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Simula ER, Jasemi S, Cossu D, Manca PC, Sanna D, Scarpa F, Meloni G, Cusano R, Sechi LA. The Genetic Landscape of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases: A Comprehensive Multigene-Panel Study Identifying Key Gene Polymorphisms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:438. [PMID: 38675400 PMCID: PMC11054024 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic rheumatic diseases, including conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, represent a complex array of autoimmune disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and diverse clinical manifestations. This study focuses on unraveling the genetic underpinnings of these diseases by examining polymorphisms in key genes related to their pathology. Utilizing a comprehensive genetic analysis, we have documented the involvement of these genetic variations in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. Our study has identified several key polymorphisms with notable implications in rheumatic diseases. Polymorphism at chr11_112020916 within the IL-18 gene was prevalent across various conditions with a potential protective effect. Concurrently, the same IL18R1 gene polymorphism located at chr2_103010912, coding for the IL-18 receptor, was observed in most rheumatic conditions, reinforcing its potential protective role. Additionally, a further polymorphism in IL18R1 at chr2_103013408 seems to have a protective influence against the rheumatic diseases under investigation. In the context of emerging genes involved in rheumatic diseases, like PARK2, a significant polymorphism at chr6_161990516 was consistently identified across different conditions, exhibiting protective characteristics in these pathological contexts. The findings underscore the complexity of the genetic landscape in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and pave the way for a deeper understanding of their etiology and the possible development of more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rita Simula
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (S.J.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Seyedesomaye Jasemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (S.J.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Davide Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (S.J.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Pietro Carmelo Manca
- S.C. Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (S.J.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (S.J.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (F.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Meloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Roberto Cusano
- Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo, Studi Superiori in Sardegna (CRS4), Pula, 09100 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.R.S.); (S.J.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (F.S.)
- Struttura Complessa di Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Ghorban K, Ezzeddini R, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Sadighi Moghaddam B, Tahoori MT, Dadmanesh M, Salek Farrokhi A. PTPN22 1858 C/T polymorphism is associated with alteration of cytokine profiles as a potential pathogenic mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:106-113. [PMID: 31669381 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common prevalent autoimmune diseases. The 1858 C/T (rs2476601) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the PTPN22 gene has been associated with susceptibility to inflammatory based diseases in several populations. It is implicated that altered cytokine production has a potential pathogenic role in the development of RA. The aim of this work was to analyze the association of 1858 C/T PTPN22 polymorphism in RA patients with cytokine profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed on 120 RA patients who were referred to the Rheumatology Research Centre, Shariati Hospital (Tehran, Iran), and 120 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped for 1858 C/T PTPN22 gene SNP using the PCR-RFLP technique. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ as well as Anti-CCP and RF was measured by ELISA method. RESULTS Results showed that 1858 C/T PTPN22 SNP significantly (P = 0.007, OR = 2.321, 95% CI = 1.063-5.067) associated with RA. The 1858 T allele frequency was also significantly increased in RA patients in comparison to the controls (P = 0.008, OR = 3.583, 95% CI = 1.3-9.878). Our data demonstrated a significant reduction of IL-4 and IL-10 in PTPN22 1858C/T compared to 1858C/C RA patients. In addition, upregulation of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α was observed in PTPN22 1858C/T vs. 1858C/C RA patients. DISCUSSION Our findings implicate altered cytokine profiles as a possible pathogenic mechanism by which the 1858 T allele may contribute to the progress of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodayar Ghorban
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana Ezzeddini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bizhan Sadighi Moghaddam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taher Tahoori
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Dadmanesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Salek Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Lobo-Alves SC, de Oliveira LA, Petzl-Erler ML. Region 1p13.2 including the RSBN1, PTPN22, AP4B1 and long non-coding RNA genes does not bear risk factors for endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:139-145. [PMID: 30884100 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by autoantibodies directed mainly against desmoglein-1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differential susceptibility to endemic PF in Brazil (fogo selvagem) is associated with polymorphisms at the cytogenetic location 1p13.2. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms that together tag 28 SNPs on a segment of approximately 312,000 bp encompassing the protein-coding genes MAGI3, PHTF1, RSBN1, PTPN22, BCL2L15, AP4B1, DCLRE1B, the pseudogenes MTND5P20, RPS2P14 (AL133517.1) and the long non-coding RNA genes AL137856.1, and AP4B1-AS1 were used as markers for association analysis in a case-control study. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of rs33996649, rs2476601, rs3789604 and rs3195954 were compared between patient and control samples. No significant association was found. Lack of association with rs2476601 of the PTPN22 gene agrees with previous results for pemphigus vulgaris and the Tunisian form of endemic pemphigus foliaceus. The other three SNPs had never been analysed before in any form of pemphigus. We conclude that variants in structural and regulatory sites of region 1p13.2 are not susceptibility factors for fogo selvagem. We suggest careful investigation of this genomic region in diseases that had been previously associated with PTPN22, since there are several other genes relevant for immune-mediated diseases located in 1p13.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cristina Lobo-Alves
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Liana Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Zaid Y, Senhaji N, Bakhtaoui FZ, Serrano A, Serbati N, Karkouri M, Badre W, Oudghiri M, Martin J, Nadifi S. The PTPN22 C1858T (R620W) functional polymorphism in inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:783. [PMID: 30384859 PMCID: PMC6211604 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In view of the discrepant data regarding the association between the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) rs2476601 (R620W, 1858C→T) polymorphism and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), we investigated whether this functional single-nucleotide polymorphism influences IBD risk in a group of Moroccan patients. Results This is the first report on the prevalence of PTPN22 (R620W) variant in a Moroccan cohort. No evidence of statistically significant differences was observed when the PTPN22 (R620W) allele and genotype distribution among IBD, Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and healthy controls were compared. The frequency of the variant allele in healthy subjects was 1.77% compared to 2.56% in the IBD patients and 1.85% in CD patients. Furthermore, the frequency of this allele was increased in UC patients compared to controls (4.17% vs. 1.77%, OR = 2.42, 95% CI 0.82–7.08; P = 0.09), but the difference was not statistically significant. Our data suggest a lack of association between PTPN22 R620W variant and IBD susceptibility in Moroccan patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Zaid
- Research Center of Abulcasis University of Health Sciences, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Nezha Senhaji
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Aurora Serrano
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, P.T.S. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nadia Serbati
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Karkouri
- Anatomical Pathology Laboratory, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Wafaa Badre
- Gastroenterology Department, CHU IbnRochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mounia Oudghiri
- Department of Biology, Immunology and Biodiversity Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, P.T.S. Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sellama Nadifi
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology (LGPM), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
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Chemin K, Ramsköld D, Diaz-Gallo LM, Herrath J, Houtman M, Tandre K, Rönnblom L, Catrina A, Malmström V. EOMES-positive CD4 + T cells are increased in PTPN22 (1858T) risk allele carriers. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:655-669. [PMID: 29388193 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the PTPN22 risk allele (1858T) is associated with several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite a number of studies exploring the function of PTPN22 in T cells, the exact impact of the PTPN22 risk allele on T-cell function in humans is still unclear. In this study, using RNA sequencing, we show that, upon TCR-activation, naïve human CD4+ T cells homozygous for the PTPN22 risk allele overexpress a set of genes including CFLAR and 4-1BB, which are important for cytotoxic T-cell differentiation. Moreover, the protein expression of the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (EOMES) was increased in T cells from healthy donors homozygous for the PTPN22 risk allele and correlated with a decreased number of naïve CD4+ T cells. There was no difference in the frequency of other CD4+ T-cell subsets (Th1, Th17, Tfh, Treg). Finally, an accumulation of EOMES+ CD4+ T cells was observed in synovial fluid of RA patients with a more pronounced production of Perforin-1 in PTPN22 risk allele carriers. Altogether, we propose a novel mechanism of action of PTPN22 risk allele through the generation of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and identify EOMES+ CD4+ T cells as a relevant T-cell subset in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Chemin
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ramsköld
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina-Marcela Diaz-Gallo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Herrath
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miranda Houtman
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Tandre
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anca Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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General and Specific Genetic Polymorphism of Cytokines-Related Gene in AITD. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3916395. [PMID: 28133421 PMCID: PMC5241475 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3916395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) shows the highest incidence among organ-specific autoimmune diseases and is the most common thyroid disease in humans, including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is affected by increased autoantibody levels, susceptibility gene polymorphisms, environmental factors, and psychological factors, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. Various cytokines and related genes encoding them play important roles in the development and progression of AITD. CD152, an expression product of the CTLA-4 gene, downregulates T cell activation. The A/A genotype polymorphism in the CT60 locus may reduce the production of thyroid autoantibodies. The C1858T polymorphism of the PTNP22 gene reduces the expression of its encoded LYP, which increases the risk of GD and HT. GD is an organ-specific autoimmune disease involving increased secretion of thyroid hormone, whereas HT may be associated with the destruction of thyroid gland tissue and hypothyroidism. These two diseases exhibit similar pathogenesis but opposite trends in the clinical manifestations. In this review, we focus on the structure and function of these cytokines and related genes in AITD, as well as the association of polymorphisms with susceptibility to GD and HT, and attempt to describe their differences in pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.
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Lack of the Association of the PTPN22 C1858T Gene Polymorphism With Susceptibility to Familial Mediterranean Fever. Arch Rheumatol 2016; 31:107-111. [PMID: 29900952 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2016.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate whether the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) C1858T gene polymorphism plays a role in the pathogenesis of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) through T-lymphocyte activation. Patients and methods We conducted a case-control study with 180 FMF patients (68 males, 112 females; mean age 38.2±1.6 years; range 16 to 81 years) and 184 healthy controls (86 males, 98 females; mean age 32.9±9.2 years; range 18 to 58 years). The PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism (rs2476601) was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. In patients with FMF, clinical features, disease severity score, the frequencies of amyloidosis, positive family history, and Mediterranean fever gene mutations were determined. Results The frequencies of heterozygous genotype (CT) were 4.5% in FMF patients and 2.8% in healthy controls, respectively. The frequencies of polymorphic homozygous genotypes (TT) were 0.5% in both FMF patients and healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of CT and TT genotypes between FMF patients and healthy controls (odds ratio: 1.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.53-5.14, p>0.05 for CT genotype). The frequencies of clinical features, sex, amyloidosis, positive family history, Mediterranean fever gene mutations, and disease severity score were not significantly different between the patients. Conclusion The distribution of PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism did not reveal any association with FMF in a Turkish population.
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López-Mejías R, Genre F, Remuzgo-Martínez S, Pérez BS, Castañeda S, Llorca J, Ortego-Centeno N, Ubilla B, Mijares V, Pina T, Calvo-Río V, Palmou N, Miranda-Filloy JA, Parejo AN, Argila D, Sánchez-Pérez J, Rubio E, Luque ML, Blanco-Madrigal JM, Galíndez-Aguirregoikoa E, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, Martín J, Blanco R, González-Gay MA. Role of PTPN22 and CSK gene polymorphisms as predictors of susceptibility and clinical heterogeneity in patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis). Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:286. [PMID: 26458874 PMCID: PMC4603645 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To determine whether the PTPN22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22)/CSK (c-src tyrosine kinase) pathway is implicated in the susceptibility and clinical heterogeneity of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) in the largest series of Caucasian HSP patients ever assessed for genetic studies. Methods A set of 329 Spanish patients diagnosed with HSP fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology and the Michel et al. classification criteria and 515 sex and ethnically matched controls were recruited in this study. Two well-known CSK (CSK rs34933034 and CSK rs1378942) and two functional PTPN22 (PTPN22 rs2476601 (R620W) and PTPN22 rs33996649 (R263Q)) polymorphisms, previously associated with autoimmunity, were genotyped with TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays. Results No significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies between HSP patients and controls were observed when the CSK rs34933034, CSK rs1378942, PTPN22 rs2476601 (R620W) and PTPN22 rs33996649 (R263Q) polymorphisms were analyzed independently. In keeping with this observation, no significant differences were found when we assessed these polymorphisms combined conforming haplotypes. In addition, there were no differences in the allele or genotype frequencies when HSP patients were stratified according the age at disease onset, sex, presence of arthralgia/arthritis, nephritis or gastrointestinal manifestations. Conclusions Our results do not support association between PTPN22/CSK and HSP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0796-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel López-Mejías
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Fernanda Genre
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Sara Remuzgo-Martínez
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Belén Sevilla Pérez
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Calle Dr. Oloriz, 16, 18012, Granada, Spain.
| | - Santos Castañeda
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Calle Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Llorca
- Epidemiology and Computational Biology Department, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), IDIVAL, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain.
| | - Norberto Ortego-Centeno
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Calle Dr. Oloriz, 16, 18012, Granada, Spain.
| | - Begoña Ubilla
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Verónica Mijares
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Trinitario Pina
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Vanesa Calvo-Río
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Natalia Palmou
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - José A Miranda-Filloy
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Calle Dr. Ochoa, s/n, 27004, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Navas Parejo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Calle Dr. Oloriz, 16, 18012, Granada, Spain.
| | - Diego Argila
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Calle Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sánchez-Pérez
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Calle Diego de León, 62, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esteban Rubio
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avenida Manuel Siurot, s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Manuel León Luque
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avenida Manuel Siurot, s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan María Blanco-Madrigal
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Avenida de Montevideo, 18, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Eva Galíndez-Aguirregoikoa
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Avenida de Montevideo, 18, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - J Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Javier Martín
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Avenida del Conocimiento, s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Blanco
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | - Miguel A González-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Avenida de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain. .,Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect up to approximately 10% of the population. While rare Mendelian autoimmunity syndromes can result from monogenic mutations disrupting essential mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance, more common human autoimmune diseases are complex disorders that arise from the interaction between polygenic risk factors and environmental factors. Although the risk attributable to most individual nucleotide variants is modest, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have the potential to provide an unbiased view of biological pathways that drive human autoimmune diseases. Interpretation of GWAS requires integration of multiple genomic datasets including dense genotyping, cis-regulatory maps of primary immune cells, and genotyped studies of gene expression in relevant cell types and cellular conditions. Improved understanding of the genetic basis of autoimmunity may lead to a more sophisticated understanding of underlying cellular phenotypes and, eventually, novel diagnostics and targeted therapies.
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Cao Y, Liu K, Tian Z, Hogan SL, Yang J, Poulton CJ, Falk RJ, Li W. PTPN22 R620W polymorphism and ANCA disease risk in white populations: a metaanalysis. J Rheumatol 2014; 42:292-9. [PMID: 25448792 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.131430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No clear consensus has been reached on the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) disease, especially when stratified by ANCA specificity and disease phenotypes. METHODS A metaanalysis was conducted on the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism across 4 studies in 1399 white patients with ANCA disease and 9934 normal control subjects. RESULTS Overall, metaanalysis showed a statistically significant association between the A allele and ANCA disease in all subjects (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.26-1.64, p < 0.00001), and stratification by disease category indicated the A allele was associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's; GPA; OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.35-2.20, p < 0.0001) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA; OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08-2.15, p = 0.02) as compared to controls. However, when stratified by ANCA specificity, the association of the A allele was statistically evident among those with proteinase 3 (PR3) ANCA disease (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.25-2.430, p = 0.001), with the same trend but not statistically associated with myeloperoxidase ANCA disease (OR 1.94, 95% CI 0.64-5.85, p = 0.24). The marked associations were also demonstrated between this allele with lung (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.21-2.36, p = 0.002), ENT (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.45-2.84, p < 0.0001), skin (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.69-3.84, p < 0.0001), and peripheral neuropathy involvement (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.39-3.22, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION The PTPN22 620W allele confers susceptibility to the occurrence and development of ANCA disease in whites, with specific evidence among subsets with GPA, MPA, and PR3 ANCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Cao
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital.
| | - Kuo Liu
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Zhigang Tian
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Susan L Hogan
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Jiajin Yang
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Caroline J Poulton
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Ronald J Falk
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Wenge Li
- From the Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina (UNC) Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Y. Cao, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; K. Liu, MD, PhD, Emergency Department, China MeiTan General Hospital, National Mining Medical Center; Z. Tian, MD, Department of Surgery, Beijing LuHe Hospital; S.L. Hogan, MPH, PhD; J. Yang, MD; C.J. Poulton, MSW; R.J. Falk, MD, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, UNC at Chapel Hill; W. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
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Gupta U, Mir SS, Chauhan T, Garg N, Agarwal SK, Pande S, Mittal B. Influence of protein tyrosine phosphatase gene (PTPN22) polymorphisms on rheumatic heart disease susceptibility in North Indian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:492-6. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Gupta
- Department of Genetics; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS); Lucknow India
- Department of Biosciences; Integral University; Lucknow India
| | - S. S. Mir
- Department of Biosciences; Integral University; Lucknow India
| | - T. Chauhan
- Department of Genetics; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS); Lucknow India
| | - N. Garg
- Department of Cardiology; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS); Lucknow India
| | - S. K. Agarwal
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS); Lucknow India
| | - S. Pande
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS); Lucknow India
| | - B. Mittal
- Department of Genetics; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS); Lucknow India
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12
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Bottini N, Peterson EJ. Tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22: multifunctional regulator of immune signaling, development, and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 32:83-119. [PMID: 24364806 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of a coding variant of the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene is associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmunity and infection. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms by which the PTPN22-C1858T variant modulates disease risk revealed that PTPN22 performs a signaling function in multiple biochemical pathways and cell types. Capable of both enzymatic activity and adaptor functions, PTPN22 modulates signaling through antigen and innate immune receptors. PTPN22 plays roles in lymphocyte development and activation, establishment of tolerance, and innate immune cell-mediated host defense and immunoregulation. The disease-associated PTPN22-R620W variant protein is likely involved in multiple stages of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Establishment of a tolerant B cell repertoire is disrupted by PTPN22-R620W action during immature B cell selection, and PTPN22-R620W alters mature T cell responsiveness. However, after autoimmune attack has initiated tissue injury, PTPN22-R620W may foster inflammation through modulating the balance of myeloid cell-produced cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037;
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13
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Fousteri G, Liossis SNC, Battaglia M. Roles of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in immunity and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:556-65. [PMID: 24269925 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PTPN22 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed by the majority of cells belonging to the innate and adaptive immune systems. Polymorphisms in PTPN22 are associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. This review discusses the role of PTPN22 in T and B cells, and its function in innate immune cells, such as monocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells. We focus particularly on the complexity that underlies the function of PTPN22 in the biological processes of the immune system; such complexity has led various research groups to produce rather conflicting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Diabetes Research Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Long A, Buckner JH. Intersection between genetic polymorphisms and immune deviation in type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20:285-91. [PMID: 23807601 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32836285b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Above 60 non-HLA genes have been associated with T1D, many of which are immune-related genes. One challenge following identification of these genes is finding causative connections between risk alleles and disease. Phenotypes linked to T1D-associated genetic variants are beginning to help us better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying T1D. RECENT FINDINGS The list of immune-related genes with T1D-associated polymorphisms will be reviewed and cellular phenotypes correlating with these variants will be described highlighting recent finding from variants in the PTPN22 gene and genes encoding proteins in theIL-2/IL2R signaling pathway. SUMMARY Building from extensive genome-wide association studies, we are discovering cellular and molecular phenotypes that may help unravel the underlying causes of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Long
- Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
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15
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Jabrocka-Hybel A, Skalniak A, Piątkowski J, Pach D, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A. How Far Are We from Understanding the Genetic Basis of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis? Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:337-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.755175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Meta-analysis reveals an association of PTPN22 C1858T with autoimmune diseases, which depends on the localization of the affected tissue. Genes Immun 2012; 13:641-52. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Maiti AK, Nath SK. Gene network analysis of small molecules with autoimmune disease associated genes predicts a novel strategy for drug efficacy. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:510-22. [PMID: 23000205 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous genes/SNPs in autoimmune diseases (ADs) are identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and likely to contribute in developing autoimmune phenotypes. Constructions of biologically meaningful pathways are necessary to determine how these genes interact with each other and with other small molecules to develop various complex AD phenotypes prior to beginning time-consuming rigorous experimentation. We have constructed biological pathways with genetically identified genes leading to shared AD phenotypes. Various environmental and endogenous factors interact with these AD associated genes suggesting their critical role in developing diseases and further association studies could be designed for assessing the role of these factors with risk allele in a specific gene. Additionally, existing drugs that have been used long before the identification of these genetically associated genes also interact with these newly associated genes. Thus advanced therapeutic strategies could be designed by grouping patients with risk allele(s) in particular genes that directly or closely interact with the specified drugs. This drug-susceptible gene network will not only increase our understanding about the additional molecular basis for effectiveness against these diseases but also indicate which drug could be more effective for those patients carrying risk allele(s) in that gene. Additionally, we have also identified several interlinking genes in the pathways that could be used for designing future association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Maiti
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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18
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Cao Y, Yang J, Colby K, Hogan SL, Hu Y, Jennette CE, Berg EA, Zhang Y, Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Preston GA. High basal activity of the PTPN22 gain-of-function variant blunts leukocyte responsiveness negatively affecting IL-10 production in ANCA vasculitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42783. [PMID: 22880107 PMCID: PMC3411839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consequences of expression of the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) gain-of-function variant were evaluated in leukocytes from patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) disease. The frequency of the gain-of-function allele within the Caucasian patient cohort was 22% (OR 1.45), compared to general American Caucasian population (16.5%, p = 0.03). Examination of the basal phosphatase activity of PTPN22 gain-of-function protein indicated persistently elevated activity in un-stimulated peripheral leukocytes, while basal activity was undetectable in leukocytes from patients without the gain-of-function variant. To examine consequences of persistently high PTPN22 activity, the activation status of ERK and p38 MAPK were analyzed. While moderate levels of activated ERK were observed in controls, it was undetectable in leukocytes expressing PTPN22 gain-of-function protein and instead p38MAPK was up-regulated. IL-10 transcription, reliant on the ERK pathway, was negatively affected. Over the course of disease, patients expressing variant PTPN22 did not show a spike in IL-10 transcription as they entered remission in contrast to controls, implying that environmentally triggered signals were blunted. Sustained activity of PTPN22, due to the gain-of-function mutation, acts as a dominant negative regulator of ERK activity leading to blunted cellular responsiveness to environmental stimuli and expression of protective cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Cao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, UNC Kidney Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Ronninger M, Guo Y, Shchetynsky K, Hill A, Khademi M, Olsson T, Reddy PS, Seddighzadeh M, Clark JD, Lin LL, O'Toole M, Padyukov L. The balance of expression of PTPN22 splice forms is significantly different in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with controls. Genome Med 2012; 4:2. [PMID: 22264340 PMCID: PMC3334550 DOI: 10.1186/gm301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The R620W variant in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The PTPN22 gene has alternatively spliced transcripts and at least two of the splice forms have been confirmed to encode different PTPN22 (LYP) proteins, but detailed information regarding expression of these is lacking, especially with regard to autoimmune diseases. Methods We have investigated the mRNA expression of known PTPN22 splice forms with TaqMan real-time PCR in relation to ZNF592 as an endogenous reference in peripheral blood cells from three independent cohorts with RA patients (n = 139) and controls (n = 111) of Caucasian origin. Polymorphisms in the PTPN22 locus (25 SNPs) and phenotypic data (gender, disease activity, ACPA and RF status) were used for analysis. Additionally, we addressed possible effects of methotrexate treatment on PTPN22 expression. Results We found consistent differences in the expression of the PTPN22 splice forms in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells between RA patients and normal controls. This difference was more pronounced when comparing the ratio of splice forms and was not affected by methotrexate treatment. Conclusions Our data show that RA patients and healthy controls have a shift in balance of expression of splice forms derived from the PTPN22 gene. This balance seems not to be caused by treatment and may be of importance during immune response due to great structural differences in the encoded PTPN22 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ronninger
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Institutet & Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, S-17176, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy H Cho
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8019, USA.
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Asgari N, Nielsen C, Stenager E, Kyvik KO, Lillevang ST. HLA, PTPN22 and PD-1 associations as markers of autoimmunity in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2011; 18:23-30. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458511417480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a disease with autoimmune characteristics. A genetic autoimmune dependency for NMO has not been clarified in detail. Objective: To investigate immunogenetic aspects of NMO. Methods: Forty-one patients with NMO and 42 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were diagnosed in a population-based Caucasian cohort. HLA DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 alleles were determined. Polymorphisms in programmed death 1 (PD-1) PD-1.3 G/A and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) 1858 C/T were genotyped. Results: In the NMO group 15% had other autoimmune disorders and 39% had family occurrence of autoimmunity, comparable to MS. A higher frequency of a family history (17%) of NMO and MS was found in the NMO group ( p < 0.026). The frequency of HLA-DQB1*0402 allele was increased in NMO ( p after Bonferroni correction, cp < 0.035) and the HLA-DRB1*15 and DQB1*06 alleles were increased in MS ( cp < 0.0027, cp < 0.01), compared to controls. No associations of the PTPN22 1858 T were detected. The PD-1.3A allele was increased both in NMO ( p < 0.0023) and in MS patients ( p < 0.028) compared to controls. Conclusion: Patients with NMO had frequent co-existence of autoimmunity and family occurrence of NMO and MS. The PD-1.3A allele was associated with NMO. The data suggest genetic autoimmune dependency of NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asgari
- The Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of Southern Jutland, (Sonderborg, Vejle, Esbjerg), Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - C Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - E Stenager
- The Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of Southern Jutland, (Sonderborg, Vejle, Esbjerg), Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - KO Kyvik
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - ST Lillevang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Association of PTPN22 1858T/T genotype with type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease but not with rheumatoid arthritis in Russian population. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:368-73. [PMID: 21467606 PMCID: PMC3117451 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 gene (PTPN22) is an important negative regulator of signal transduction through the T-cell receptors (TCR). Recently a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 1858 C/T within this gene was shown to be a risk factor for several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Graves' Disease (GD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). The aim of this study was to analyze a possible association between 1858 C/T SNP and a number of autoimmune diseases, including RA, GD and T1D in Russian population. Patients with T1D, GD, RA and healthy controls were genotyped for the 1858 C/T SNP in PTPN22 gene. We found a significant association between PTPN22 1858 C/T SNP and T1D and GD. 1858T/T genotype was observed more frequently in T1D and GD patients compared to control subjects. No such association was observed for RA. In concordance with a previous data establishing PTPN22 1858 C/T SNP association with several autoimmune diseases, our findings provide further evidence that the PTPN22 gene may play an important role in the susceptibility to some autoimmune diseases.
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Zervou MI, Castro-Giner F, Sidiropoulos P, Boumpas DT, Tosca AD, Krueger-Krasagakis S. The protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 R620W polymorphism does not confer susceptibility to psoriasis in the genetic homogeneous population of Crete. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:107-11. [PMID: 20039785 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent whole-genome and candidate-gene association studies in patients with psoriasis (PS) have identified a number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that predispose to disease with moderate risk. Predisposition to PS is known to be affected by genetic variation in human leukocyte antigen-C as well as other non-human leukocyte antigen genes. We recently reported for the first time as a PS-associated SNP the signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 (STAT4) rs7574865 polymorphism, which is also associated with several autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess whether the functional R620W polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene encoding the lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase, which is known to be associated with various autoimmune diseases, also confers increased risk for PS in the genetic homogeneous population of Crete. A case-control study was performed with 173 PS patients consecutively recruited and 348 healthy controls, all of them from the island of Crete. We found that the mutated T allele of the PTPN22 1858T SNP was more common in control individuals than in patients with PS (odds ratio = 0.39, 95% confidence interval = 0.11-1.04, p = 0.09). No considerable difference was observed in terms of sex, age of onset, or clinical presentation of psoriatic arthritis. Our results provide evidence that the PTPN22 1858T allele is not a susceptibility factor for PS in the Cretan population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Zervou
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Orozco G, Barton A. Update on the genetic risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:61-75. [PMID: 20383892 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex disease, meaning that multiple genetic variants, environmental factors and random events interact to trigger pathological pathways. Although many of these etiological factors have not yet been identified, recent groundbreaking advances have expanded our knowledge about the genetic factors that contribute to RA. Here, we review the most recent findings on the genetic risk factors for RA. First, we give an overview of the genetics of RA and briefly describe the susceptibility loci discovered prior to the availability of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Second, we focus on the newly discovered RA loci that have arisen from GWAS in populations of European ancestry. Through these studies, the number of established RA susceptibility loci has now grown to 13. Third, we discuss several important issues emerging from GWAS, such as ethnic heterogeneity and shared autoimmunity risk loci. Finally, we discuss what still needs to be accomplished before a more complete picture of the genetic risk to RA can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Orozco
- Arthritis Research Campaign Epidemiology Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Ockinger J, Stridh P, Beyeen AD, Lundmark F, Seddighzadeh M, Oturai A, Sørensen PS, Lorentzen AR, Celius EG, Leppä V, Koivisto K, Tienari PJ, Alfredsson L, Padyukov L, Hillert J, Kockum I, Jagodic M, Olsson T. Genetic variants of CC chemokine genes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2009; 11:142-54. [PMID: 19865101 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disorder of the central nervous system, causing inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. A limited number of genetic risk factors for MS have been identified, but the etiology of the disease remains largely unknown. For the identification of genes regulating neuroinflammation we used a rat model of MS, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and carried out a linkage analysis in an advanced intercross line (AIL). We thereby redefine the Eae18b locus to a 0.88 Mb region, including a cluster of chemokine genes. Further, we show differential expression of Ccl2, Ccl11 and Ccl11 during EAE in rat strains with opposite susceptibility to EAE, regulated by genotype in Eae18b. The human homologous genes were tested for association to MS in 3841 cases and 4046 controls from four Nordic countries. A haplotype in CCL2 and rs3136682 in CCL1 show a protective association to MS, whereas a haplotype in CCL13 is disease predisposing. In the HLA-DRB1* 15 positive subgroup, we also identified an association to a risk haplotype in CCL2, suggesting an influence from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus. We further identified association to rheumatoid arthritis in CCL2, CCL8 and CCL13, indicating common regulatory mechanisms for complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ockinger
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Greve B, Hoffmann P, Illes Z, Rozsa C, Berger K, Weissert R, Melms A. The autoimmunity-related polymorphism PTPN22 1858C/T is associated with anti-titin antibody-positive myasthenia gravis. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:540-2. [PMID: 19406179 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in the intracellular tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 has been recently associated with susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a complex genetic disease with a distinct clinical and pathological heterogeneity. We conducted a case-control association study for the PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism in Hungarian and German MG patients (n = 282) and regional controls (n = 379). We detected an association of the PTPN22 1858T allele with MG in the subgroup of nonthymoma patients with anti-titin antibodies present (n = 50; T allele frequency 21% vs 11% in controls; p = 0.005, odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.23-3.58). This overrepresentation was reported independently in both Hungarian and German MG patients compared with regional controls. We conclude that the common autoimmune polymorphism PTPN22 1858C/T may account for disease susceptibility in a subset of nonthymoma MG patients with anti-titin antibodies present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Greve
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany.
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27
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IL2RA genetic heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes susceptibility and soluble interleukin-2 receptor production. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000322. [PMID: 19119414 PMCID: PMC2602853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are organ-specific autoimmune disorders with significant heritability, part of which is conferred by shared alleles. For decades, the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex was the only known susceptibility locus for both T1D and MS, but loci outside the HLA complex harboring risk alleles have been discovered and fully replicated. A genome-wide association scan for MS risk genes and candidate gene association studies have previously described the IL2RA gene region as a shared autoimmune locus. In order to investigate whether autoimmunity risk at IL2RA was due to distinct or shared alleles, we performed a genetic association study of three IL2RA variants in a DNA collection of up to 9,407 healthy controls, 2,420 MS, and 6,425 T1D subjects as well as 1,303 MS parent/child trios. Here, we report “allelic heterogeneity” at the IL2RA region between MS and T1D. We observe an allele associated with susceptibility to one disease and risk to the other, an allele that confers susceptibility to both diseases, and an allele that may only confer susceptibility to T1D. In addition, we tested the levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2RA) in the serum from up to 69 healthy control subjects, 285 MS, and 1,317 T1D subjects. We demonstrate that multiple variants independently correlate with sIL-2RA levels. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are common, organ-specific inflammatory disorders that continue to increase in global prevalence. The processes leading to both T1D and MS are genetically determined and are thought to involve an autoimmune mechanism. After decades of research into the genetic basis of both MS and T1D, the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex was the only known susceptibility locus for both T1D and MS. The sequencing of the human genome followed by the generation of the haplotype map, a catalogue of common genetic variation, has allowed the elucidation of allelic variants that define disease risk. Our groups have performed genome-wide association scans and candidate gene studies in both T1D and MS; the final results have identified loci outside the HLA harboring fully replicated risk alleles. Here, we show that the IL-2RA gene encoding a critical regulator of immune responses, the alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor, harbors variants that differentially confer risk to MS and T1D. In addition, several independent variants correlate with levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in the serum. This finding has critical implications for the field of complex disease genetics as it emphasizes the caution that must be taken when interpreting results for such a complex region with multiple susceptibility alleles.
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Abstract
Extraordinary technical advances in the field of human genetics over the past few years have catalyzed an explosion of new information about the genetics of human autoimmunity. In particular, the ability to scan the entire genome for common polymorphisms that associate with disease has led to the identification of numerous new risk genes involved in autoimmune phenotypes. Several themes are emerging. Autoimmune disorders have a complex genetic basis; multiple genes contribute to disease risk, each with generally modest effects independently. In addition, it is now clear that common genes underlie multiple autoimmune disorders. There is also heterogeneity among subphenotypes within a disease and across major racial groups. The current crop of genetic associations are only the start of a complete catalog of genetic factors for autoimmunity, and it remains unclear to what extent common variation versus multiple rare variants contribute to disease susceptibility. The current review focuses on recent discoveries within functionally related groups of genes that provide clues to novel pathways of pathogenesis for human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. Gregersen
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030
| | - Lina M. Olsson
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030
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Coenen MJH, Gregersen PK. Rheumatoid arthritis: a view of the current genetic landscape. Genes Immun 2008; 10:101-11. [PMID: 18987647 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The field of genetics and autoimmune diseases is undergoing a rapid and unprecedented expansion with new genetic findings being reported at an astounding pace. It is now clear that multiple genes contribute to each of the major autoimmune disorders, with significant genetic overlaps among them. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is no exception to this, and emerging data are beginning to reveal the outlines of new diagnostic subgroups, complex overlapping relationships with other autoimmune disorders and potential new targets for therapy. This review describes the evolving genetic landscape of RA, with the full knowledge that our current view is far from complete. However, with the first round of genome-wide association scans now completed, it is reasonable to begin to take stock of the direction in which the major common genetic risk factors are leading us.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J H Coenen
- Department of Human Genetics of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Liu GZ, Gomes AC, Fang LB, Gao XG, Hjelmstrom P. Decreased 4-1BB expression on CD4+CD25 high regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:22-9. [PMID: 18727631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As a tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member, 4-1BB (CD137) is preferentially expressed in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and has been suggested to play an important role in regulating the generation or function of Tregs. Recent studies of human Tregs have shown that blood CD4+CD25(high) T cells were much closer to Tregs in terms of their functionality. Furthermore, CD4+CD25(high) Tregs have been found to have a decreased effector function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we examined the expression of 4-1BB and soluble 4-1BB (s4-1BB) protein levels in the peripheral blood of MS patients. Compared with healthy controls, MS patients had decreased 4-1BB expression in their CD4+C25(high) Tregs and increased plasma s4-1BB protein levels. Moreover, the plasma s4-1BB levels of MS patients were shown to be inversely correlated with the 4-1BB surface expression of CD4+CD25(high) Tregs. The down-regulated 4-1BB expression on CD4+CD25(high) Tregs of MS patients may be involved in the impaired immunoactivity of these Tregs. The elevated s4-1BB levels may, at least in part, function as a self-regulatory attempt to inhibit antigen-driven proliferation of Tregs or their immunosuppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Z Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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31
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Vang T, Miletic AV, Arimura Y, Tautz L, Rickert RC, Mustelin T. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:29-55. [PMID: 18303998 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of many cellular functions and a growing number of PTPs have been implicated in human disease conditions, such as developmental defects, neoplastic disorders, and immunodeficiency. Here, we review the involvement of PTPs in human autoimmunity. The leading examples include the allelic variant of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22), which is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, and mutations that affect the exon-intron splicing of CD45 (PTPRC). We also find it likely that additional PTPs are involved in susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Finally, we discuss the possibility that PTPs regulating the immune system may serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkel Vang
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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32
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Svejgaard A. The immunogenetics of multiple sclerosis. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:275-86. [PMID: 18461312 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The discoveries in the 1970s of strong associations between various diseases and certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) factors were a revolution within genetic epidemiology in the last century by demonstrating for the first time how genetic markers can help unravel the genetics of disorders with complex genetic backgrounds. HLA controls immune response genes and HLA associations indicate the involvement of autoimmunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) was one of the first conditions proven to be HLA associated involving primarily HLA class II factors. We review how HLA studies give fundamental information on the genetics of the susceptibility to MS, on the importance of linkage disequilibrium in association studies, and on the pathogenesis of MS. The HLA-DRB1*1501 molecule may explain about 50% of MS cases and its role in the pathogenesis is supported by studies of transgenic mice. Studies of polymorphic non-HLA genetic markers are discussed based on linkage studies and candidate gene approaches including complete genome scans. No other markers have so far rivaled the importance of HLA in the genetic susceptibility to MS. Recently, large international collaborations provided strong evidence for the involvement of polymorphism of two cytokine receptor genes in the pathogenesis of MS: the interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain gene (IL7RA) on chromosome 5p13 and the interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain gene (IL2RA (=CD25)) on chromosome 10p15. It is estimated that the C allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6897932, within the alternative spliced exon 6 of IL7RA is involved in about 30% of MS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Svejgaard
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Abstract
Our aim is to review methods to optimize detection of all disease genes in a genetic region. As a starting point, we assume there is sufficient evidence from linkage and/or association studies, based on significance levels or replication studies, for the involvement in disease risk of the genetic region under study. For closely linked markers, there will often be multiple associations with disease, and linkage analyses identify a region rather than the specific disease-predisposing gene. Hence, the first task is to identify the primary (major) disease-predisposing gene or genes in a genetic region, and single nucleotide polymorphisms thereof, that is, how to distinguish true associations from those that are just due to linkage disequilibrium with the actual disease-predisposing variants. Then, how do we detect additional disease genes in this genetic region? These two issues are of course very closely interrelated. No existing programs, either individually or in aggregate, can handle the magnitude and complexity of the analyses needed using currently available methods. Further, even with modern computers, one cannot study every possible combination of genetic markers and their haplotypes across the genome, or even within a genetic region. Although we must rely heavily on computers, in the final analysis of multiple effects in a genetic region and/or interaction or independent effects between unlinked genes, manipulation of the data by the individual investigator will play a crucial role. We recommend a multistrategy approach using a variety of complementary methods described below.
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Abstract
The discovery that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), encoded by the PTPN22 gene, is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has now been verified by numerous studies and has been expanded to rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), systemic lupus erythematosus, Graves' disease, generalized vitiligo and other human autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we discuss the association of PTPN22 with autoimmunity, the biochemistry of the PTPN22-encoded phosphatase, and the molecular mechanism(s) by which the disease-predisposing allele contributes to the development of human disease.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Autoimmune Diseases/enzymology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmunity
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/chemistry
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkel Vang
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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Abstract
A functional variant of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) has recently been shown to be associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and autoimmune thyroid disease. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of this gene and its disease-associated polymorphisms. In addition, we review the studies investigating the association between this gene and SLE, along with other autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/enzymology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/immunology
- Thyroid Diseases/enzymology
- Thyroid Diseases/genetics
- Thyroid Diseases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Chung
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Niino M, Fukazawa T, Kikuchi S, Sasaki H. Recent advances in genetic analysis of multiple sclerosis: genetic associations and therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 7:1175-88. [PMID: 17868016 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.9.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have confirmed that genetic factors are a key component in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and that those determining MS susceptibility have been extensively studied. Many papers have been published regarding the heritable differences useful in genetic studies; these include variations in DNA, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, microsatellites and insertion/deletion polymorphisms. However, to date, among other regions, HLA is the only region confirmed to possess genes that determine MS susceptibility. In this article, we review the progress during the last 5 years in the studies on the susceptibility genes and the pharmacogenetics of MS. Newer techniques and methods of analysis will hopefully result in better screening of individuals who are at highest risk and novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Niino
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan.
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37
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Gender-specific association of the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism with achalasia. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:867-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hafler DA, Compston A, Sawcer S, Lander ES, Daly MJ, De Jager PL, de Bakker PIW, Gabriel SB, Mirel DB, Ivinson AJ, Pericak-Vance MA, Gregory SG, Rioux JD, McCauley JL, Haines JL, Barcellos LF, Cree B, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:851-62. [PMID: 17660530 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa073493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis has a clinically significant heritable component. We conducted a genomewide association study to identify alleles associated with the risk of multiple sclerosis. METHODS We used DNA microarray technology to identify common DNA sequence variants in 931 family trios (consisting of an affected child and both parents) and tested them for association. For replication, we genotyped another 609 family trios, 2322 case subjects, and 789 control subjects and used genotyping data from two external control data sets. A joint analysis of data from 12,360 subjects was performed to estimate the overall significance and effect size of associations between alleles and the risk of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS A transmission disequilibrium test of 334,923 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 931 family trios revealed 49 SNPs having an association with multiple sclerosis (P<1x10(-4)); of these SNPs, 38 were selected for the second-stage analysis. A comparison between the 931 case subjects from the family trios and 2431 control subjects identified an additional nonoverlapping 32 SNPs (P<0.001). An additional 40 SNPs with less stringent P values (<0.01) were also selected, for a total of 110 SNPs for the second-stage analysis. Of these SNPs, two within the interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene (IL2RA) were strongly associated with multiple sclerosis (P=2.96x10(-8)), as were a nonsynonymous SNP in the interleukin-7 receptor alpha gene (IL7RA) (P=2.94x10(-7)) and multiple SNPs in the HLA-DRA locus (P=8.94x10(-81)). CONCLUSIONS Alleles of IL2RA and IL7RA and those in the HLA locus are identified as heritable risk factors for multiple sclerosis.
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Ramagopalan SV, Dyment DA, Valdar W, Herrera BM, Criscuoli M, Yee IML, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC. Autoimmune disease in families with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:604-10. [PMID: 17560172 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of an association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases would substantiate the hypothesis that MS is an autoimmune disease, and implicate a common mechanism. We aimed to investigate and compare the rate of autoimmune disease in MS patients, in their first-degree relatives, and in their unrelated spouses. METHODS We used data from a national, multicentre, population-based sample to investigate the rate of autoimmune disease in 5031 MS patients, 30 259 of their first-degree relatives, and 2707 spousal controls. We asked patients and controls whether they had any of ten autoimmune diseases: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, pernicious anaemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroid disease, vitiligo, and myasthenia gravis. MS probands were also asked whether their first-degree relatives had Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, or type 1 diabetes. FINDINGS After correction for age and sex, we did not identify any increased risk of autoimmune diseases in MS patients compared with their spousal controls (odds ratio [OR]=1.07, 95% CI 0.86-1.23, chi(2)=0.47, p=0.49), or in the first-degree relatives of MS probands compared with controls (OR=0.89, 0.63-1.17, chi(2)=1.11, p=0.29). However, the reported frequency of autoimmune diseases did differ according to the sex of the interviewee (female vs male patients chi(2)=92.2, p<0.0001; female vs male spousal controls chi(2)=87.1, p<0.0001). MS patients had slightly higher rates of thyroid disease and pernicious anaemia than did controls, which is consistent with MHC associations for these diseases, but this effect disappeared when results were adjusted for sex. For eight other diseases the rates were similar in MS patients and controls. Families with multiple cases of MS were no more likely to report autoimmune diseases than families with single MS cases. INTERPRETATION When data were adjusted for sex, no excess of common autoimmune diseases could be identified in MS patients or their families, including multicase pedigrees. Our results suggest that women are more aware of family medical histories than men, which emphasises the potential for ascertainment bias in unstratified data for a sex-limited disease. Family histories should thus be taken from male patients in the presence of a spouse.
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40
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Santiago JL, Martínez A, de la Calle H, Fernández-Arquero M, Figueredo MÁ, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E. Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes conferred by the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism in the Spanish population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:54. [PMID: 17697317 PMCID: PMC1976418 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 gene (PTPN22) encodes a lymphoid-specific phosphatase (LYP) which is an important downregulator of T cell activation. A PTPN22 polymorphism, C1858T, was found associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in different Caucasian populations. In this study, we aimed at confirming the role of this variant in T1D predisposition in the Spanish population. Methods A case-control was performed with 316 Spanish white T1D patients consecutively recruited and 554 healthy controls, all of them from the Madrid area. The PTPN22 C1858T SNP was genotyped in both patients and controls using a TaqMan Assay in a 7900 HT Fast Real-Time PCR System. Results We replicated for the first time in a Spanish population the association of the 1858T allele with an increased risk for developing T1D [carriers of allele T vs. CC: OR (95%) = 1.73 (1.17–2.54); p = 0.004]. Furthermore, this allele showed a significant association in female patients with diabetes onset before age 16 years [carriers of allele T vs. CC: OR (95%) = 2.95 (1.45–6.01), female patients vs female controls p = 0.0009]. No other association in specific subgroups stratified for gender, HLA susceptibility or age at onset were observed. Conclusion Our results provide evidence that the PTPN22 1858T allele is a T1D susceptibility factor also in the Spanish population and it might play a different role in susceptibility to T1D according to gender in early-onset T1D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Martínez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Urcelay
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Gottenberg JE, Chiocchia G. Dendritic cells and interferon-mediated autoimmunity. Biochimie 2007; 89:856-71. [PMID: 17562353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central cells of the immune responses. They can be considered as the most influential antigen-presenting cells in the body because of their unique role in initiating immunity against most types of antigens. Recent studies have clearly established that the state of maturation of DC can be crucial for the ability of these antigen-presenting cells to inhibit or induce T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Type I interferon has been shown to be produced at very high amounts by a specific type of DC (pDC). In recent years, the study of multiple autoimmune diseases has pointed to a central role for type I interferon (IFN-I) in disease pathogenesis, in particular through the IFN-molecular signature deciphered in some of these diseases. One hypothesis would be that IFN directly affects multiple actors of the immune reaction such as T cells and B cells and that it can induce the unabated activation of peripheral dendritic cells. On the other hand, type II IFN has been considered as pathogenic in multiple autoimmune diseases leading to the paradigm of TH-1 type autoimmune diseases. The discovery of the TH-17 type of cells and the protective role IFN-gamma can exert on particular phases of these diseases urge one to re-evaluate this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- Département d'Immunologie, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
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42
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Gourh P, Tan FK, Assassi S, Ahn CW, McNearney TA, Fischbach M, Arnett FC, Mayes MD. Association of the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism with anti-topoisomerase I- and anticentromere antibody-positive systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:3945-53. [PMID: 17133608 DOI: 10.1002/art.22196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine any associations of the PTPN22 R620W single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with systemic sclerosis (SSc) or with anticentromere antibody (ACA)-positive or anti-topoisomerase I (anti-topo I) antibody-positive SSc, in a case-control study of US white, black, Hispanic, and Choctaw Indian individuals. METHODS A total of 850 white, 130 black, 120 Hispanic, and 20 Choctaw Indian patients with SSc were compared with 430 white, 164 black, 146 Hispanic, and 76 Choctaw Indian control subjects, respectively. All subjects were living in the US. PTPN22 SNP (rs2476601) genotyping was performed by TaqMan 5' allelic discrimination assay and pyrosequencing. RESULTS The PTPN22 CT/TT genotype showed significant association with anti-topo I antibody-positive SSc in white patients (odds ratio [OR] 2.21, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3-3.7) and with ACA-positive white patients with SSc (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.1-2.7). Frequency of the PTPN22*T allele also showed significant association with anti-topo I antibody-positive SSc in white patients (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.3-3.2). When data for patients in the 3 ethnic groups (black, white, and Hispanic) were combined, a significant association with both genotype and allele frequencies was observed, suggesting a trend toward association in ACA-positive and anti-topo I antibody-positive SSc. Stepwise logistic regression analysis (controlled for the confounding effects of sex and race) showed that the PTPN22 CT/TT genotype was associated with a significantly higher risk of SSc compared with the CC genotype (for patients with SSc, OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.2-2.2; for ACA-positive patients with SSc, OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.0-2.6; for anti-topo I antibody-positive SSc, OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.5-3.7). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism is associated with ACA-positive and anti-topo I antibody-positive subsets of SSc and represents a risk factor in both white patients and black patients. The association of subsets of SSc with the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism further strengthens the classification of SSc within the spectrum of autoimmune diseases and strongly suggests the involvement of common susceptibility genes and similarly disordered immunoregulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravitt Gourh
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Mustelin T. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in human disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 584:53-72. [PMID: 16802599 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34132-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Mustelin
- Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, and Program of Signal Transduction, Cancer Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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44
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Gregersen PK, Behrens TW. Genetics of autoimmune diseases--disorders of immune homeostasis. Nat Rev Genet 2007; 7:917-28. [PMID: 17139323 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, our extensive knowledge of the mammalian immune system and our increasing ability to understand the genetic causes of complex human disease have opened a window onto the pathways that lead to autoimmune disorders. In addition to the well-established role of genetic variation that affects the major histocompatibility complex, a number of rare and common variants that affect a range of immunological pathways are now known to have important influences on the phenotypic diversity that is seen among autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have also highlighted a previously unanticipated interplay between the innate and adaptive immune system, providing a new direction for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Gregersen
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
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45
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Balada E, Villarreal-Tolchinsky J, Ordi-Ros J, Labrador M, Serrano-Acedo S, Martinez-Lostao L, Vilardell-Tarrés M. Multiplex family?based study in systemic lupus erythematosus: association between the R620W polymorphism of PTPN22 and the Fc?RIIa (CD32A) R131 allele. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:432-8. [PMID: 17092257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A functional polymorphism in PTPN22, a gene encoding a phosphatase involved in T-cell signaling, has been associated with autoimmunity. We checked for the prevalence of the PTPN22 R620W polymorphism in multiplex families affected with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases. Its association with other polymorphisms in mannose binding lectin (MBL) and FcgammaRIIa (CD32A) genes was also studied. Deoxyribonucleic acid samples were obtained from 233 Spanish individuals who belonged to 21 families in which at least two members had been diagnosed with some autoimmune disease, mainly SLE. A healthy control population was also included (n= 129). Genotyping for the R620W single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. Allele frequency for the T allele was slightly higher in the families with autoimmune disease, especially when considering the affected individuals (0.094 vs 0.062). Actually, 18.8% affected family members vs 11.6% controls had the polymorphism (P= 0.179). Nineteen percent of affected individuals had both the PTPN22 T and the CD32A R131 alleles, whereas only 8.5% unaffected relatives had both susceptibility alleles simultaneously [P= 0.031, odds ratios 2.508 (95% confidence interval 1.066-5.896)]. The tendency toward finding the T allele more frequently in members affected with some particular autoimmune disorder suggests that this SNP may confer susceptibility to autoimmunity. The fact that more affected than unaffected relatives carried both the T and the R131 alleles simultaneously leads us to think about the existence of a combinatorial effect between genes that could help define individuals prone to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Balada
- Research Unit in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Barcellos LF, Kamdar BB, Ramsay PP, DeLoa C, Lincoln RR, Caillier S, Schmidt S, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL. Clustering of autoimmune diseases in families with a high-risk for multiple sclerosis: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5:924-31. [PMID: 17052659 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune mechanisms are thought to have a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. We aimed to identify coexisting autoimmune phenotypes in patients with multiple sclerosis from families with several members with the disease and in their first-degree relatives. METHODS A total of 176 families (386 individuals and 1107 first-degree relatives) were characterised for a history of other autoimmune disorders. Family-based or case-control analyses were done to assess the association of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-antigen 4 (CTLA4) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) variants with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. FINDINGS 46 (26%) index cases reported at least one coexisting autoimmune disorder. The most common were Hashimoto thyroiditis (10%), psoriasis (6%), inflammatory bowel disease (3%), and rheumatoid arthritis (2%). 112 (64%) families with a history of multiple sclerosis reported autoimmune disorders (excluding multiple sclerosis) in one or more first-degree relatives, whereas 64 (36%) families reported no history of autoimmunity. Similar to index cases, Hashimoto thyroiditis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease were also the most common disorders occurring in family members. A common variant within CTLA4 was strongly associated with multiple sclerosis in families who had other autoimmune diseases (p=0.009) but not in families without a history of other autoimmune disorders (p=0.90). INTERPRETATION The presence of various immune disorders in families with several members with multiple sclerosis suggests that the disease might arise on a background of a generalised susceptibility to autoimmunity. This distinct multiple-sclerosis phenotype, defined by its association with other autoimmune diseases, segregates with specific genotypes that could underlie the common susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Barcellos
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Orozco G, Rueda B, Martin J. Genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:656-62. [PMID: 17055211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a clinically heterogeneous condition with a complex aetiology in which environmental and genetic factors are implicated. The contribution of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, particularly the HLA-DRB1 gene, to RA genetic predisposition was the first described, and remains as the best characterised single genetic risk factor contributing to RA. However, it has been estimated that only 30% of the genetic contribution to RA can be attributed to HLA genes and it is suggested that other non-HLA genes may play a relevant role in RA susceptibility. Linkage studies and association studies are the two main strategies used in the investigation of genetic factors contributing to complex genetic traits. In this work we review the progress made in the field of RA genetics, focusing mainly on the contribution of candidate gene association studies to the dissection of RA genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Orozco
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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Abstract
A recent addition to the list of widely confirmed type 1 diabetes risk loci is the PTPN22 gene encoding a lymphoid-specific phosphatase (Lyp). However, evidence supporting a role for PTPN22 in type 1 diabetes derives entirely from the study of just one coding single nucleotide polymorphism, 1858C/T. In the current study, the haplotype structure of the PTPN22 region was determined, and individual haplotypes were tested for association with type 1 diabetes in family-based tests. The 1858T risk allele occurred on only a single haplotype that was strongly associated with type 1 diabetes (P = 7.9 x 10(-5)). After controlling for the effects of this allele, two other haplotypes were observed to be weakly associated with type 1 diabetes (P < 0.05). Sequencing of the coding region of PTPN22 on these haplotypes revealed a novel variant (2250G/C) predicted to result in a nonsynonymous amino acid substitution. Analysis of PTPN22 transcripts from a subject heterozygous for this variant indicated that it interfered with normal mRNA splicing, resulting in a premature termination codon after exon 17. These results support the conclusion that the 1858C/T allele is the major risk variant for type 1 diabetes in the PTPN22 locus, but they suggest that additional infrequent coding variants at PTPN22 may also contribute to type 1 diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Molecular Genetics Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Ave., Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
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Onengut-Gumuscu S, Concannon P. Recent advances in the immunogenetics of human type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:634-8. [PMID: 16884898 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D), a disorder of glucose homeostasis, is caused by autoimmune destruction of the essential insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of T1D and, for decades, this complexity has challenged investigators interested in identifying the genes that contribute to this risk. Nevertheless, in recent years, a number of well-supported T1D risk loci have been identified and replicated. Owing to development of more powerful study designs, the availability of dense marker maps, progress in high-throughput genotyping and a better basic understanding of the roles of genes in the immune system, this trend is likely to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Program in Molecular Genetics, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
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50
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Alarcón-Riquelme ME. The genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: understanding how SNPs confer disease susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:109-17. [PMID: 16964481 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The identification of genes for autoimmune diseases is just the first step towards our understanding of disease pathogenesis. In investigating how mutations, deletions or other types of polymorphic defects occur, it is important to determine the pathways and the mechanisms through which susceptibility leads to disease. In this review I touch on three examples of studies that have attempted to understand the mechanisms of genetic susceptibility in three genes identified recently for systemic lupus erythematosus: PDCD1, PTPN22 and IRF5. We are just beginning to comprehend and much needs to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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