N, Romero MR, Krug PJ. Evidence for costs of mating and self-fertilization in a simultaneous hermaphrodite with hypodermic insemination, the Opisthobranch Alderia willowi. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2009; 216:188-199. [PMID: 19366929 DOI: 10.1086/bblv216n2p188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous hermaphrodites offer the chance to study antagonistic coevolution between the sexes when individuals function in both roles. Traumatic mating by hypodermic insemination has repeatedly evolved in hermaphroditic taxa, but evidence for the fitness costs of such male-advantage traits is lacking. When reared in isolation, specimens of the sea slug Alderia willowi (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa) initially laid clutches of unfertilized eggs but 4 days later began self-fertilizing; this is only the third report of selfing in an opisthobranch. Hypodermic insemination may allow selfing in Alderia if penetration of the body wall bypasses internal mechanisms that promote outcrossing. Selfing specimens and slugs reared in pairs had reduced fecundity compared to isolated slugs laying unfertilized clutches, suggesting that hypodermic insemination imposes a cost of mating. Egg production increased for field-caught slugs separated after mating compared to slugs held in pairs, a further indication that accessibility to mates imposes a fitness cost to the female function. Such antagonism can confer a competitive advantage to slugs mating in the male role but diminish reproduction in the female role among hermaphrodites capable of long-term sperm storage. Alderia willowi is also a rare case of poecilogony, with adults producing either planktotrophic or lecithotrophic larvae. Our rearing studies revealed that most slugs switched between expressed development modes at some point; such reproductive flexibility within individuals is unprecedented, even among poecilogonous species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Smolensky
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032-8201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Auld JR, Relyea RA. Are there interactive effects of mate availability and predation risk on life history and defence in a simultaneous hermaphrodite? J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1371-8. [PMID: 18557794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Encountering mates and avoiding predators are ubiquitous challenges faced by many organisms and they can affect the expression of many traits including growth, timing of maturity and resource allocation to reproduction. However, these two factors are commonly considered in isolation rather than simultaneously. We examined whether predation risk and mate availability interact to affect morphology and life-history traits (including lifetime fecundity) of a hermaphroditic snail (Physa acuta). We found that mate availability reduced juvenile growth rate and final size. Predator cues from crayfish induced delayed reproduction, but there were no reduced fecundity costs associated with predator induction. Although there were interactive effects on longevity, lifetime fecundity was determined by the number of reproductive days. Therefore, our results indicate a resource-allocation trade-off among growth, longevity and reproduction. Future consideration of this interaction will be important for understanding how resource-allocation plasticity affects the integration of defensive, life-history and mating-system traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Auld
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Prior selfing and the selfing syndrome in animals: an experimental approach in the freshwater snailBiomphalaria pfeifferi. Genet Res (Camb) 2008; 90:61-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672307008919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryInbreeding species of hermaphroditic animals practising copulation have been characterized by few copulations, no waiting time (the time that an isolated individual waits for a partner before initiating reproduction compared with paired individuals) and limited inbreeding (self-fertilization) depression. This syndrome, which has never been fully studied before in any species, is analysed here in the highly selfing freshwater snailBiomphalaria pfeifferi. We conducted an experiment under laboratory conditions over two generations (G1and G2) using snails sampled from two populations (100 individuals per population). G1individuals were either isolated or paired once a week (potentially allowing for crosses), and monitored during 29 weeks for growth, fecundity and survival. Very few copulations were observed in paired snails, and there was a positive correlation in copulatory activity (e.g. number of copulations) between the male and female sexual roles. The waiting time was either null or negative, meaning that isolated individuals initiated reproduction before paired ones. G2offspring did not differ in hatching rate and survival (to 28 days) between treatments, but offspring from paired individuals grew faster than those from isolated individuals. On the whole, the self-fertilization depression was extremely low in both populations. Another important result is that paired G1individuals began laying (selfed) eggs several weeks prior to initiating copulation: this is the first characterization of prior selfing (selfing initiated prior to any outcrossing) in a hermaphroditic animal. A significant population effect was observed on most traits studied. Our results are discussed with regard to the maintenance of low outcrossing rates in highly inbreeding species.
Collapse
|
49
|
Steets JA, Wolf DE, Auld JR, Ashman TL. The role of natural enemies in the expression and evolution of mixed mating in hermaphroditic plants and animals. Evolution 2007; 61:2043-55. [PMID: 17767581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although a large portion of plant and animal species exhibit intermediate levels of outcrossing, the factors that maintain this wealth of variation are not well understood. Natural enemies are one relatively understudied ecological factor that may influence the evolutionary stability of mixed mating. In this paper, we aim for a conceptual unification of the role of enemies in mating system expression and evolution in both hermaphroditic animals and plants. We review current theory and detail the potential effects of enemies on fundamental mating system parameters. In doing so, we identify situations in which consideration of enemies alters expectations about the stability of mixed mating. Generally, we find that inclusion of the enemy dimension may broaden conditions in which mixed mating systems are evolutionarily stable. Finally, we highlight avenues ripe for future theoretical and empirical work that will advance our understanding of enemies in the expression and evolution of mixed mating in their hosts/victims, including examination of feedback cycles between victims and enemies and quantification of mating system-related parameters in victim populations in the presence and absence of enemies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janette A Steets
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sebastián Escobar J, Epinat G, Sarda V, David P. NO CORRELATION BETWEEN INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND DELAYED SELFING IN THE FRESHWATER SNAIL PHYSA ACUTA. Evolution 2007; 61:2655-70. [PMID: 17894808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression, one of the main factors driving mating system evolution, can itself evolve as a function of the mating system (the genetic purging hypothesis). Classical models of coevolution between mating system and inbreeding depression predict negative associations between inbreeding depression and selfing rate, but more recent approaches suggest that negative correlations should usually be too weak or transient to be detected within populations. Empirical results remain unclear and restricted to plants. Here, we evaluate, for the first time, the within-population genetic correlation between inbreeding depression and a trait that controls the amount of self-fertilization (the waiting time) in a self-fertile hermaphroditic animal, the freshwater snail Physa acuta. Using a large quantitative-genetic design (36 grand-families and 348 families), we observe abundant within-population family-level genetic variation for both inbreeding depression (estimated for survival, fecundity, and size) and the degree of behavioral selfing avoidance. However, we detected no correlation between waiting time and inbreeding depression across families. In agreement with recent models, this result shows that mutational variance rather than differential purging accounts for most of the genetic variance in inbreeding depression within a population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastián Escobar
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|