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Hinch R, Donnelly P, Hinch AG. Meiotic DNA breaks drive multifaceted mutagenesis in the human germ line. Science 2023; 382:eadh2531. [PMID: 38033082 PMCID: PMC7615360 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination commences with hundreds of programmed DNA breaks; however, the degree to which they are accurately repaired remains poorly understood. We report that meiotic break repair is eightfold more mutagenic for single-base substitutions than was previously understood, leading to de novo mutation in one in four sperm and one in 12 eggs. Its impact on indels and structural variants is even higher, with 100- to 1300-fold increases in rates per break. We uncovered new mutational signatures and footprints relative to break sites, which implicate unexpected biochemical processes and error-prone DNA repair mechanisms, including translesion synthesis and end joining in meiotic break repair. We provide evidence that these mechanisms drive mutagenesis in human germ lines and lead to disruption of hundreds of genes genome wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hinch
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
- Genomics plc; Oxford, UK
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Yang W, Chen H, Ma L, Dong J, Wei M, Xue X, Li Y, Jin Z, Xu W, Ji Z. SHOX2 promotes prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis through disruption of the Hippo-YAP pathway. iScience 2023; 26:107617. [PMID: 37664594 PMCID: PMC10470409 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SHOX2 gene is critical in regulating gene expression and the development of tumors, but its biological role in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. In this study, we found that SHOX2 expression was significantly raised in PCa tissues and was associated with clinicopathological features as well as disease-free survival (DFS) of PCa patients. Phenotypic tests showed that the absence of SHOX2 inhibited PCa growth and invasion, while SHOX2 overexpression promoted these effects. Mechanistically, SHOX2 was found to activate the transcription of nephronophthisis type 4 (NPHP4), a gene located downstream of SHOX2. Further analysis revealed that SHOX2 could potentially interfere with the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway through NPHP4 activation, facilitating the oncogenic behavior of PCa cells. These findings highlight SHOX2 as an oncogene in PCa and provide a basis for developing potential therapeutic approaches against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hualin Chen
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Mengchao Wei
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Zhaoheng Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Zhigang Ji
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing 100000, China
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Spurna Z, Capkova P, Srovnal J, Duchoslavova J, Punova L, Aleksijevic D, Vrtel R. Clinical impact of variants in non-coding regions of SHOX - Current knowledge. Gene 2022; 818:146238. [PMID: 35074420 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The short stature homeobox-containing (SHOX) is the most frequently analysed gene in patients classified as short stature patients (ISS) or diagnosed with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD), or Madelung deformity (MD). However, clinical testing of this gene focuses primarily on single nucleotide variants (SNV) in its coding sequences and copy number variants (CNV) overlapping SHOX gene. This review summarizes the clinical impact of variants in noncoding regions of SHOX. RECENT FINDINGS: CNV extending exclusively into the regulatory elements (i.e., not interrupting the coding sequence) are found more frequently in downstream regulatory elements of SHOX. Further, duplications are more frequent than deletions. Interestingly, downstream duplications are more common than deletions in patients with ISS or LWD but no such differences exist for upstream CNV. Moreover, the presence of specific CNVs in the patient population suggests the involvement of additional unknown factors. Some of its intronic variants, notably NM_000451.3(SHOX):c.-9delG and c.-65C>A in the 5'UTR, have unclear clinical roles. However, these intronic SNV may increase the probability that other CNV will arise de novo in the SHOX gene based on homologous recombination or incorrect splicing of mRNA. SUMMARY: This review highlights the clinical impact of noncoding changes in the SHOX gene and the need to apply new technologies and genotype-phenotype correlation in their analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Spurna
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavlina Capkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Srovnal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Duchoslavova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Punova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Aleksijevic
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Vrtel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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4
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Sadler B, Haller G, Antunes L, Nikolov M, Amarillo I, Coe B, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. Rare and de novo duplications containing SHOX in clubfoot. J Med Genet 2020; 57:851-857. [PMID: 32518174 PMCID: PMC7688552 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-106842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Congenital clubfoot is a common birth defect that affects at least 0.1% of all births. Nearly 25% cases are familial and the remaining are sporadic in inheritance. Copy number variants (CNVs) involving transcriptional regulators of limb development, including PITX1 and TBX4, have previously been shown to cause familial clubfoot, but much of the heritability remains unexplained. Methods Exome sequence data from 816 unrelated clubfoot cases and 2645 in-house controls were analysed using coverage data to identify rare CNVs. The precise size and location of duplications were then determined using high-density Affymetrix Cytoscan chromosomal microarray (CMA). Segregation in families and de novo status were determined using qantitative PCR. Results Chromosome Xp22.33 duplications involving SHOX were identified in 1.1% of cases (9/816) compared with 0.07% of in-house controls (2/2645) (p=7.98×10−5, OR=14.57) and 0.27% (38/13592) of Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities/the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 controls (p=0.001, OR=3.97). CMA validation confirmed an overlapping 180.28 kb duplicated region that included SHOX exons as well as downstream non-coding regions. In four of six sporadic cases where DNA was available for unaffected parents, the duplication was de novo. The probability of four de novo mutations in SHOX by chance in a cohort of 450 sporadic clubfoot cases is 5.4×10–10. Conclusions Microduplications of the pseudoautosomal chromosome Xp22.33 region (PAR1) containing SHOX and downstream enhancer elements occur in ~1% of patients with clubfoot. SHOX and regulatory regions have previously been implicated in skeletal dysplasia as well as idiopathic short stature, but have not yet been reported in clubfoot. SHOX duplications likely contribute to clubfoot pathogenesis by altering early limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Sadler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabe Haller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lilian Antunes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Momchil Nikolov
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ina Amarillo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bradley Coe
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew B Dobbs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ogushi K, Hattori A, Suzuki E, Shima H, Izawa M, Yagasaki H, Horikawa R, Uetake K, Umezawa A, Ishii T, Muroya K, Namba N, Tanaka T, Hirano Y, Yamamoto H, Soneda S, Matsubara K, Kagami M, Miyado M, Fukami M. DNA Methylation Status of SHOX-Flanking CpG Islands in Healthy Individuals and Short Stature Patients with Pseudoautosomal Copy Number Variations. Cytogenet Genome Res 2019; 158:56-62. [PMID: 31158835 DOI: 10.1159/000500468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOX resides in the short arm pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of the sex chromosomes and escapes X inactivation. SHOX haploinsufficiency underlies idiopathic short stature (ISS) and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD). A substantial percentage of cases with SHOX haploinsufficiency arise from pseudoautosomal copy number variations (CNVs) involving putative enhancer regions of SHOX. Our previous study using peripheral blood samples showed that some CpG dinucleotides adjacent to SHOX exon 1 were hypomethylated in a healthy woman and methylated in a woman with gross X chromosomal rearrangements. However, it remains unknown whether submicroscopic pseudoautosomal CNVs cause aberrant DNA methylation of SHOX-flanking CpG islands. In this study, we examined the DNA methylation status of SHOX-flanking CpG islands in 50 healthy individuals and 10 ISS/LWD patients with pseudoautosomal CNVs. In silico analysis detected 3 CpG islands within the 20-kb region from the translation start site of SHOX. Pyrosequencing and bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA samples revealed that these CpG islands were barely methylated in peripheral blood cells and cultured chondrocytes of healthy individuals, as well as in peripheral blood cells of ISS/LWD patients with pseudoautosomal CNVs. These results, in conjunction with our previous findings, indicate that the DNA methylation status of SHOX-flanking CpG islands can be affected by gross X-chromosomal abnormalities, but not by submicroscopic CNVs in PAR1. Such CNVs likely disturb SHOX expression through DNA methylation-independent mechanisms, which need to be determined in future studies.
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Alharthi AA, El-Hallous EI, Talaat IM, Alghamdi HA, Almalki MI, Gaber A. Screening of SHOX gene sequence variants in Saudi Arabian children with idiopathic short stature. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:327-332. [PMID: 29158767 PMCID: PMC5687980 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.10.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Short stature affects approximately 2%–3% of children, representing one of the most frequent disorders for which clinical attention is sought during childhood. Despite assumed genetic heterogeneity, mutations or deletions in the short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) are frequently detected in subjects with short stature. Idiopathic short stature (ISS) refers to patients with short stature for various unknown reasons. The goal of this study was to screen all the exons of SHOX to identify related mutations. Methods We screened all the exons of SHOX for mutations analysis in 105 ISS children patients (57 girls and 48 boys) living in Taif governorate, KSA using a direct DNA sequencing method. Height, arm span, and sitting height were recorded, and subischial leg length was calculated. Results A total of 30 of 105 ISS patients (28%) contained six polymorphic variants in exons 1, 2, 4, and 6. One mutation was found in the DNA domain binding region of exon 4. Three of these polymorphic variants were novel, while the others were reported previously. There were no significant differences in anthropometric measures in ISS patients with and without identifiable polymorphic variants in SHOX. Conclusion In Saudi Arabia ISS patients, rather than SHOX, it is possible that new genes are involved in longitudinal growth. Additional molecular analysis is required to diagnose and understand the etiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A Alharthi
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatrics Department, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Pediatrics Department, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab I El-Hallous
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Arish, Egypt
| | - Iman M Talaat
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamed A Alghamdi
- Pediatrics Department, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Gaber
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Chen X, Wang X, Dong G, Fu J, Wu W, Jiang Y. Clinical features of girls with short stature among inv (9), Turner (45, X) and control individuals. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:431-436. [PMID: 28306537 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 [inv (9)] remains unclear. METHODS This case control study assessed girls with short stature. According to karyotypes, the subjects were divided into inv (9) [46,XX,inv (9)(p12q13) and 46,XX,inv (9)(p11q13)], Turner syndrome (45, X) and control (normal 46, XX) groups, respectively. Detailed clinical features were compared. RESULTS Height standard deviation score (SDS) values at diagnosis were -2.51±0.58, -3.71±2.12 and -2.5±1.24 for inv (9), (45, X) and control groups, respectively (p=0.022). The inv (9) group showed lower body mass index (BMI) values compared with the (45, X) and control groups (F=5.097, p=0.008). Similar growth hormone deficiency (GHD) incidences were found in all groups. Interestingly, height SDS was positively correlated with mother height and patient BMI SDS (r=0.51, p=0.036; r=0.576, p=0.023, respectively) in the inv (9) group. In the (45, X) group, height SDS was positively correlated with birth weight (r=0.392, p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS Short stature in inv (9) girls was correlated with low birth weight (LBW) and mother height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3333 binsheng road, Hangzhou 310051, P.R
| | - Guanping Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R
| | - Youjun Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R
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Fukami M, Seki A, Ogata T. SHOX Haploinsufficiency as a Cause of Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Short Stature. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:3-11. [PMID: 27194967 DOI: 10.1159/000444596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOX in the short arm pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of sex chromosomes is one of the major growth genes in humans. SHOX haploinsufficiency results in idiopathic short stature and Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and is associated with the short stature of patients with Turner syndrome. The SHOX protein likely controls chondrocyte apoptosis by regulating multiple target genes including BNP,Fgfr3, Agc1, and Ctgf. SHOX haploinsufficiency frequently results from deletions and duplications in PAR1 involving SHOX exons and/or the cis-acting enhancers, while exonic point mutations account for a small percentage of cases. The clinical severity of SHOX haploinsufficiency reflects hormonal conditions rather than mutation types. Growth hormone treatment seems to be beneficial for cases with SHOX haploinsufficiency, although the long-term outcomes of this therapy require confirmation. Future challenges in SHOX research include elucidating its precise function in the developing limbs, identifying additional cis-acting enhancers, and determining optimal therapeutic strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Seki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Wolters B, Lass N, Wunsch R, Böckmann B, Austrup F, Reinehr T. Short stature before puberty: which children should be screened for SHOX deficiency? Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:273-80. [PMID: 24051572 DOI: 10.1159/000354989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the prevalence of deficiency in the short stature homeobox containing gene (SHOX) in prepubertal short-statured children and analyzed the clinical and radiological signs. METHODS Screening for SHOX deficiency was performed in 449 prepubertal short-statured children (54% females, aged 4-10 years) by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation probe-dependent amplification. Children with SHOX deficiency were compared to 1:2 age- and gender-matched prepubertal children without SHOX deficiency with respect to left-hand radiographs and anthropometrics including different ratios to height and proposed scores. RESULTS We identified 22 (4.9%) patients with SHOX deficiency (64% point mutations). Children with SHOX deficiency demonstrated a mesomelic shortening of extremities. Lower leg lengths but not forearm length was reduced in children <8 years with SHOX deficiency. 36% of all children and none of the children <8 years with SHOX deficiency demonstrated any typical radiologic sign. Increased sitting height-to-height ratio and decreased extremities-to-trunk ratio demonstrated the best positive and negative predictive values to identify SHOX deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Screening for SHOX deficiency seems rational, especially in children with increased sitting height-to-height ratio or decreased extremities-to-trunk ratio. These criteria were also valid in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wolters
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
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Identification of novel SHOX target genes in the developing limb using a transgenic mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98543. [PMID: 24887312 PMCID: PMC4041798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the human short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) has been identified in several disorders characterized by reduced height and skeletal anomalies such as Turner syndrome, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and Langer mesomelic dysplasia as well as isolated short stature. SHOX acts as a transcription factor during limb development and is expressed in chondrocytes of the growth plates. Although highly conserved in vertebrates, rodents lack a SHOX orthologue. This offers the unique opportunity to analyze the effects of human SHOX expression in transgenic mice. We have generated a mouse expressing the human SHOXa cDNA under the control of a murine Col2a1 promoter and enhancer (Tg(Col2a1-SHOX)). SHOX and marker gene expression as well as skeletal phenotypes were characterized in two transgenic lines. No significant skeletal anomalies were found in transgenic compared to wildtype mice. Quantitative and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that Tg(Col2a1-SHOX), however, affected extracellular matrix gene expression during early limb development, suggesting a role for SHOX in growth plate assembly and extracellular matrix composition during long bone development. For instance, we could show that the connective tissue growth factor gene Ctgf, a gene involved in chondrogenic and angiogenic differentiation, is transcriptionally regulated by SHOX in transgenic mice. This finding was confirmed in human NHDF and U2OS cells and chicken micromass culture, demonstrating the value of the SHOX-transgenic mouse for the characterization of SHOX-dependent genes and pathways in early limb development.
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Bunyan DJ, Baker KR, Harvey JF, Thomas NS. Diagnostic screening identifies a wide range of mutations involving the SHOX gene, including a common 47.5 kb deletion 160 kb downstream with a variable phenotypic effect. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1329-38. [PMID: 23636926 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) results from heterozygous mutations of the SHOX gene, with homozygosity or compound heterozygosity resulting in the more severe form, Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD). These mutations typically take the form of whole or partial gene deletions, point mutations within the coding sequence, or large (>100 kb) 3' deletions of downstream regulatory elements. We have analyzed the coding sequence of the SHOX gene and its downstream regulatory regions in a cohort of 377 individuals referred with symptoms of LWD, LMD or short stature. A causative mutation was identified in 68% of the probands with LWD or LMD (91/134). In addition, a 47.5 kb deletion was found 160 kb downstream of the SHOX gene in 17 of the 377 patients (12% of the LWD referrals, 4.5% of all referrals). In 14 of these 17 patients, this was the only potentially causative abnormality detected (13 had symptoms consistent with LWD and one had short stature only), but the other three 47.5 kb deletions were found in patients with an additional causative SHOX mutation (with symptoms of LWD rather than LMD). Parental samples were available on 14/17 of these families, and analysis of these showed a more variable phenotype ranging from apparently unaffected to LWD. Breakpoint sequence analysis has shown that the 47.5 kb deletion is identical in all 17 patients, most likely due to an ancient founder mutation rather than recurrence. This deletion was not seen in 471 normal controls (P<0.0001), providing further evidence for a phenotypic effect, albeit one with variable penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bunyan
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 8BJ, UK.
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12
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SHOX gene defects and selected dysmorphic signs in patients of idiopathic short stature and Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis. Gene 2012; 491:123-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Helena Mangs A, Morris BJ. The Human Pseudoautosomal Region (PAR): Origin, Function and Future. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:129-36. [PMID: 18660847 DOI: 10.2174/138920207780368141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1 and PAR2) of the human X and Y chromosomes pair and recombine during meiosis. Thus genes in this region are not inherited in a strictly sex-linked fashion. PAR1 is located at the terminal region of the short arms and PAR2 at the tips of the long arms of these chromosomes. To date, 24 genes have been assigned to the PAR1 region. Half of these have a known function. In contrast, so far only 4 genes have been discovered in the PAR2 region. Deletion of the PAR1 region results in failure of pairing and male sterility. The gene SHOX (short stature homeobox-containing) resides in PAR1. SHOX haploinsufficiency contributes to certain features in Turner syndrome as well as the characteristics of Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. Only two of the human PAR1 genes have mouse homologues. These do not, however, reside in the mouse PAR1 region but are autosomal. The PAR regions seem to be relics of differential additions, losses, rearrangements and degradation of the X and Y chromosome in different mammalian lineages. Marsupials have three homologues of human PAR1 genes in their autosomes, although, in contrast to mouse, do not have a PAR region at all. The disappearance of PAR from other species seems likely and this region will only be rescued by the addition of genes to both X and Y, as has occurred already in lemmings. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the evolution of PAR and provides up-to-date information about individual genes residing in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Helena Mangs
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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14
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Neill NJ, Ballif BC, Lamb AN, Parikh S, Ravnan JB, Schultz RA, Torchia BS, Rosenfeld JA, Shaffer LG. Recurrence, submicroscopic complexity, and potential clinical relevance of copy gains detected by array CGH that are shown to be unbalanced insertions by FISH. Genome Res 2011; 21:535-44. [PMID: 21383316 DOI: 10.1101/gr.114579.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Insertions occur when a segment of one chromosome is translocated and inserted into a new region of the same chromosome or a non-homologous chromosome. We report 71 cases with unbalanced insertions identified using array CGH and FISH in 4909 cases referred to our laboratory for array CGH and found to have copy-number abnormalities. Although the majority of insertions were non-recurrent, several recurrent unbalanced insertions were detected, including three der(Y)ins(Y;18)(q?11.2;p11.32p11.32)pat inherited from parents carrying an unbalanced insertion. The clinical significance of these recurrent rearrangements is unclear, although the small size, limited gene content, and inheritance pattern of each suggests that the phenotypic consequences may be benign. Cryptic, submicroscopic duplications were observed at or near the insertion sites in two patients, further confounding the clinical interpretation of these insertions. Using FISH, linear amplification, and array CGH, we identified a 126-kb duplicated region from 19p13.3 inserted into MECP2 at Xq28 in a patient with symptoms of Rett syndrome. Our results demonstrate that although the interpretation of most non-recurrent insertions is unclear without high-resolution insertion site characterization, the potential for an otherwise benign duplication to result in a clinically relevant outcome through the disruption of a gene necessitates the use of FISH to determine whether copy-number gains detected by array CGH represent tandem duplications or unbalanced insertions. Further follow-up testing using techniques such as linear amplification or sequencing should be used to determine gene involvement at the insertion site after FISH has identified the presence of an insertion.
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15
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Altarescu G, Reish O, Renbaum P, Kasterstein E, Komarovsky D, Komsky A, Bern O, Strassburger D, Levy-Lahad E, Ron-El R. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for SHOX-related haploinsufficiency in conjunction with trisomy 21 detection by molecular analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2010; 28:233-8. [PMID: 21120598 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of a molecular PGD protocol for a male with an X-linked deletion in the SHOX gene region, located in the pseudoautosomal region of the X/Y chromosomes. Due to excessive recombination in this region, the deletion can be found in male offspring. METHODS We developed a 13 marker multiplex fluorescent PCR protocol: 3 markers within the deleted SHOX region, 5 flanking markers, 3 informative markers on chromosome 21 (advanced maternal age) and 2 markers for sex determination. RESULTS Of four embryos, two wild type males, diploid for chromosome 21 were transferred resulting in twin boys. One embryo was an affected female and another embryo was Turner. Amniocentesis confirmed the implanted embryos were males (46XY), with no recombinations. CONCLUSIONS While many X-linked disorders can be analyzed by sexing, genes located in the pseudoautosomal regions have high XY recombination rates, requiring multiple markers to enable an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheona Altarescu
- ZOHAR PGD Unit, Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, POB 3235, Jerusalem, Israel.
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16
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Tonelli A, Romaniello R, Grasso R, Cavallini A, Righini A, Bresolin N, Borgatti R, Bassi MT. Novel splice-site mutations and a large intragenic deletion inPLA2G6associated with a severe and rapidly progressive form of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Clin Genet 2010; 78:432-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Thomas NS, Harvey JF, Bunyan DJ, Rankin J, Grigelioniene G, Bruno DL, Tan TY, Tomkins S, Hastings R. Clinical and molecular characterization of duplications encompassing the human SHOX gene reveal a variable effect on stature. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1407-14. [PMID: 19533800 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deletions of the SHOX gene are well documented and cause disproportionate short stature and variable skeletal abnormalities. In contrast interstitial SHOX duplications limited to PAR1 appear to be very rare and the clinical significance of the only case report in the literature is unclear. Mapping of this duplication has now shown that it includes the entire SHOX gene but little flanking sequence and so will not encompass any of the long-range enhancers required for SHOX transcription. We now describe the clinical and molecular characterization of three additional cases. The duplications all included the SHOX coding sequence but varied in the amount of flanking sequence involved. The probands were ascertained for a variety of reasons: hypotonia and features of Asperger syndrome, Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD), and a family history of cleft palate. However, the presence of a duplication did not correlate with any of these features or with evidence of skeletal abnormality. Remarkably, the proband with LWD had inherited both a SHOX deletion and a duplication. The effect of the duplications on stature was variable: height appeared to be elevated in some carriers, particularly in those with the largest duplications, but was still within the normal range. SHOX duplications are likely to be under ascertained and more cases need to be identified and characterized in detail in order to accurately determine their phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK.
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18
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Lima RD, Iamada CF, Silva LO, Mello MPD, Maciel-Guerra AT. An illustrative case of Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008005000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Lima
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristina Forti Iamada
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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19
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Arnoldi A, Tonelli A, Crippa F, Villani G, Pacelli C, Sironi M, Pozzoli U, D'Angelo MG, Meola G, Martinuzzi A, Crimella C, Redaelli F, Panzeri C, Renieri A, Comi GP, Turconi AC, Bresolin N, Bassi MT. A clinical, genetic, and biochemical characterization of SPG7 mutations in a large cohort of patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:522-31. [PMID: 18200586 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the SPG7 gene encoding a mitochondrial protein termed paraplegin, are responsible for a recessive form of hereditary spastic paraparesis. Only few studies have so far been performed in large groups of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) patients to determine the frequency of SPG7 mutations. Here, we report the result of a mutation screening conducted in a large cohort of 135 Italian HSP patients with the identification of six novel point mutations and one large intragenic deletion. Sequence analysis of the deletion breakpoint, together with secondary structure predictions of the deleted region, indicate that a complex rearrangement, likely caused by extensive secondary structure formation mediated by the short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) retrotransposons, is responsible for the deletion event. Biochemical studies performed on fibroblasts from three mutant patients revealed mild and heterogeneous mitochondrial dysfunctions that would exclude a specific association of a complex I defect with the pathology at the fibroblast level. Overall, our data confirm that SPG7 point mutations are rare causes of HSP, in both sporadic and familial forms, while underlying the puzzling and intriguing aspects of histological and biochemical consequences of paraplegin loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Arnoldi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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20
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Wit JM, Clayton PE, Rogol AD, Savage MO, Saenger PH, Cohen P. Idiopathic short stature: definition, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:89-110. [PMID: 18182313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic short stature is a condition in which the height of the individual is more than 2 SD below the corresponding mean height for a given age, sex and population, in whom no identifiable disorder is present. It can be subcategorized into familial and non-familial ISS, and according to pubertal delay. It should be differentiated from dysmorphic syndromes, skeletal dysplasias, short stature secondary to a small birth size (small for gestational age, SGA), and systemic and endocrine diseases. ISS is the diagnostic group that remains after excluding known conditions in short children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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De Gregori M, Ciccone R, Magini P, Pramparo T, Gimelli S, Messa J, Novara F, Vetro A, Rossi E, Maraschio P, Bonaglia MC, Anichini C, Ferrero GB, Silengo M, Fazzi E, Zatterale A, Fischetto R, Previderé C, Belli S, Turci A, Calabrese G, Bernardi F, Meneghelli E, Riegel M, Rocchi M, Guerneri S, Lalatta F, Zelante L, Romano C, Fichera M, Mattina T, Arrigo G, Zollino M, Giglio S, Lonardo F, Bonfante A, Ferlini A, Cifuentes F, Van Esch H, Backx L, Schinzel A, Vermeesch JR, Zuffardi O. Cryptic deletions are a common finding in "balanced" reciprocal and complex chromosome rearrangements: a study of 59 patients. J Med Genet 2007; 44:750-62. [PMID: 17766364 PMCID: PMC2652810 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Using array comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) 41 de novo reciprocal translocations and 18 de novo complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) were screened. All cases had been interpreted as "balanced" by conventional cytogenetics. In all, 27 cases of reciprocal translocations were detected in patients with an abnormal phenotype, and after array CGH analysis, 11 were found to be unbalanced. Thus 40% (11 of 27) of patients with a "chromosomal phenotype" and an apparently balanced translocation were in fact unbalanced, and 18% (5 of 27) of the reciprocal translocations were instead complex rearrangements with >3 breakpoints. Fourteen fetuses with de novo, apparently balanced translocations, all but two with normal ultrasound findings, were also analysed and all were found to be normal using array CGH. Thirteen CCRs were detected in patients with abnormal phenotypes, two in women who had experienced repeated spontaneous abortions and three in fetuses. Sixteen patients were found to have unbalanced mutations, with up to 4 deletions. These results suggest that genome-wide array CGH may be advisable in all carriers of "balanced" CCRs. The parental origin of the deletions was investigated in 5 reciprocal translocations and 11 CCRs; all were found to be paternal. Using customized platforms in seven cases of CCRs, the deletion breakpoints were narrowed down to regions of a few hundred base pairs in length. No susceptibility motifs were associated with the imbalances. These results show that the phenotypic abnormalities of apparently balanced de novo CCRs are mainly due to cryptic deletions and that spermatogenesis is more prone to generate multiple chaotic chromosome imbalances and reciprocal translocations than oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Gregori
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Universitè di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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22
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Filipe-Santos O, Bustamante J, Chapgier A, Vogt G, de Beaucoudrey L, Feinberg J, Jouanguy E, Boisson-Dupuis S, Fieschi C, Picard C, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of IL-12/23- and IFN-γ-mediated immunity: molecular, cellular, and clinical features. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:347-61. [PMID: 16997570 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases confers predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacterial species in otherwise healthy individuals. Since 1996, disease-causing mutations have been found in five autosomal genes (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12BR1) and one X-linked gene (NEMO). These genes display a high degree of allelic heterogeneity, defining at least 13 disorders. Although genetically different, these conditions are immunologically related, as all result in impaired IL-12/23-IFN-gamma-mediated immunity. These disorders were initially thought to be rare, but have now been diagnosed in over 220 patients from over 43 countries worldwide. We review here the molecular, cellular, and clinical features of patients with inborn errors of the IL-12/23-IFN-gamma circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orchidée Filipe-Santos
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes-INSERM U 550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France, EU
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23
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Gatta V, Antonucci I, Morizio E, Palka C, Fischetto R, Mokini V, Tumini S, Calabrese G, Stuppia L. Identification and characterization of different SHOX gene deletions in patients with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosys by MLPA assay. J Hum Genet 2006; 52:21-27. [PMID: 17091221 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deletions of the SHOX gene (Xp22-Yp11.3) are associated with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosys (LWD) and idiopathic short stature. It has been estimated that SHOX deletions occur in 1,000-2,000 individuals in the total population, suggesting that this alteration should be investigated in all cases with unexplained short stature. SHOX deletions are currently investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or molecular analysis of intragenic CA repeats. However, both techniques show some limitations. In the present study, the use of the multiple ligation probe amplification (MLPA) assay for the identification and characterization of SHOX deletions in 15 LWD patients, 3 of which carriers of chromosome abnormalities involving the SHOX gene, is reported. MLPA analysis demonstrated the heterozygous deletion of SHOX in seven patients (46.6%), disclosing the presence of two different proximal breakpoints. In patients with abnormal karyotype, MLPA analysis was able to identify the chromosomal rearrangement, showing, in addition to the SHOX deletions, the gain or loss of other genes mapped on the X and Y chromosomes. Since MLPA analysis can be carried out on a simple buccal swab, avoiding invasive peripheral blood collection, this technique represents a fast, simple and high throughput approach in the screening of SHOX deletions, able to provide more information as compared to FISH and microsatellite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Palka
- IRCCS-CSS San Giovanni Rotondo and CSS-Mendel Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Azienda Ospedaliera ''Di Venere'' e ''Giovanni XXIII'', Sezione di Genetica Medica, Bari, Italy
| | - Vahe Mokini
- Service of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Center "Mother Theresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Stefano Tumini
- Dipartimento di Pediatria e Ginecologia, Università "G D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy
- Service of Human Genetics, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Via dei Vestini 35, Chieti-Pescara, 66013, Italy.
- I.T.O.I.-CNR, Bologna, Italy.
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24
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Dempfle A, Wudy SA, Saar K, Hagemann S, Friedel S, Scherag A, Berthold LD, Alzen G, Gortner L, Blum WF, Hinney A, Nürnberg P, Schäfer H, Hebebrand J. Evidence for involvement of the vitamin D receptor gene in idiopathic short stature via a genome-wide linkage study and subsequent association studies. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2772-83. [PMID: 16905557 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stature is a highly heritable trait under both polygenic and major gene control. We aimed to identify genetic regions linked to idiopathic short stature (ISS) in childhood, through a whole genome scan in 92 families each with two affected children with ISS, including constitutional delay of growth and puberty and familial short stature. Linkage analysis was performed for ISS, height and bone age retardation. Chromosome 12q11 showed significant evidence of linkage to ISS and height (maximum non-parametric multipoint LOD scores 3.18 and 2.31 at 55-58 cM, between D12S1301 and D12S1048), especially in sister-sister pairs (LOD score of 1.9 for ISS in 22 pairs). These traits were also linked to chromosomes 1q12 and 2q36. The region on chromosome 12q11 had previously shown significant linkage to adult stature in several genome scans and harbors the vitamin D receptor gene, which has been associated with variation in height. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs10735810, FokI), which leads to a functionally relevant alteration at the protein level, showed preferential transmission of the transcriptionally more active G-allele to affected children (P=0.04) and seems to be responsible for the observed linkage (P=0.05, GIST test). Bone age retardation showed moderate linkage to chromosomes 19p11-q11 and 7p14 (LOD scores 1.69 at 57 cM and 1.42 at 50 cM), but there was no clear overlap with linkage regions for stature. In conclusion, we identified significant linkage, which might be due to a functional SNP in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and could be responsible for up to 34% of ISS cases in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Dempfle
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
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25
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Sironi M, Pozzoli U, Comi GP, Riva S, Bordoni A, Bresolin N, Nag DK. A region in the dystrophin gene major hot spot harbors a cluster of deletion breakpoints and generates double-strand breaks in yeast. FASEB J 2006; 20:1910-2. [PMID: 16891620 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5635fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Deletions within the dystrophin gene (DMD) account for >70% of mutations leading to Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD and BMD). Deletion breakpoints were reported to be scattered within regions that also represent meiotic recombination hot spots. Recent studies indicates that deletion junctions arise from nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), a major pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mammals. Here we show that a region in intron 47 (i.e., a major deletion hot spot in the DMD gene) generates DSBs during meiosis in yeast and harbors a cluster of previously sequenced deletion breaks. Mapping of breakpoints in 26 BMD/DMD patients indicated that the frequency of breakpoint occurrence around this region is 3-fold higher than expected by chance. These findings suggest that DSBs mediate deletion formation in intron 47 and possibly account for the high frequency of meiotic recombination in the region. Statistical analysis indicated the presence of at least one other breakpoint cluster in intron 47. Taken together, these results suggest that the primary events in deletion formation occur within discrete regions and that the scattered breakpoint distribution reflects both a variable degree of DSB end processing and the availability of a small (compared to the huge regions involved) deletion junction sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy.
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26
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Benito-Sanz S, Gorbenko del Blanco D, Huber C, Thomas NS, Aza-Carmona M, Bunyan D, Maloney V, Argente J, Cormier-Daire V, Campos-Barros A, Heath KE. Characterization of SHOX deletions in Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) reveals genetic heterogeneity and no recombination hotspots. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:409-14; author reply 414. [PMID: 16826534 PMCID: PMC1559488 DOI: 10.1086/506390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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27
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Zinn AR, Ramos P, Ross JL. A second recombination hotspot associated with SHOX deletions. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:523-5. [PMID: 16572514 PMCID: PMC1380296 DOI: 10.1086/500958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Zinn
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Purita Ramos
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Judith L. Ross
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
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28
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Benito-Sanz S, Thomas NS, Huber C, del Blanco DG, Aza-Carmona M, Crolla JA, Maloney V, Argente J, Campos-Barros Á, Cormier-Daire V, Heath KE. A novel class of Pseudoautosomal region 1 deletions downstream of SHOX is associated with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:533-44. [PMID: 16175500 PMCID: PMC1275603 DOI: 10.1086/449313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) is a pseudoautosomal dominant disorder characterized by disproportionate short stature and a characteristic curving of the radius, known as the "Madelung deformity." SHOX mutations resulting in SHOX haploinsufficiency have been found in LWD and in a variable proportion of patients with idiopathic short stature (ISS), whereas homozygous loss of SHOX results in the more severe Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD). Defects in SHOX have been identified in approximately 60% of LWD cases, whereas, in the remaining approximately 40%, the molecular basis is unknown. This suggests either genetic heterogeneity or the presence of mutations in unanalyzed regions of SHOX, such as the upstream, intragenic, or downstream regulatory sequences. Therefore, the pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1) of 80 patients with LWD, in whom SHOX deletions and mutations had been excluded, was screened for deletions by use of a new panel of microsatellite markers. We identified 12 patients with LWD who presented with a novel class of PAR1 deletions that did not include SHOX. The deletions were of variable size and mapped at least approximately 30-530 kb downstream of SHOX. In our cohort, this type of deletion accounted for 15% of cases. In all cases, the deletions cosegregated with the phenotype. No apparent phenotypic differences were observed between patients with SHOX deletions and those with this new class of PAR1 deletions. Thus, we present here the identification of a second PAR1 region implicated in the etiopathogenesis of LWD. Our findings suggest the presence of distal regulatory elements of SHOX transcription in PAR1 or, alternatively, the existence of an additional locus apparently involved in the control of skeletal development. Deletion analysis of this newly identified region should be included in the mutation screening of patients with LWD, LMD, and ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benito-Sanz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - N. Simon Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Céline Huber
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Darya Gorbenko del Blanco
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Miriam Aza-Carmona
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - John A. Crolla
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Vivienne Maloney
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Ángel Campos-Barros
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
| | - Karen E. Heath
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory and National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and Department of Genetics and INSERM U393, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris
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