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Sturm L, Flood M, Montoya A, Mody L, Cassone M. Updates on Infection Control in Alternative Health Care Settings. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2021; 35:803-825. [PMID: 34362545 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients increasingly receive care from a large spectrum of different settings, placing them at risk for exposure to pathogens by many different sources. Each health care environment has its own specific challenges, and thus infection control programs must be tailored to each specific setting. High-turnover outpatient settings may require additional considerations, such as establishing patient triage and follow-up protocols, and broadened cleaning and disinfection procedures. In nursing homes, infection control programs should focus on surveillance for infections and antimicrobial resistance, outbreak investigation and control plan for epidemics, isolation precautions, hand hygiene, staff education, and employee and resident health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sturm
- Sr. Director-Infection Prevention, Quality, Clinical & Network Services, Ascension, 4600 Edmundson Road, St. Louis, MO 63134, USA
| | - Michelle Flood
- Ascension St John Hospital Detroit, 19251 Mack Avenue Suite 190, Grosse Pointe Woods, MI 48236, USA
| | - Ana Montoya
- East Ann Arbor Geriatrics Center, 4260 Plymouth Road, Room B1337, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lona Mody
- East Ann Arbor Geriatrics Center, 4260 Plymouth Road, Room B1337, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; University of Michigan Geriatrics, 300 North Ingalls Street, Room 914, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2007, USA
| | - Marco Cassone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine BSRB Building, Room 3023. 109 Zina Pitcher place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Flanagan E, Cassone M, Montoya A, Mody L. Infection Control in Alternative Health Care Settings: An Update. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016; 30:785-804. [PMID: 27515148 PMCID: PMC5828503 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With changing health care delivery, patients receive care at various settings including acute care hospitals, nursing homes, outpatient primary care and specialty clinics, and at home, exposing them to pathogens in various settings. Various health care settings face unique challenges, requiring individualized infection control programs. Infection control programs in nursing homes should address surveillance for infections and antimicrobial resistance, outbreak investigation and control plan for epidemics, isolation precautions, hand hygiene, staff education, and employee and resident health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Flanagan
- Quality and Patient Safety, Detroit Medical Center Healthcare System, 399 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Marco Cassone
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ana Montoya
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lona Mody
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Padoveze MC, Figueiredo RMD. The role of primary care in the prevention and control of healthcare associated infections. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2014; 48:1137-44. [DOI: 10.1590/s0080-623420140000700023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little research has been conducted to date on the role of primary health care (PHC) in the prevention of healthcare associated infections (HCAIs). The present article is a theoretical study of the principle of primum non nocere and aims to promote reflection on the role of PHC in HCAI prevention with emphasis on practical recommendations. The indirect and direct roles of PHC in HCAI prevention are debated in light of this guiding principle. With respect to the indirect role of PHC, we discuss the issues of hospital-centrism and ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. The article outlines a number of challenges faced by health services related to PHC’s direct role in HCAI prevention, highlights seven key components of HCAI prevention programmes within the PHC sphere and provides practical recommendations for HCAI control and prevention.
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Health care personnel immunization programs: an assessment of knowledge and practice among infection preventionists in US health care facilities. Am J Infect Control 2013; 41:581-4. [PMID: 23313153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines exist that recommend specific vaccines for health care personnel and supporting documents provide guidance for program development and implementation, but the extent to which those guidelines have been implemented in health care personnel immunization programs has not been fully explored. This project aimed to evaluate current practices in US health care facilities concerning health care personnel immunization programs. METHODS A Web-based survey was deployed to 13,670 infection preventionists to assess 5 major program areas: (1) immunization program management; (2) vaccines provided to health care personnel; (3) vaccine handling practices; (4) training provided for the individual(s) responsible for the program; and (5) quality indicators for the program. A scoring scale was developed that demonstrated an overall measure of program performance. RESULTS The Web-based survey resulted in 1,006 completed responses. When assessing overall program performance, the median vaccine program score was 47.6%. Respondents certified in infection prevention (CIC) scored significantly higher in overall program performance than respondents not certified (54% vs, 43%, respectively, P = .003). CONCLUSION Results of the survey have identified a number of education and training opportunities that can be addressed by professional associations using available evidence-based and proven implementation materials as resource documents.
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Hess S, Bren V. Essential components of an infection prevention program for outpatient hemodialysis centers. Semin Dial 2013; 26:384-98. [PMID: 23808676 DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a significant complication for dialysis patients. The CDC estimates that 37,000 central line-related bloodstream infections occurred in hemodialysis patients in 2008 and dialysis-associated outbreaks of hepatitis C continue to be reported. While established hospital-based infection prevention programs have existed since the 1970s, few dialysis facilities have an established in-center program, unless the dialysis facility is hospital-associated. This review focuses on essential core components required for an effective infection prevention program, extrapolating from acute-care programs and building on current dialysis guidelines and recommendations. An effective infection prevention program requires infrastructure, including leaders who place infection prevention as a top priority, active involvement from a multidisciplinary team, surveillance of outcomes and processes with feedback, staff and patient education, and consistent use of evidence-based practices. The program must be integrated into the existing Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement program. Best practice recommendations for the prevention of infection, specific to dialysis, continue to evolve as the epidemiology of dialysis-associated infections is further researched and new evidence is gathered. A review of case studies illustrates that with an effective program in place, infection prevention becomes part of the culture, reduces infection risk, and improves patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hess
- James M. Jeffords Institute for Quality and Operational Effectiveness, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Yinnon A, Wiener-Well Y, Jerassy Z, Dor M, Freund R, Mazouz B, Lupyan T, Shapira S, Attias D, Assous M, Kopuit P, Block C, Raveh D, Freier-Dror Y, Moses A, Benenson S. Improving implementation of infection control guidelines to reduce nosocomial infection rates: pioneering the report card. J Hosp Infect 2012; 81:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
With the changing health care delivery, patients receive care at various settings, including acute care hospitals, skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), and ambulatory clinics, thus becoming exposed to pathogens. Various health care settings face unique challenges requiring individualized infection control programs. The programs in SNFs should address surveillance for infections and antimicrobial resistance, outbreak investigation and control plan for epidemics, isolation precautions, hand hygiene, staff education, and employee and resident health programs. In ambulatory clinics, the program should address triage and standard transmission-based precautions; cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization principles; surveillance in surgical clinics; safe injection practices; and bioterrorism and disaster planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Flanagan
- Department of Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Detroit Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System
| | - Teena Chopra
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Wayne State University, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System
| | - Lona Mody
- University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System
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Ambulatory surgery center infection control coordinator. AORN J 2009. [PMCID: PMC7094122 DOI: 10.1016/j.aorn.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Smith PW, Bennett G, Bradley S, Drinka P, Lautenbach E, Marx J, Mody L, Nicolle L, Stevenson K. SHEA/APIC guideline: infection prevention and control in the long-term care facility, July 2008. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:785-814. [PMID: 18767983 PMCID: PMC3319407 DOI: 10.1086/592416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Smith
- Professor of Infectious Diseases, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5400, USA.
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Smith PW, Bennett G, Bradley S, Drinka P, Lautenbach E, Marx J, Mody L, Nicolle L, Stevenson K. SHEA/APIC Guideline: Infection prevention and control in the long-term care facility. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36:504-35. [PMID: 18786461 PMCID: PMC3375028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Smith
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5400, USA.
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Rodríguez-Baño J, Bischofberger C, Álvarez-Lerma F, Asensio Á, Delgado T, García-Arcal D, García-Ortega L, Jesús Hernández M, Molina-Cabrillana J, Pérez-Canosa C, Pujol M. Vigilancia y control de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina en hospitales españoles. Documento de consenso GEIH-SEIMC y SEMPSPH. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26:285-98. [DOI: 10.1157/13120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings. Am J Infect Control 2007; 35:S65-164. [PMID: 18068815 PMCID: PMC7119119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1629] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Older adults receive care from various settings, including acute care hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, nursing homes, group homes, outpatient primary care, specialty clinics, and home. In these various settings, older adults are exposed to pathogens, which makes them "vectors" that transport pathogens from one setting to another and makes them vulnerable to care fragmentation. These health care settings face unique challenges that require individualized infection control programs. Infection control programs should address: surveillance for infections and antimicrobial resistance, outbreak investigation and a control plan for epidemics, isolation precautions, hand hygiene, staff education, and employee and resident health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lona Mody
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 11-G GRECC, AAVAMC, 2215 Fuller Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Abstract
Central venous catheters are essential in the management of many malignant disorders, but catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs) are significant complications in terms of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. These outcome measures are useful for monitoring of infection control practice and the effect of preventive strategies. Unlike intensive care unit (ICU) populations, surveillance for CR-BSIs in the hematology population is not standardized, despite the potential value of detecting changes in rate, etiology, and changes in risk for infective complications in association with increasingly intensive chemotherapeutic regimens in this immunocompromised population. Essential components of a successful surveillance strategy include selection of a health outcome of significance, definition of goals of the surveillance system, involvement of key stakeholders in planning and development, application of valid case definitions, allocation of resources and trained personnel, risk stratification, and use of appropriate statistical methods for analysis. These are discussed with reference to patients with hematologic malignancy, together with review of previous surveillance strategies in this population. Only when these issues are addressed can a surveillance strategy reliably assess trends and compare data, leading to improved patient outcomes and a reduction in healthcare expenditure for patients with hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Worth
- Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Disease, Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Roup BJ, Roche JC, Pass M. Infection control program disparities between acute and long-term care facilities in Maryland. Am J Infect Control 2006; 34:122-7. [PMID: 16630974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In January 2003, the Maryland State Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DHMH) surveyed, for the first time, all acute care hospitals (ACHs), long-term care facilities (LTCFs), and specialty hospital (acute rehabilitation and behavioral health) facilities in the state to determine the current state of infection control resources and practices in Maryland. Federal health care facilities in Maryland were not surveyed. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was sent to all 40 ACHs, 247 LTCFs, and 20 specialty hospitals in the state. The senior infection control professional (ICP) in the facility completed the questionnaire. RESULTS The response rates were 85% for ACHs, 39% for LTCFs, and 95% for specialty hospitals. Data were analyzed separately for each type of facility. The ICPs in acute care reported 1.2 full-time equivalent positions (FTEs) for each 200 acute care beds, whereas ICPs in LTCFs reported 0.3 FTEs per 200 LTCF beds. Ninety percent of acute care ICPs reported taking some type of basic infection control course, whereas only 3% of long-term care ICPs reported taking a basic infection control course. CONCLUSION In this survey of ICPs in Maryland, striking differences were noted between ACHs and LTCFs in the ratio of ICP FTEs to beds and in basic infection control educational preparation for ICPs. These findings suggest that Maryland LTCFs could benefit from basic infection control training and from regulatory actions addressing staff-to-resident ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Roup
- Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of Epidemiology and Disease Control Programs, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Bradley SE. Double, double, toil and trouble: infections still spreading in long-term-care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26:227-30. [PMID: 15796272 DOI: 10.1086/502531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Struelens MJ. Professional organization of healthcare-associated infection control: time for action across the patient care system. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:283-5. [PMID: 15241070 DOI: 10.1097/01.qco.0000136923.06931.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zimmerman M, Pur S, Schmitt B, Levin S, Harris AA, Segreti J. Value of an Infection Control Practitioner in Improving Infection Control Practices at Ambulatory Sites. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004; 25:348-50. [PMID: 15108735 DOI: 10.1086/502404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLittle information exists on the state of infection control (IC) practices in ambulatory sites. In preparation for a JCAHO survey, 62 ambulatory sites were visited to monitor and improve IC practices. A dedicated IC practitioner was instrumental in improving practices at ambulatory sites and in successfully completing a JCAHO survey.
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Manangan LP, Pearson ML, Tokars JI, Miller E, Jarvis WR. National Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Home Care Settings-Feasible or Not? J Community Health Nurs 2003. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327655jchn2004_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Calfee DP, Farr BM. Infection control and cost control in the era of managed care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:407-10. [PMID: 12138983 DOI: 10.1086/502077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the past several years, major changes have occurred in the way in which health care is provided and financed. One of the outcomes of these changes has been a greater emphasis on providing quality health care at a low cost. This has led many healthcare facilities to question the necessity of all expenditures and to reduce spending when at all possible. Many healthcare facilities have solicited the services of consulting groups to provide recommendations regarding cost-containment strategies appropriate for their particular institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Calfee
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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Manangan LP, Pearson ML, Tokars JI, Miller E, Jarvis WR. Feasibility of national surveillance of health-care-associated infections in home-care settings. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:233-6. [PMID: 11927018 PMCID: PMC2732473 DOI: 10.3201/eid0803.010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines the rationale and strategies for surveillance of health-care-associated infections in home-care settings, the challenges of nonhospital-based surveillance, and the feasibility of developing a national surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia P Manangan
- Surveillance and Epidemiology Branch, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Scheckler WE. Healthcare epidemiology is the paradigm for patient safety. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:47-51. [PMID: 11868895 DOI: 10.1086/503449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
I was honored to receive the 2001 Lectureship Award from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). It was my intent during the talk to review our field and implications that some of the new initiatives called “patient safety” have for our expertise. This article is based on the SHEA Lectureship that was given April 1, 2001, at the SHEA Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.This article consists of four sections. First, I review lessons learned from colleagues during the 33 years that I have been associated with the field of hospital epidemiology and infection control, since my first days at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Second, I explore issues raised by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on patient safety, adverse events, and medical errors, evaluating research that went into the extrapolation of the numbers of preventable deaths that this report highlighted. Those deaths gained everyone's attention. Third, I review the field of healthcare epidemiology, highlighting the three decades of success in our field in enhancing the safety of patients, improving their outcomes, and making a difference in the quality of medical care received in the United States. Finally, I discuss the challenges that hospital epidemiology currently faces and the opportunities that come with the expertise we have developed during more than 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Scheckler
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Family Medicine, and St. Mary's Hospital Medical Center, Madison 53715, USA
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Nicolle LE. Infection control in long-term care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:752-6. [PMID: 11017825 DOI: 10.1086/314010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2000] [Revised: 07/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are common in long-term care facilities. The most frequent endemic infections are urinary infection, respiratory infection, and skin and soft tissue infections. Outbreaks also occur frequently, and some facilities have a high prevalence of colonization of residents with antimicrobial-resistant organisms. Our understanding of infections and the development of infection-control programs for long-term care facilities have progressed greatly over the past 15 years. Whereas the occurrence of infections has been described and specific guidelines for infection-control programs in long-term care facilities have been developed, there is still limited evaluation of the effectiveness of programs or specific interventions to support prioritization of infection-control resources. In addition, the spectrum of patients and care delivered in long-term care facilities continues to evolve. Increasingly, chronic care patients, including those requiring chronic respirator therapy, dialysis, or percutaneous feeding tubes, are cared for in these facilities. Our understanding of prevention of infection in these patients remains limited. Important questions include what interventions may prevent endemic infections, what are the most effective means to identify outbreaks early, and what interventions may minimize the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. Programs to optimize antimicrobial use need to be developed. Thus, although progress in understanding and practice has been made, important questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Nicolle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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